超短链PFASs类新污染物的环境特性、全球水平、来源及风险

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.07.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 1064-1078.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.07.007

• “新污染物”研究专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

超短链PFASs类新污染物的环境特性、全球水平、来源及风险

赵曦¹^,^*(), 韦斯²

1.深圳市汉宇环境科技有限公司，广东深圳 518001
2.南京大学环境学院，江苏南京 210023

收稿日期:2025-02-14 出版日期:2025-07-18 发布日期:2025-07-11
通讯作者: *通讯作者。
作者简介:赵曦（1982年生），男，高级工程师，硕士，研究方向为新污染物生态环境风险评价与治理，固体废物和土壤环境污染防治。E-mail: zhaoxi5257@sina.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(22376092);国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFC3706601);生态环境部二噁英污染控制重点实验室开放基金项目(2023)

Environmental Characteristics, Global levels, Sources and Risk of Emerging Pollutants Ultra-Short-Chain Poly- and Perfluorinated Substances

ZHAO Xi¹^,^*(), WEI Si²

1. Shenzhen Hanyu Environmental Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518001, P. R. China
2. School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China

Received:2025-02-14 Online:2025-07-18 Published:2025-07-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超短链全氟和多氟烷基化合物（USC-PFASs）是链长为1-3个全氟碳原子的PFASs，相比长链和短链PFASs具有更高的持久性和迁移性，可通过在环境中不断积累进而对生态环境和人体健康产生潜在风险。全面分析USC-PFASs的环境特性、全球水平、来源及风险，对这类新污染物的防治和风险管控具有重要意义。通过对文献的统计分析，识别出7种重点关注的USC-PFASs。这些USC-PFASs易挥发、易溶或微溶于水并具高持久性和高迁移性。目前，全球水体中检出7种USC-PFASs，土壤和底泥中检出6种USC-PFASs，生物体中检出5种USC-PFASs，大气中检出4种USC-PFASs。三氟乙酸（TFA）、全氟丙酸（PFPrA）和双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺（NTf2）普遍存在于水体、土壤、底泥、大气和生物体中，三氟甲烷磺酸（TFMS）存在于水体、土壤、底泥、大气中，全氟乙烷磺酸（PFEtS）和全氟丙烷磺酸（PFPrS）主要存在于水体和生物体中，而六氟异丙醇（HFIP）仅在地表水、土壤和大气中被检出。USC-PFASs存在至少11种潜在来源，包括含氟灭火剂使用点、氟化工厂、电子工厂、污水处理厂、垃圾处理设施、电子废物拆解场和废锂离子电池处理厂等7种点源，以及大气氢氟碳化合物（HFCs）和含氢氯氟烃（HCFCs）降解、环境中含氟药品和农药转化、聚合物PFASs释放、前体PFASs转化等4种面源。近年来，NTf2频繁出现在各类环境介质中，可能与废锂离子电池回收和处理有关。风险评估结果显示，在饮水摄入PFPrA、NTf2和呼吸吸入PFPrA的非致癌风险值最大值分别为1.7×10⁻⁴、3.7×10⁻⁴和4.2×10⁻³，低于全氟辛酸（PFOA）但是高于全氟丁酸（PFBA）。建议对USC-PFASs按高持久性污染物管控方法进行管理，加强毒理学和环境行为研究，引导企业避免无效替代，并鼓励企业采用有效治理措施。

关键词: 超短链PFASs, 新污染物, 环境特性, 环境水平, 环境来源, 风险评估

Abstract:

