渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.015

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 131-141.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.01.015

渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价

任丽江(), 张妍(), 张鑫, 山泽萱, 张成前

西北大学,陕西西安 710127

收稿日期:2021-06-17 出版日期:2022-01-18 发布日期:2022-03-10
通讯作者: *张妍（1986年生）,女,副教授,研究方向为流域水文水循环研究。E-mail: yanz@nwu.edu.cn
*张妍（1986年生）,女,副教授,研究方向为流域水文水循环研究。E-mail: yanz@nwu.edu.cn
作者简介:任丽江（1996年生）,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为生态水文与水环境研究。E-mail: lijiangren@stumail.nwu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41601017);陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目(20190702)

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water in Guanzhong Section of the Weihe River Basin

REN Lijiang(), ZHANG Yan(), ZHANG Xin, SHAN Zexuan, ZHANG Chengqian

Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China

Received:2021-06-17 Online:2022-01-18 Published:2022-03-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于重金属的毒理性及其对水生生态系统的重要影响,水生环境的重金属污染已成为全世界关注的问题。渭河是黄河的第一大支流,近年来随着沿岸社会经济的发展,渭河的水质受到严重的威胁,但是对渭河流域地表水重金属的污染状况缺乏全面评估。以渭河流域关中段为研究区域,采集了该流域35个地表水样品,检测了12种重金属元素（Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Al、V和Ca）,运用多元统计方法和健康风险评价模型研究了地表水中重金属的污染特征和健康风险。结果表明,地表水中12种金属元素的平均质量浓度大小顺序为：Ca>Fe>Cr>Al>Zn>V>Pb>Cu>As>Hg>Mn>Ni,其中Fe和Hg的质量浓度超过我国相应水质标准;采用反距离加权插值法（Inverse Distance Weighted）得出渭河流域地表水中重金属质量浓度的空间分布图,发现污染较为严重的主要地区为长安区和华州区。通过荷载分析得到4个主成分,Cr、Mn、Cu、As、Pb、Al和V为第1主成分,主要受到工业源和农业源的影响;Fe、Ni和Ca为第2主成分,主要受到地质环境和成土过程的影响;Hg和Zn分别为第3、4主成分,Hg主要受到城市生产生活的影响;Zn主要为地球化学来源。健康风险评价表明,饮用水途径引起的各种金属元素的年均健康风险均高于皮肤入渗途径,揭示饮用水是主要的暴露途径,致癌金属元素Cr和As引起的成人和儿童的年均健康风险数量级总体介于10^-8—10^-6 a^-1,非致癌金属元素Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb、Al和V引起的成人和儿童的年均健康风险数量级总体介于10^-14—10^-9 a^-1,发现致癌风险是影响成人和儿童的年均健康风险的主要因素,Cr是引起人群年均健康风险的主要因子,金属元素引起的年均健康风险值集中在10^-13—10^-11 a^-1,对流域的暴露人群没有形成明显的危害。该研究的结果可为该流域重金属的污染防治和保障城镇居民的用水安全提供科学依据。

关键词: 渭河, 地表水, 重金属, 插值法, 空间分布, 来源分析, 健康风险

Abstract:

Due to the toxicity of heavy metals and their significant impact on aquatic ecosystem, heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment has become a worldwide issue. The Weihe River is the first major tributary of the Yellow River and its water quality has been seriously deteriorated in recent years during the socio-economic development of the basin. However, there is a lack of comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface waters of the Weihe River Basin. In this study, 35 surface water samples were collected from the Guanzhong section of the Weihe River Basin, and 12 heavy metal elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Al, V and Ca) were analyzed. The pollution characteristics and health risks of heavy metals in surface waters were studied using multivariate statistical methods and health risk evaluation models. Results showed that the average concentration of 12 metals in the surface water followed this order: Ca>Fe>Cr>Al>Zn>V>Pb>Cu>As>Hg>Mn>Ni. Fe and Hg concentrations exceeded the corresponding water quality standard of China. Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation was used to derive the spatial distribution of heavy metals in surface waters. It was found that the most serious polluted areas were Chang’an and Huazhou districts. Four principal components were obtained based on load analysis results. Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Pb, Al and V were included in the first principal component and were mainly influenced by industrial and agricultural sources. Fe, Ni and Ca appeared in the second principal component, mainly influenced by the geological environment and the soil formation process; Hg and Zn were in the third and fourth principal components, respectively. Hg was mainly influenced by urban production and living, while Zn was mainly from geochemical sources. A health risk evaluation showed that the annual average health risk of heavy metal from drinking water was higher than that via dermal exposure, indicating that drinking water was the main exposure route. The annual average health risk for adults and children due to carcinogenic elements (i.e., Cr and As) ranged from 10^-8 to 10^-6 a^-1; and the risk due to non-carcinogenic elements (i.e., Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Pb, Al, and V) ranged from 10^-14 to 10^-9 a^-1. The carcinogenic risk was the main factor affecting the annual average health risk for adults and children. Cr was the main element that impacted the annual average health risk for the population. The annual average health risk values caused by metal elements were in the range of 10^-13-10^-11 a^-1. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling heavy metal pollution in surface waters and improving water safety of the Weihe River Basin.

