广州帽峰山森林生态系统的暴雨及PAHs、TOC的地球化学特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.10.011

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (10): 2042-2053.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.10.011

广州帽峰山森林生态系统的暴雨及PAHs、TOC的地球化学特征

陈步峰(), 肖以华, 王莘仪

中国林业科学研究院热带林业研究所,广东广州 510520

收稿日期:2021-09-01 出版日期:2021-10-18 发布日期:2021-12-21
作者简介:陈步峰（1958年生）,男,研究员,研究方向为森林生态系统生态学、生态水文气候学。E-mail: zsjcsdwcbf@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31770492);国家林业局科技创心平台运行补助(2018LYPT-DW-135);广州市林业与园林局“广州城市森林生态效益监测与分析、研究”(2017-2019)

The Geochemical Characteristics of Rainstorm PAHs and TOC of the Forest Ecosystem in Maofeng Mountain of Guangzhou, China

CHEN Bufeng(), XIAO Yihua, WANG Xinyi

Research Institute of Tropical Forest, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China

Received:2021-09-01 Online:2021-10-18 Published:2021-12-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对城市遭遇暴雨易发内涝性灾害的影响,为了系统地揭示城市森林消减暴雨径流、储滤暴雨中PAHs、TOC的生态效益,采用了森林小集水区水文要素的定位观测与对比试验方法,连续4年（2018—2021年）开展了广州市帽峰山常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林生态系统的暴雨水文循环及对PAHs、TOC的地球化学影响研究。结果表明,常绿阔叶林、针阔叶林生态系统可分别储滤暴雨中∑16PAHs总的质量浓度25.6%—29.6%、TOC质量浓度的15.8%;林冠层淋溶平均增加其在林内雨质量浓度的8.1%、40.3%,两类森林土壤的0—30 cm层较其以下层对暴雨林内雨中∑16PAHs总质量浓度的储率分别小13.3%和15.3%、而TOC质量浓度的储率上则分别大7.6%和15.2%。常绿阔叶林、针阔叶林生态系统的总径流中FLT、BbF、BkF、BaP、IcdP、BghiP质量浓度较暴雨相应减小分别在10.5%—38.7%和2.5%—51.4%间,其中BbF、BaP质量浓度的减小率大于30%,而FLT、BkF减小率大于20%;林冠层淋溶相对增加了林内雨6组分质量浓度在6.9% (BbF)—39.8% (BaP)间,两类森林土壤的0—30 cm层分别储滤暴雨林内雨中相应质量浓度的范围在15.5% (BbF)—36.7% (BghiP)和1.4% (IcdP)—38.8% (BghiP)间、而土壤30 cm以下层则对BaP、BkF的质量浓度储率较高;森林生态系统的暴雨总径流与暴雨中10种PAHs的质量浓度对比,两类森林的系统储率（除DahA均9.5%）分别在16.2%—55.5%和17.6%—48.1%之间,其中CHR、ANY、ANT、FLU、ANA、NAP的储率均大于30%;林冠层对暴雨中NAP、ANA、ANT、ANY的质量浓度消减在25.0%—15.9%间;两类森林土壤深30 cm的渗透水中NAP、ANA、ANT、ANY、FLU及CHR（阔叶林）、PHE（针阔林）的质量浓度相对林内雨呈增加,但这些组分在土壤30 cm以下层渗漏至总径流中被显著储存（相对储存率在73.7%—34.6%间）。依据林区多暴雨、少暴雨年的森林水文循环通量计,常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林生态系统分别年均暂储暴雨量的81.8%和77.2%、贮存年暴雨∑16PAHs通量的85.4%和82.5%、年暴雨TOC通量的73.0%和81.7%;而两类森林的土壤至不透水岩层在年暴雨及∑16PAHs、TOC通量的贮存率中分别占80.8%及68.5%、79.8%。森林生态系统的年暴雨中PAHs各组分通量的地球化学平衡显示,常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林生态系统年储滤暴雨2—3环∑PAHs、4环∑PAHs及6组PAHs代表物通量的平均值分别是86.4%、83.4%及79.6%—87.9%,而相应的土壤至不透水岩层储滤占比分别为68.9%、90.7%（冠淋溶增）及59.4%—80.1%。城市森林生态系统的土壤至不透水岩层在消减暴雨径流、贮存暴雨PAHs、TOC的质量浓度及通量上发挥极其显著的生物地球化学效应。

关键词: 城市森林生态系统, 暴雨水文循环, 地球化学影响, 暴雨及PAHs、TOC储滤, 界面层效应

Abstract:

This study explores the hydrological cycle and geochemical influence on the rainstorm, PAHs and TOC in the different forest ecosystems by conducting the locational observation as well as a comparative experiment of the small catchment from 2018 to 2021 year, which aims to reveal the eco-hydrological efficiency of the urban forest to a rainstorm, PAHs and TOC. The results showed that the average store rate to the rainstorm ∑16PAHs and TOC mass concentration was 27.7 and 15.8 percent respectively for the evergreen broad-leaved forests and coniferous broad-leaved forest ecosystems in Maofeng mountain, Guangzhou. The forest crown layer increased the corresponding net rainfall mass concentration inside the forest by 8.1% and 40.3% respectively, while the store rate on rainstorm ∑16PAHs concentration in the 30 cm layer of soil in regard to the two-type forest was 13.3% and 15.3% smaller than that in soil lower layer, and 7.6% and 15.2% greater store rate that of the TOC concentration, respectively. The mass concentrations of FLT, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and BghiP in the total runoff for the evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous broad-leaved forest ecosystems were correspondingly reduced by 10.5%-38.7% and 2.5%-51.4% respectively compared with heavy rain. Among them, the concentration reduction rate of BbF and BaP was greater than 30% and FLT and BkF were greater than 20%; The leaching of the forest canopy relatively increased the concentration of 6 components of rainfall inside the forest range from 6.9% (BbF) to 39.8% (BaP). The 30 cm layer of the two types of forest soils reduced the concentration of the rainfall inside the forest range from 15.5% (BbF) to 36.7% (BghiP) and 1.4% (IcdP) to 38.8% (BghiP), respectively. The soil layer below 30 cm had a higher storage effect on the mass concentration of BaP and BkF in rainstorm forests. The system storage rates of the two types of forests (except for DahA was 9.5%) were between 16.2%-55.5% and 17.6%-48.1%, respectively, based on the comparison with the mass concentration of 10 kinds PAHs in rainstorm and the total runoff of the forest ecosystem. Of note, the system storage rate of CHR, ANY, ANT, FLU, ANA, and NAP was above 30% among them. The forest canopy reduces the concentration of six components in the rainstorm, especially for the concentration reduction rate of NAP, ANA, ANT, and ANY which was reported between 25.0%-15.9%. Net rainfall inside the forest to the 30-layer seepage water of the two types of forest soil increased the mass concentration of NAP, ANA, ANT, ANY, FLU, CHR (broad-leaved forest), and PHE (coniferous forest) but significantly stored-filtered in the soil layer below 30 cm (the relative soil surface storage rate were range from 73.7% to 34.6%). Noted, only the lower soil layer of the coniferous broad-leave forests had a synergistic effect on the infiltration flow PYR and BaA concentration. According to the hydrologic cycle fluxmeter for the forest where annual heavy rains was plentiful and lacking, the average temporary storage rates of annual rainstorms in evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystems were 81.8% and 77.2%, respectively. The average annual storage rates of heavy rain ∑16PAHs flux were 85.4% and 82.5%, respectively; The average annual storage rates of heavy rain TOC flux were 73.0% and 81.7%, respectively. The annual rainstorm, ∑16PAHs, TOC flux storage efficiency of the forest soil to impermeable rock formations accounted for 71.1% and 69.0% respectively, 80.8% for both and 68.5% and 79.8% respectively. The forest soil to impermeable rock formations were the main body of the geochemical influence of the rainstorm. The geochemical cycle of the PAHs component flux of the annual rainstorm in the forest ecosystem indicated that annual store rate for 2-3 rings PAHs, 4 rings PAHs as well as representative matter in the evergreen broad-leaved forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystems were 86.4%, 83.4% and 79.6%-87.9%, respectively. Whilst the storage rate of soil layer and impermeable rock formations accounted for 68.9%, 90.7% (because of the increase in the canopy), and 59.4%-80.1%, respectively. So, it revealed that the bio-earth efficiency of the continuous soil layer and impermeable rock formations in the forest ecosystem accounted for the most significant part of the system’s eco-efficiency on the rainstorm PAHs flux.

Key words: urban forest ecosystem, hydrological cycle of rainstorm, geochemical effect, TOC and PAHS storage and filtration, Interface layer ecological effect

中图分类号:

X142

陈步峰, 肖以华, 王莘仪. 广州帽峰山森林生态系统的暴雨及PAHs、TOC的地球化学特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(10): 2042-2053.

CHEN Bufeng, XIAO Yihua, WANG Xinyi. The Geochemical Characteristics of Rainstorm PAHs and TOC of the Forest Ecosystem in Maofeng Mountain of Guangzhou, China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(10): 2042-2053.