Ultra-short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (USC-PFASs) are PFASs with 1-3 perfluorinated carbon. Compared to long-chain and short-chain PFASs, USC-PFASs exhibit higher persistence and mobility, continuously accumulating in the environment and posing potential risks to ecosystems and human health. A comprehensive analysis of the environmental characteristics, global levels, sources, and risks of USC-PFASs is of significant importance for the prevention, control, and risk management of these emerging pollutants in the environment. Through a statistical analysis of the literature, seven key USC-PFASs were identified. These USC-PFASs are volatile, soluble or slightly soluble in water, and possess high persistence and mobility in the environment. Currently, seven USC-PFASs have been detected in global aquatic environments, six in soil and sediments, five in biota and four in atmospheric environments. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) are commonly found in aquatic, soil, sediment, and atmospheric environments, and biota. Trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMS) is present in aquatic, soil, sediment, and atmospheric environments. Perfluoroethane sulfonic acid (PFEtS) and perfluoropropane sulfonic acid (PFPrS) are mainly found in aquatic environments and biota, while 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP) has only been detected in surface water, soil, and atmospheric environments. USC-PFASs have at least 11 potential sources, including seven point sources: sites using fluorinated firefighting foams, fluorochemical plants, electronics factories, wastewater treatment plants, waste disposal facilities, e-waste dismantling sites, and waste lithium-ion battery processing plants, and four non-point sources: atmospheric degradation of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), transformation of fluorinated pharmaceuticals and pesticides in the environment, release of polymeric PFASs, and transformation of precursor PFASs. In recent years, NTf2 has frequently appeared in various environmental media, possibly due to the recycling and processing of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The risk assessment results showed that the maximum non-carcinogenic risk values for PFPrA, NTf2, and PFPrA in drinking water via inhalation were 1.7×10⁻⁴, 3.7×10⁻⁴, and 4.2×10⁻³, respectively, which are lower than those of PFOA but higher than those of PFBA. It is recommended that USC-PFASs be managed using high-persistence pollutant control methods, toxicological and environmental behavior be strengthened, enterprises be guided to avoid ineffective substitutions, and the adoption of effective treatment measures be encouraged.

Key words: ultra-short-chain poly- and perfluorinated substances, emerging pollutants, environmental characteristics, environmental levels, environmental sources, risk assessment

中图分类号:

赵曦, 韦斯. 超短链PFASs类新污染物的环境特性、全球水平、来源及风险[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(7): 1064-1078.

ZHAO Xi, WEI Si. Environmental Characteristics, Global levels, Sources and Risk of Emerging Pollutants Ultra-Short-Chain Poly- and Perfluorinated Substances[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(7): 1064-1078.

图/表 10

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序号	化合物	英文名	英文缩写	CAS号	相对分子质量	25 ℃时溶解度/ (mg·L⁻¹)	沸点/ ℃	20 ℃时蒸汽压/ kPa	酸度系数 pKa	辛醇-水分配系数对数值 lgK_OW
1	三氟乙酸	Trifluoroacetic acid	TFA	76-05-1	114.023	1×10⁶	72.4	11	0.3	0.91
2	全氟丙酸	Perfluoropropanoic acid	PFPrA	422-64-0	164.031	2.21×10³	96-97	2.59	1.37	1.61
3	三氟甲烷磺酸	Trifluoromethane sulfonic acid	TFMS	1493-13-6	150.077	3.67×10⁴	162	0.013	−15	1.15
4	全氟乙烷磺酸	Perfluoroethane sulfonic acid	PFEtS	354-88-1	200.085	5.41×10³	178	-	−3.31	1.23
5	全氟丙烷磺酸	Perfluoropropane sulfonic acid	PFPrS	423-41-6	250.092	820	196	-	−3.31	1.93
6	双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺	Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide	bis-FMeSI （NTf2）	82113-65-3	281.150	8×10⁵	90-91	-	−10.42	2.07
7	六氟异丙醇	1,1,1,3,3,3−Hexafluoropropan−2−ol	HFIP	920-66-1	168.040	1×10⁶	59	1.6	9.3	-

序号	化合物	英文名	英文缩写	CAS号	相对分子质量	25 ℃时溶解度/ (mg·L⁻¹)	沸点/ ℃	20 ℃时蒸汽压/ kPa	酸度系数 pKa	辛醇-水分配系数对数值 lgK_OW
1	三氟乙酸	Trifluoroacetic acid	TFA	76-05-1	114.023	1×10⁶	72.4	11	0.3	0.91
2	全氟丙酸	Perfluoropropanoic acid	PFPrA	422-64-0	164.031	2.21×10³	96-97	2.59	1.37	1.61
3	三氟甲烷磺酸	Trifluoromethane sulfonic acid	TFMS	1493-13-6	150.077	3.67×10⁴	162	0.013	−15	1.15
4	全氟乙烷磺酸	Perfluoroethane sulfonic acid	PFEtS	354-88-1	200.085	5.41×10³	178	-	−3.31	1.23
5	全氟丙烷磺酸	Perfluoropropane sulfonic acid	PFPrS	423-41-6	250.092	820	196	-	−3.31	1.93
6	双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺	Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide	bis-FMeSI （NTf2）	82113-65-3	281.150	8×10⁵	90-91	-	−10.42	2.07
7	六氟异丙醇	1,1,1,3,3,3−Hexafluoropropan−2−ol	HFIP	920-66-1	168.040	1×10⁶	59	1.6	9.3	-