Key words: Weihe River, surface water, heavy metals, interpolation method, spatial distribution, source analysis, health risk

中图分类号:

X522

任丽江, 张妍, 张鑫, 山泽萱, 张成前. 渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(1): 131-141.

REN Lijiang, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Xin, SHAN Zexuan, ZHANG Chengqian. Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water in Guanzhong Section of the Weihe River Basin[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(1): 131-141.

图/表 10

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元素 Elements		C/(cm∙h^-1)	D/(mg∙kg^-1∙d^-1)		f/(kg∙d∙mg^-1)
元素 Elements		C/(cm∙h^-1)	饮用水暴露 Drinking water exposure	皮肤暴露 Skin exposure	饮用水暴露 Drinking water exposure	皮肤暴露 Skin exposure
致癌性 Carcinogenicity	Cr	0.002	0.003	0.003	0.5	20
致癌性 Carcinogenicity	As	0.0018	0.0003	0.000123	1.5	3.66
非致癌性 Non-carcinogenic	Mn	0.0001	0.046	0.0008
	Fe	0.0001	0.3	0.045
	Ni	0.0001	0.02	0.0054
	Cu	0.0006	0.04	0.012
	Zn	0.0006	0.3	0.06
	Hg	0.0018	0.0003	0.0003
	Pb	0.000004	0.0014	0.00042
	Al	0.01	0.14	0.14
	V	0.002¹⁾	0.007	0.00007

元素 Elements		C/(cm∙h^-1)	D/(mg∙kg^-1∙d^-1)		f/(kg∙d∙mg^-1)
元素 Elements		C/(cm∙h^-1)	饮用水暴露 Drinking water exposure	皮肤暴露 Skin exposure	饮用水暴露 Drinking water exposure	皮肤暴露 Skin exposure
致癌性 Carcinogenicity	Cr	0.002	0.003	0.003	0.5	20
致癌性 Carcinogenicity	As	0.0018	0.0003	0.000123	1.5	3.66
非致癌性 Non-carcinogenic	Mn	0.0001	0.046	0.0008
	Fe	0.0001	0.3	0.045
	Ni	0.0001	0.02	0.0054
	Cu	0.0006	0.04	0.012
	Zn	0.0006	0.3	0.06
	Hg	0.0018	0.0003	0.0003
	Pb	0.000004	0.0014	0.00042
	Al	0.01	0.14	0.14
	V	0.002¹⁾	0.007	0.00007

元素 Elements	最大值 Max/(μg∙L^-1)	最小值 Min/(μg∙L^-1)	平均值 Ave/(μg∙L^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficients of variation/%	标准限值¹⁾ Standard limit values/(μg∙L^-1)	标准限值²⁾ Standard limit values/(μg∙L^-1)
Cr	14.31	5.59	9.73	1.84	18.93	50	50
Mn	1.23	0.59	0.86	0.17	20.08	100	100
Fe	1160.69	134.21	382.41	164.68	43.07	300	300
Ni	6.30	0.00	0.78	1.09	139.49	—	20
Cu	4.36	0.68	2.09	0.98	46.73	1000	1000
Zn	64.84	0.00	7.30	13.21	180.83	1000	1000
As	8.03	0.00	1.48	1.76	118.87	50	10
Hg	3.73	0.86	0.98	0.47	48.01	0.1	1
Pb	3.28	2.84	2.93	0.10	3.54	50	10
Al	20.55	0.00	8.29	5.24	63.22	—	200
V	6.20	1.23	3.27	1.14	35.02	—	50
Ca	46100	8200	23642.86	7250.63	30.67	—	—

元素 Elements	最大值 Max/(μg∙L^-1)	最小值 Min/(μg∙L^-1)	平均值 Ave/(μg∙L^-1)	标准差 Standard deviation	变异系数 Coefficients of variation/%	标准限值¹⁾ Standard limit values/(μg∙L^-1)	标准限值²⁾ Standard limit values/(μg∙L^-1)
Cr	14.31	5.59	9.73	1.84	18.93	50	50
Mn	1.23	0.59	0.86	0.17	20.08	100	100
Fe	1160.69	134.21	382.41	164.68	43.07	300	300
Ni	6.30	0.00	0.78	1.09	139.49	—	20
Cu	4.36	0.68	2.09	0.98	46.73	1000	1000
Zn	64.84	0.00	7.30	13.21	180.83	1000	1000
As	8.03	0.00	1.48	1.76	118.87	50	10
Hg	3.73	0.86	0.98	0.47	48.01	0.1	1
Pb	3.28	2.84	2.93	0.10	3.54	50	10
Al	20.55	0.00	8.29	5.24	63.22	—	200
V	6.20	1.23	3.27	1.14	35.02	—	50
Ca	46100	8200	23642.86	7250.63	30.67	—	—