图/表 10

图1 两类森林林地的暴雨土壤渗透水实验测试设置

Fig. 1 Experimental settings for soil permeation with rainstorm in two types of forested land

图2 两类森林生态系统暴雨水文要素中PAHs、TOC质量浓度比较 RS：暴雨;N.RS：暴雨林内雨;BF sPW、CBF sPW：常绿阔叶林及针阔叶混交林土壤深30 cm处的暴雨渗透水;BF TR、CBF TR：常绿阔叶林及针阔叶混交林的暴雨总径流。下同（a）中检测样本量 Sample size in (a)：RS（n=25）;N.RS（n=15）;BF sPW、CBF sPW（n=10, 11）;BF TR、CBF TR（n=19, 19）;（b）中检测样本量 Sample size in (b)：RS（n=22）;N.RS（n=10）;BF sPW、CBF sPW（n=10, 11）;BF TR、CBF TR（n=17, 17）。下同 The same below

Fig. 2 Comparison of PAHs, TOC mass concentration in rainstorm-hydrological factors for the two type’s forest ecosystem RS: Rainstorm; N.RS: Rainfall inside the forest with rainstorm; BF sPW, CBF sPW: Penetrate water at 30 cm depth of soil with rainstorm in BF or CBF; BF TR, CBF TR: Total runoff with rainstorm of BF or CBF. The same below

图3 两类森林生态系统的暴雨水文要素中PAHs组分质量浓度比较

Fig. 3 Comparison of PAHs mass concentration in the rainstorm-hydrologic elements for the two type’s forest ecosystem

图4 两类森林生态系统对暴雨PAHs平均质量浓度的地球化学影响及界面层效应

Fig. 4 Geochemical and interfaced impact on mean PAHs concentration in rainstorm for the two type’s forest ecosystem

图5 两类森林生态系统的暴雨水文要素中PAHs组分质量浓度比较

Fig. 5 Comparison of PAHs mass concentration in the rainstorm-hydrologic elements for the two type’s forest ecosystem

图6 两类森林生态系统对暴雨PAHs平均质量浓度的地球化学影响及界面层效应

Fig. 6 Geochemical and interfaced impact on mean PAHs concentration in rainstorm for the two type’s forest ecosystem

图7 帽峰山两类森林生态系统的年暴雨TOC、PAHs通量的地球化学变化

Fig. 7 Geochemical change of annual rainstorm and TOC, PAHs flux for the two type’s forest ecosystem of Maofeng mountain

表1 两类森林生态系统对暴雨PAHs组分通量的生物地球化学效应

Table 1 Biogeochemical effect on the flux of PAHs components in rainstorm for the two type’s forest ecosystem mg∙hm-2∙a-1

项目 Item		组分 Component
项目 Item		∑2-3 ring PAHs	∑4 ring PAHs	DahA	FLT	BbF	BkF	BaP	IcdP	BghiP
暴雨 Rainstorm		523.51	330.09	46.35	119.24	79.45	24.08	31.66	52.33	58.48
林内雨 N.RS	BF	426.06	349.27	37.18	125.50	56.11	20.59	31.46	51.12	55.93
林内雨 N.RS	CBF	437.74	358.95	38.22	128.83	57.58	21.14	32.36	52.52	57.51
冠淋溶效应 Crown leaching Eff./%	BF	-18.6	+3.1	-19.8	+5.2	-29.4	-14.5	-0.6	-2.3	-4.4
冠淋溶效应 Crown leaching Eff./%	CBF	-16.4	+8.7	-17.5	+8.0	-27.5	-12.2	+2.2	+0.4	-1.7
总径流 Total run off	BF	62.21	50.91	7.58	18.56	10.00	3.61	4.65	8.83	11.40
总径流 Total run off	CBF	80.19	58.38	8.92	20.90	9.28	3.10	5.01	10.98	12.82
系统贮存 System storage/%	BF	88.1	84.6	83.6	84.4	87.4	85.0	85.3	83.1	80.5
系统贮存 System storage/%	CBF	84.7	82.3	80.8	82.5	88.3	87.1	84.2	79.0	78.1

图8 帽峰山林区暴雨中TOC与∑16PAHs、BaP质量浓度间的关系

Fig. 8 Relationship between TOC and ∑16PAHs, BaP mass concentration in rainstorm for the Maofeng mountain forest area

图9 两类森林生态系统的暴雨总径流中TOC与∑16PAHs、BaP在质量浓度间的关系

Fig. 9 Relationship between TOC and ∑16PAHs, BaP mass concentration in rainstorm-total runoff for the two type’s forest ecosystem

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广州帽峰山森林生态系统的暴雨及PAHs、TOC的地球化学特征

The Geochemical Characteristics of Rainstorm PAHs and TOC of the Forest Ecosystem in Maofeng Mountain of Guangzhou, China

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