高原湖泊典型小流域农田氨挥发与近源沉降特征研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.08.008

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 1236-1244.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.08.008

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

高原湖泊典型小流域农田氨挥发与近源沉降特征研究

吴馨俣¹(), 康嘉慧¹, 杜晓芸¹, 申其昆¹, 冯思捷¹, 孟凡磊¹, 潘月鹏², 刘学军¹, 许稳¹^,^*()

1.中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京 100193
2.中国科学院大气物理研究所/大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室，北京 100029

收稿日期:2024-07-10 出版日期:2024-08-18 发布日期:2024-09-25
通讯作者: *许稳。E-mail: wenxu@cau.edu.cn
*许稳。E-mail: wenxu@cau.edu.cn
作者简介:吴馨俣（2001年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事大气氨沉降与环境效应。E-mail: wuxinyu@cau.edu.cn
基金资助:
云南省重大科技专项(202202AE090034);云南省张福锁院士工作站(202305F150055)

Study on Characteristics of Cropland Ammonia Emissions and Its Near-source Deposition in Typical Small Watershed of Plateau Lake

WU Xinyu¹(), KANG Jiahui¹, DU Xiaoyun¹, SHEN Qikun¹, FENG Sijie¹, MENG Fanlei¹, PAN Yuepeng², LIU Xuejun¹, XU Wen¹^,^*()

1. College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
2. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry/Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P. R. China

Received:2024-07-10 Online:2024-08-18 Published:2024-09-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氨（NH₃）挥发是农田氮素损失的主要途径，进入大气的 NH₃会通过干、湿沉降返回地表，成为湖泊外源营养盐输入的重要贡献源。针对近湖的农业生产区，系统定量农田NH₃挥发与大气氮沉降对优化农田氮素管理、防治水体面源污染等至关重要。以洱海流域典型近湖的古生片区农田为例，结合农户生产调研数据和大气氮沉降的连续监测数据，估算了2022年主要作物生长季（5-10月）农田NH₃挥发和大气NH₃及其他主要活性氮（如空气中硝酸、二氧化氮、颗粒态铵态氮和硝态氮；降水中铵态氮和硝态氮）的干、湿沉降通量，阐明农田NH₃挥发与NH₃干沉降之间的关系，明确大气NH₃干沉降在大气氮素总沉降中的贡献及近源的洱海湖区大气氮沉降量。结果表明，2022年主要作物生长季古生片区农田NH₃挥发总量为11.3 t，其中玉米生产的贡献最大，为4.7 t（约占挥发总量的41.7%），其次为烤烟和水稻（占比分别为34.0%和24.3%）。同一时期内，近湖监测点的大气无机氮沉降总量（干沉降与湿沉降之和）的月通量范围为0.66-1.57 kg·hm⁻²（以N计，下同），总计为6.51 kg·hm⁻²。不同月份大气NH₃干沉降量占相应月份大气无机氮沉降总量的42%-70%，说明气态NH₃是片区大气氮沉降的主要活性氮组分。此外，主要作物生长季NH₃干沉降总量占到农田NH₃排放的10.7%。据估算，在研究时期内，大气沉降监测点周边洱海水面的大气无机氮沉降量为35.9 t。这一结果表明大气氮沉降是洱海水体氮素的重要输入源。综上，减少农业NH₃排放将是降低大气氮沉降及洱海氮素入湖负荷的重要途径。

关键词: 活性氮, 氨排放, 大气沉降, 水体污染, 洱海流域

Abstract:

