海湖湿地水体蓝藻水华期浮游生物群落特征及其影响因素

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 946-957.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.012

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

海湖湿地水体蓝藻水华期浮游生物群落特征及其影响因素

刘泽碧¹^,²(), 毛旭锋¹^,²^,^*(), 吴艺¹^,², 宋秀华³, 于红妍⁴, 金鑫¹^,², 杜凯¹^,², 谢顺邦³

1.青藏高原地表过程与生态保育教育部重点实验室/青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室，青海西宁 810008
2.青海师范大学地理科学学院，青海西宁 810008
3.青海湟水国家湿地公园生态管理服务中心，青海西宁 810008
4.青海祁连山国家公园青海服务保障中心，青海西宁 810008

收稿日期:2024-03-18 出版日期:2024-06-18 发布日期:2024-07-30
通讯作者: * 毛旭锋。E-mail: maoxufeng@yeah.com
作者简介:刘泽碧（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为湿地生态过程。E-mail: liuzebi06@163.com
基金资助:
青海省自然科学基金项目(2024-ZJ-910)

Characteristics of Plankton Community and Its Influencing Factors during Algal Blooms Period in the Haihu Wetland

LIU Zebi¹^,²(), MAO Xufeng¹^,²^,^*(), WU Yi¹^,², SONG Xiuhua³, YU Hongyan⁴, JIN Xin¹^,², DU Kai¹^,², XIE Shunbang³

1. Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Ecological Conservation of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau/Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process of Qinghai Province, Xining 810008, P. R. China
2. School of Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, P. R. China
3. Qinghai Huangshui National Wetland Park Ecological Management Service Center, Xining 810008, P. R. China
4. Qinghai Qilian Mountain National Park Qinghai Service Guarantee Center, Xining 810008, P. R. China

Received:2024-03-18 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2024-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于水体富营养化引发的水华在高原湿地生态系统的暴发频率日益增加，对当地生态系统健康产生负面的影响。为分析蓝藻水华及其生消全过程中浮游生物群落结构变化特征，以青海省西宁市海湖湿地为研究区，于2022年3月（水华暴发期）、4月（水华衰退期）和5月（水华结束期）对6处监测点的浮游生物群落开展调查，通过R软件的Vegan包和rdacca.hp包对影响浮游生物群落结构的环境因子进行定量分析。结果表明，1）3个时期共鉴定出浮游植物7门94种、浮游动物4门46种；螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）在3个时期均为优势动物。2）浮游生物密度和生物量呈现由上游向下游增加的趋势；浮游植物和浮游动物呈现相反的变化趋势，浮游植物生物量在衰退期达到最大值（63.84 mg·L⁻¹），而浮游动物生物量在结束期达到最大（6.76 mg·L⁻¹）。3）Pearson相关性和典范对应分析（CCA）结果显示，浮游生物优势种在水华不同时期的主要影响因素存在差异，浮游植物和浮游动物在暴发期分别受TN和水温的影响显著（p<0.05），在衰退期分别受NH₄⁺-N和TP的影响显著（p<0.05），而在结束期分别受pH和水温的影响显著（p<0.05）。4）基于浮游动物多样性指数的水质评价结果显示，海湖湿地水体介于中污与无污之间，水质状态表现为良好。5）变差分解（VPA）和层次分割（HP）分析发现，水温对浮游植物群落结构的影响最大（13.01%）（p<0.01），而TN对浮游动物群落结构的影响最大（6.70%）（p>0.01）。该研究表明，蓝藻水华显著影响海湖湿地浮游生物群落结构的演替。研究结果对利用环境手段进行水华治理具有重要意义。

关键词: 层次分割, 浮游植物, 浮游动物, CCA分析, 青藏高原, 富营养化

Abstract:

The frequency of algal blooms triggered by eutrophication is increasing in plateau wetland ecosystems, which negatively affects the health of local ecosystems. To analyze the changes of plankton community structures during the whole process of Cyanobacterial bloom, the Haihu wetland in Xining City, Qinghai Province was investigated as a study area. Plankton community structures were monitored at six monitoring sites in March (bloom outbreak stage), April (bloom decline stage) and May (bloom end stage) in 2022. Vegan and rdacca.hp packages of the R were utilized to quantitatively analyze the environmental factors that affect the structures of the plankton communities. Results showed that: 1) a total of 94 species of 7 phyla of phytoplankton and 46 species of 4 phyla of zooplankton were identified in the above three periods. Keratella cochlearis was the dominant species in all three periods. 2) An increasing trend from upstream to downstream was observed in plankton density and biomass. The trends of phytoplankton and zooplankton exhibited contrasting patterns. The phytoplankton biomass reached the maximum value (63.84 mg·L⁻¹) in bloom decline stage, while the zooplankton biomass reached its maximum value (6.76 mg·L⁻¹) in bloom end stage. 3) Pearson Correlation and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed significant differences in dominant influencing factors of the dominant plankton species in three periods of algal bloom. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were significantly affected by TN and water temperature in the bloom outbreak stage (p<0.05), NH₄⁺-N and TP in the bloom decline stage (p<0.05), and pH and water temperature in the bloom end stage (p<0.05), respectively. 4) The water quality evaluation based on the zooplankton diversity index indicated that the water quality of the Haihu wetland was at a good level between medium pollution and no pollution. 5) Variance Partitioning Analysis (VPA) and Hierarchical Partitioning (HP) showed that water temperature produced stronger effect (13.01%) on phytoplankton community (p<0.01), while TN conducted stronger effect (6.70%) on zooplankton community structures (p>0.01). This study showed that the Cyanobacterial bloom significantly affected the succession of plankton community structures in the Haihu wetland, which may provide some information for the management of wetland algal blooms.