Elements	Cr	Mn	Fe	Ni	Cu	Zn	As	Hg	Pb	Al	V	Ca
Cr	1
Mn	0.503^**	1
Fe	-0.108	-0.090	1
Ni	0.128	0.032	0.426^*	1
Cu	0.439^**	0.287	0.063	0.392^*	1
Zn	-0.250	-0.147	-0.166	0.363^*	0.178	1
As	0.294	0.222	-0.276	0.018	0.471^**	-0.095	1
Hg	-0.238	-0.174	-0.076	-0.103	0.028	0.120	-0.119	1
Pb	0.477^**	0.664^**	-0.185	-0.024	0.362^*	0.027	0.421^*	-0.141	1
Al	0.368^*	0.772^**	-0.272	-0.104	0.345^*	-0.146	0.406^*	-0.189	0.713^**	1
V	0.429^*	0.307	-0.134	0.297	0.741^**	-0.002	0.706^**	-0.208	0.312	0.403^*	1
Ca	-0.048	-0.15	0.789^**	0.642^**	0.298	0.042	-0.220	0.036	-0.260	-0.179	0.167	1

渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Water in Guanzhong Section of the Weihe River Basin

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成分 Components	初始特征值 Initial eigenvalue			提取载荷平方和 Extract the sum of squares of the load			旋转载荷平方和 Rotating load sum of squares
成分 Components	总计 Total	方差百分比 Percentage of variance	累积 Cumulative/ %	总计 Total	方差百分比 Percentage of variance	累积 Cumulative/ %	总计 Total	方差百分比 Percentage of variance	累积 Cumulative/ %
1	3.887	32.394	32.394	3.887	32.394	32.394	2.843	23.695	23.695
2	2.555	21.289	53.682	2.555	21.289	53.682	2.456	20.465	44.160
3	1.516	12.635	66.317	1.516	12.635	66.317	2.452	20.437	64.597
4	1.111	9.260	75.577	1.111	9.260	75.577	1.318	10.980	75.577
5	0.950	7.913	83.490
6	0.663	5.526	89.017
7	0.435	3.623	92.640
8	0.353	2.946	95.586
9	0.195	1.629	97.214
10	0.146	1.219	98.433
11	0.121	1.005	99.438
12	0.067	0.562	100.000

元素 Elements	成分 Components
元素 Elements	1	2	3	4
Cr	0.684	0.068	-0.246	-0.130
Mn	0.740	-0.052	-0.391	0.340
Fe	-0.272	0.724	-0.485	-0.064
Ni	0.098	0.838	0.106	0.226
Cu	0.658	0.509	0.316	-0.088
Zn	-0.097	0.214	0.644	0.665
As	0.690	-0.048	0.340	-0.420
Hg	-0.223	-0.011	0.453	-0.018
Pb	0.784	-0.170	-0.111	0.351
Al	0.807	-0.207	-0.201	0.229
V	0.733	0.337	0.348	-0.348
Ca	-0.135	0.910	-0.216	-0.010

元素 Elements			成人 Adult/a^-1	儿童 Child/a^-1
饮用水途径 Drinking pathway	致癌性 Carcinogenicity	Cr	2.41×10^-6	2.63×10^-6
	致癌性 Carcinogenicity	As	1.10×10^-6	1.20×10^-6
	非致癌性	Mn	9.28×10^-12	1.01×10^-11
		Fe	6.32×10^-10	6.89×10^-10
		Ni	1.93×10^-11	2.11×10^-11
		Cu	2.60×10^-11	2.83×10^-11
		Zn	1.21×10^-11	1.32×10^-11
		Hg	1.62×10^-9	1.77×10^-9
		Pb	1.04×10^-9	1.13×10^-9
		Al	2.93×10^-11	3.20×10^-11
		V	2.31×10^-10	2.53×10^-10
皮肤途径 Dermal pathway	致癌性	Cr	1.00×10^-6	7.00×10^-7
	致癌性	As	2.50×10^-8	1.76×10^-8
	非致癌性	Mn	2.76×10^-13	1.94×10^-13
		Fe	2.18×10^-12	1.53×10^-12
		Ni	3.71×10^-14	2.60×10^-14
		Cu	2.69×10^-13	1.88×10^-13
		Zn	1.87×10^-13	1.32×10^-13
		Hg	1.51×10^-11	1.06×10^-11
		Pb	7.17×10^-14	5.04×10^-14
		Al	1.52×10^-12	1.07×10^-12
		V	2.40×10^-12	1.68×10^-12

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