环境特性	级别	判定标准
持久性	持久性（P）	t_{1/2, 水}≥40 d或t_{1/2, 沉积物}≥120 d 或t_{1/2, 土壤}≥120 d
持久性	高持久性（vP）	t_1/2,水≥60 d或t_{1/2,沉积物}≥180 d 或t_{1/2, 土壤}≥180 d
迁移性	迁移性（M）	lgK_OC<3.0
迁移性	高迁移性（vM）	lgK_OC<2.0
生物累积性	生物累积性（B）	BCF≥2000
生物累积性	高生物累积性（vB）	BCF≥5000
毒性	毒性（T）	NOEC或EC₁₀<0.01 mg·L⁻¹
		或具致癌、致畸或生殖毒性（CMR）
		或属内分泌干扰物（EDCs）

环境特性	级别	判定标准
持久性	持久性（P）	t_{1/2, 水}≥40 d或t_{1/2, 沉积物}≥120 d 或t_{1/2, 土壤}≥120 d
持久性	高持久性（vP）	t_1/2,水≥60 d或t_{1/2,沉积物}≥180 d 或t_{1/2, 土壤}≥180 d
迁移性	迁移性（M）	lgK_OC<3.0
迁移性	高迁移性（vM）	lgK_OC<2.0
生物累积性	生物累积性（B）	BCF≥2000
生物累积性	高生物累积性（vB）	BCF≥5000
毒性	毒性（T）	NOEC或EC₁₀<0.01 mg·L⁻¹
		或具致癌、致畸或生殖毒性（CMR）
		或属内分泌干扰物（EDCs）

序号	新污染物名称	本研究判定					德国联邦环境局判定	欧盟化学品管理局判定	参考文献判定（Neuwald et al.，2022）
序号	新污染物名称	持久性	迁移性	生物富集性	毒性	整体特性	德国联邦环境局判定	欧盟化学品管理局判定	参考文献判定（Neuwald et al.，2022）
1	TFA	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	vPvM	vPvM	vPvM
2	PFPrA	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	未判定	未判定	vPvM
3	TFMS	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	vPvM	vPvM	vPvM
4	PFEtS	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	未判定	未判定	vPvM
5	PFPrS	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	未判定	未判定	vPvM
6	NTf2	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	未判定	未判定	vPvM
7	HFIP	vP	vM	无	-	vPvM	未判定	未判定	vPvM

超短链PFASs类新污染物的环境特性、全球水平、来源及风险

Environmental Characteristics, Global levels, Sources and Risk of Emerging Pollutants Ultra-Short-Chain Poly- and Perfluorinated Substances