Key words: hierarchical partitioning, phytoplankton, zooplankton, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Qinghai Plateau, eutrophication

中图分类号:

Q178
X524

刘泽碧, 毛旭锋, 吴艺, 宋秀华, 于红妍, 金鑫, 杜凯, 谢顺邦. 海湖湿地水体蓝藻水华期浮游生物群落特征及其影响因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(6): 946-957.

LIU Zebi, MAO Xufeng, WU Yi, SONG Xiuhua, YU Hongyan, JIN Xin, DU Kai, XIE Shunbang. Characteristics of Plankton Community and Its Influencing Factors during Algal Blooms Period in the Haihu Wetland[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(6): 946-957.

图/表 10

图1 浮游生物采样点地理位置

Figure 1 Geographic location of plankton sampling sites

表1 生态指数水质评价标准

Table 1 Water quality evaluation criteria of the ecological index

Shannon多样性指数		Pielou均匀度指数
数值范围	评价标准	数值范围	评价标准
0‒1	重污	0‒0.3	重污
1‒3	中污	0.3‒0.5	中污
>3	轻污或无污	0.5‒0.8	轻污或无污

图2 水体理化指标特征图中pH、COD、DO、t、TN、TP、Chl-a、NH4+-N分别代表酸碱度、化学需氧量、溶解氧、水温、总氮、总磷、叶绿素、氨氮；p<0.05

Figure 2 Characteristics of physicochemical indexes of water bodies

图3 浮游生物种类结构

Figure 3 Plankton species structure

图4 水华期浮游生物多样性指数

Figure 4 Plankton diversity index during bloom

表2 水华期浮游生物优势种

Table 2 Dominant plankton species during bloom

编号	优势种	门	时间
编号	优势种	门	暴发期	衰退期	结束期
Sp1	鱼害微囊藻 Microcystis ichthyoblabe	蓝藻门	+
Sp2	颤藻 Oscillatoria sp.	蓝藻门	+
Sp3	卷曲长胞藻 Dolichospermum circinale	蓝藻门			+
Sp4	浮丝藻 Planktothrix sp.	蓝藻门			+
Sp5	假鱼腥藻 Pseudoanabaena sp.	蓝藻门			+
Sp6	鼓藻 Cosmarium sp.	绿藻门			+
Sp7	颗粒直链藻 Melosira granulata	硅藻门	+
Sp8	纤细等片藻 Diatoma tenue	硅藻门	+
Sp9	舟形藻 Navicula sp.	硅藻门	+	+
Sp10	喙头舟形藻 Navicula rhynchocephala	硅藻门	+
Sp11	长圆舟形藻 Navicula oblonga	硅藻门	+
Sp12	放射舟形藻 Navicula radiosa	硅藻门	+
Sp13	菱形藻 Surirella sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp14	类S形菱形藻 Nizschia sigmoidea	硅藻门		+
Sp15	针杆藻 Synedra sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp16	窗纹藻 Epithemia sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp17	小环藻 Cyclotella sp.	硅藻门			+
Sp18	变异直链藻 Melosira varians	硅藻门			+
Sp19	直链藻 Melosira sp.	硅藻门			+
Sp20	梅尼小环藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana	硅藻门			+
Sp21	表壳虫 Arcella sp.	原生动物		+
Sp22	草履虫 Parameciidae sp.	原生动物		+
Sp23	侠盗虫属 Strobilidium sp.	原生动物			+
Sp24	纤毛虫未定种	原生动物			+
Sp25	萼花臂尾轮虫 Brachionus calyciflorus	轮虫	+
Sp26	壶状臂尾轮虫 Brachionus urceus	轮虫	+
Sp27	臂尾轮虫 Brachionus sp.	轮虫	+	+
Sp28	角突臂尾轮虫 Brachionus angularis	轮虫	+
Sp29	螺形龟甲轮虫 Keratella cochlearis	轮虫	+	+	+
Sp30	疣毛轮虫 Synchaeta sp.	轮虫			+
Sp31	暗小异尾轮虫 Trichocerca pusilla	轮虫			+
Sp32	广布中剑水蚤 Mesocyclops leuckarti	轮虫		+
Sp33	等刺温剑水蚤 Thermocyclops kawamurai	桡足类		+
Sp34	无节幼体 Nauplius	桡足类		+	+