Ammonia (NH₃) emissions are a major pathway for nitrogen loss in agricultural fields. NH₃ entering the atmosphere can return to the surface through dry and wet deposition, thereby becoming an important source of external nutrients in lakes. For agricultural production areas near lakes, systematically quantifying the volatilization of NH₃ from cropland and atmospheric nitrogen deposition is crucial for optimizing croplands nitrogen management and preventing non-point source pollution. Using a near-lake agricultural production area (i.e., the Gusheng area) as a case study, this study estimated NH₃ emissions from cropland during the main crop-growing season of 2022 (May to October) using data from a farmer survey. We also assessed the dry and wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric NH₃ and other major reactive nitrogen species (such as nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide, particulate ammonium nitrogen, and particulate nitrate nitrogen in the air, and ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in precipitation) based on field measurements. In addition, this study elucidates the relationship between NH₃ emissions from croplands and nitrogen deposition, clarifying the contribution of NH₃ deposition to the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and quantifying the amount of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the near-source surface of Erhai Lake. The results indicated that during the main growing season of 2022, the total NH₃ emissions from croplands in the Gusheng area were 11.3 tons, with the largest contribution from corn production (approximately 41.7%), followed by tobacco and rice (34.0% and 24.3%, respectively). During the same period, the monthly flux of total inorganic nitrogen deposition (the sum of dry and wet deposition) at the near-lake monitoring site ranged from 0.66 to 1.57 kg·hm⁻² (in N, same below), and summed 6.51 kg N·hm⁻². Owing to the influence of fertilization activities in the field, gaseous NH₃ is the main contributor to deposition. The dry deposition fluxes of NH₃ accounted for 42%−70% of the total inorganic nitrogen deposition in different months. Moreover, the total NH₃ dry deposition flux represented 10.7% of the NH₃ emitted from the farmlands throughout the major growing season. The atmospheric inorganic nitrogen input to the surface of Erhai Lake near the monitoring site was estimated to be 35.9 t. Our findings suggest that reducing agricultural NH₃ emissions is a crucial measure for controlling both nitrogen deposition and the nitrogen load entering Lake Erhai.

Key words: reactive nitrogen, ammonia emission, atmospheric deposition, water pollution, Lake Erhai basin

中图分类号:

X142

吴馨俣, 康嘉慧, 杜晓芸, 申其昆, 冯思捷, 孟凡磊, 潘月鹏, 刘学军, 许稳. 高原湖泊典型小流域农田氨挥发与近源沉降特征研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(8): 1236-1244.

WU Xinyu, KANG Jiahui, DU Xiaoyun, SHEN Qikun, FENG Sijie, MENG Fanlei, PAN Yuepeng, LIU Xuejun, XU Wen. Study on Characteristics of Cropland Ammonia Emissions and Its Near-source Deposition in Typical Small Watershed of Plateau Lake[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(8): 1236-1244.

图/表 7

图1 研究区及大气NH3沉降采样点红色边界区域为古生片区

Figure 1 Location of the study area and sampling site of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

表1 2022年古生片区主要作物生长季作物施肥情况

Table 1 Information on fertilization in Gusheng area during the growth season of major crops

作物类型	基肥		追肥		总氮投入/ (kg·hm⁻²)	施肥时期
作物类型	肥料类型	肥料用量 (以N计)/(kg·hm⁻²)	肥料类型	肥料用量 (以N计)/(kg·hm⁻²)	总氮投入/ (kg·hm⁻²)	基肥	追肥
玉米	复合肥	112.5	尿素	276	388.5	7月	8月
烤烟	顺丰有机肥	7.5	含腐殖酸水溶肥料	108	322.5	5月	6月
烤烟	顺丰有机肥	7.5	尿素	207	322.5	5月	6月
水稻	水溶有机肥	138	水溶肥	34.5	214.3	5月	6月
水稻	菌肥	41.8	水溶肥	34.5	214.3	5月	6月

图2 2022年古生片区主要作物生长季（5-10月）玫瑰风向图

Figure 2 Wind rose in Gusheng area between May and October 2022

图3 不同作物农田NH3挥发量空间变化情况

Figure 3 Spatial variation of NH3 volatilization from different croplands

图4 2022年主要作物生长季古生片区大气活性氮浓度特征

Figure 4 Monthly mean air concentrations of major reactive nitrogen species during the growing season of main crops in Gusheng area in 2022

图5 2022年古生片区主要作物生长季大气氮沉降量及降雨量月变化

Figure 5 Monthly variations in dry and wet N deposition fluxes and rainfall during the growing season of main crops in Gusheng area in 2022

图6 2022年古生片区主要作物生长季大气中活性氮各组分干、湿沉降量及平均占比

Figure 6 Monthly variations in dry and wet deposition of major reactive nitrogen species and the average proportions during the growing season of main crops in Gusheng area in 2022

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高原湖泊典型小流域农田氨挥发与近源沉降特征研究

Study on Characteristics of Cropland Ammonia Emissions and Its Near-source Deposition in Typical Small Watershed of Plateau Lake

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