表2 水华期浮游生物优势种

Table 2 Dominant plankton species during bloom

编号	优势种	门	时间
编号	优势种	门	暴发期	衰退期	结束期
Sp1	鱼害微囊藻 Microcystis ichthyoblabe	蓝藻门	+
Sp2	颤藻 Oscillatoria sp.	蓝藻门	+
Sp3	卷曲长胞藻 Dolichospermum circinale	蓝藻门			+
Sp4	浮丝藻 Planktothrix sp.	蓝藻门			+
Sp5	假鱼腥藻 Pseudoanabaena sp.	蓝藻门			+
Sp6	鼓藻 Cosmarium sp.	绿藻门			+
Sp7	颗粒直链藻 Melosira granulata	硅藻门	+
Sp8	纤细等片藻 Diatoma tenue	硅藻门	+
Sp9	舟形藻 Navicula sp.	硅藻门	+	+
Sp10	喙头舟形藻 Navicula rhynchocephala	硅藻门	+
Sp11	长圆舟形藻 Navicula oblonga	硅藻门	+
Sp12	放射舟形藻 Navicula radiosa	硅藻门	+
Sp13	菱形藻 Surirella sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp14	类S形菱形藻 Nizschia sigmoidea	硅藻门		+
Sp15	针杆藻 Synedra sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp16	窗纹藻 Epithemia sp.	硅藻门		+
Sp17	小环藻 Cyclotella sp.	硅藻门			+
Sp18	变异直链藻 Melosira varians	硅藻门			+
Sp19	直链藻 Melosira sp.	硅藻门			+
Sp20	梅尼小环藻 Cyclotella meneghiniana	硅藻门			+
Sp21	表壳虫 Arcella sp.	原生动物		+
Sp22	草履虫 Parameciidae sp.	原生动物		+
Sp23	侠盗虫属 Strobilidium sp.	原生动物			+
Sp24	纤毛虫未定种	原生动物			+
Sp25	萼花臂尾轮虫 Brachionus calyciflorus	轮虫	+
Sp26	壶状臂尾轮虫 Brachionus urceus	轮虫	+
Sp27	臂尾轮虫 Brachionus sp.	轮虫	+	+
Sp28	角突臂尾轮虫 Brachionus angularis	轮虫	+
Sp29	螺形龟甲轮虫 Keratella cochlearis	轮虫	+	+	+
Sp30	疣毛轮虫 Synchaeta sp.	轮虫			+
Sp31	暗小异尾轮虫 Trichocerca pusilla	轮虫			+
Sp32	广布中剑水蚤 Mesocyclops leuckarti	轮虫		+
Sp33	等刺温剑水蚤 Thermocyclops kawamurai	桡足类		+
Sp34	无节幼体 Nauplius	桡足类		+	+

图5 浮游生物密度和生物量 BS1—BS6分别为暴发期6个采样点；SS1—SS6分别为衰退期6个采样点；JS1—JS6分别为结束期6个采样点

Figure 5 Plankton density and biomass

图6 浮游生物优势种与水体因子的相关性图例颜色表示相关性程度；“***”表示p<0.001，“**”表示0.001≤p<0.01，“*”表示0.01≤p<0.05

Figure 6 Correlation between plankton dominant species and water factors

图7 浮游生物优势种与水体因子的CCA分析

Figure 7 CCA of plankton dominant species and water factors

图8 环境因子对浮游生物群落结构影响的相对重要性在右下方的点阵图中，每行对应一个环境因子或一个环境因子组。每列中的孤立点表示各环境因子的边际效应，多点间连线表示这些环境因子间的共同效应。右上方柱状图中的纵坐标表示各组分解释的变差百分比（来自变差分解），横坐标表示不同环境因子组合。各环境因子的单独效应（来自层次分割）展示在左侧的横向柱状图中，纵轴分别对应右侧点阵图的环境因子，横轴表示单独效应，单独效应的值为该环境因子的边际效应加上与其他环境因子的共同效应的平均分配值。*，p<0.05

Figure 8 The relative importance of environmental factors on plankton community structure

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海湖湿地水体蓝藻水华期浮游生物群落特征及其影响因素

Characteristics of Plankton Community and Its Influencing Factors during Algal Blooms Period in the Haihu Wetland

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