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环境	地点	采样年份	三氟乙酸（TFA）			全氟丙酸（PFPrA）		三氟甲烷磺酸（TFMS）		全氟乙烷磺酸（PFEtS）		全氟丙烷磺酸（PFPrS）		双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺（NTf2）		六氟异丙醇（HFIP）	文献
降雨/雪中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	日本	2007	65			9.5		-		<0.5		<0.1		-		-	Taniyasu et al.,2008
	加拿大	2012	19-261			19-23		-		-		53-213		-		-	Yeung et al.,2017
	德国	2018-2019	ND-38000（210）			-		-		-		-		-		-	Freeling et al.， 2020
	北极地区	2019	5.6-190（27）			0.21-1.2（0.75）		0.15-3.0（1.1）		ND-2.8（ND）		<0.009		-		-	Björnsdotter et al.,2021
	美国	2022	-			-		-		-		-		6.88		-	Guelfo et al.,2024
海水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	地中海	2005	0.5-50			-		-		-		-		-		-	Scott et al.,2005a
海水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	中国南海	2020	-			-		-		-		-		1.5		-	Wang et al.,2023
地表水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	加拿大	2012	ND-11			ND-110		-		-		ND-13		-		-	Yeung et al.,2017
	欧洲5国	2016	-			-		ND-1377（44）		-		-		-		-	Montes et al.， 2017
	欧洲3国	2016	-			-		6-1000（10）		-		-		-		-	Schulze et al.,2019
	德国	2017	20-17000（500）			>56		-		-		-		-		-	Janda et al.,2018
	瑞典	2017-2018	<34-120 （<34）			<5.1-26（8.9）		3.9-24 （9.5）		0.6-2.5（1.4）		<0.009-2.3（0.25）		-		-	Björnsdotter et al.,2019
	西班牙	2019	71-262（113）			3.2-5.4（3.3）		5.1-52（12.2）									Montes et al.， 2020
	德国	2020	300-6000（1150）			ND-34（13.7）		ND-2112.5（8.5）		ND		ND-0.4（ND）		ND		ND-400（ND）	Neuwald et al.， 2022
	美国	2020-2021	-			-		-		-		1-24（4）		-		-	Camacho et al.,2024
	澳大利亚	2021	-			ND-0.19（ND）		ND-0.39（ND）		ND-0.30（ND）		0.01-1.87（0.04）		ND-0.35（0.05）		-	Gorji et al.， 2024
	美国	2021	21.3-2790（180）			ND-5250（ND）		-		-		-		-		-	Cahill， 2022
	荷兰	2021	82.44-641.34（135.15）			0.12-2.18（0.12）		-		ND		0.03-0.13（0.07）		-		-	Sadia et al.， 2023
	中国	2021-2022	-			2.26-24.45（5.55）		-		-		-		5.32-234.1（21.72）		-	Fu et al.， 2024
	美国	2022	-			-		-		-		-		ND-2437		-	Guelfo et al.,2024
	美国	2023	328-356			ND		ND-5		-		ND		-		-	Jacob et al.,2023
地下水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	欧洲5国	2016	-			-		ND-6325（135）		-		-		-		-	Montes et al.， 2017
	德国	2017	20-2300（650）			56-150（103）		-		-		-		-		-	Janda et al.， 2018
	德国	2020	ND-10700（800）			ND-179（ND）		0.5-5.4（4.0）		ND		ND-1.3（ND）		ND		ND	Neuwald et al.， 2022
	澳大利亚	2021	-			0.01-0.03（0.02）		ND		0.01-0.14（0.02）		0.22-9.07（2.32）		ND		-	Gorji et al.， 2024
	荷兰	2021	87.77-520.93（352.49）			0.12-11.13（1.41）		-		ND		0.03-0.07（0.03）		-		-	Sadia et al.， 2023
	美国	2023	38-1570（210）			ND		ND		-		ND-150（75）		-		-	Jacob et al.， 2023
饮用水和瓶装水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	亚太5国	2006-2008	-			-		-		ND-3（0.5）		ND-0.2（ND）		-		-	Mak et al.， 2009
	欧洲5国	2016	-			-		ND-325（52）		-		-		-		-	Montes et al.,2017
	德国	2017	100-11000（400）			11		-		-		-		-		-	Janda et al.， 2018
	西班牙	2019	66-79（77）			-		5.2-7.9（7.0）		-		-		-		-	Montes et al.,2020
	中国太湖	2019	ND-8.96（1.09）			ND-36.1（10.2）		ND-61.3（6.28）		ND-0.083（0.042）		ND-11.7（0.067）		-		-	Jiao et al.， 2022
	德国	2020	400-12400（850）			ND-179（ND）		1.1-862.6（29.1）		ND		ND-0.3（0.1）		ND-1.9（ND）		ND-400（ND）	Neuwald et al.， 2022
	美国	2020	ND-210（79）			ND-19（6.9）		-		-		ND-0.40（0.10）		-		-	Zheng et al.， 2023
	美国	2021	-			0.45-6.52（0.92）		-		-		0.18		-		-	Chow et al.， 2021
饮用水和瓶装水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	中国上海	2021		1350-8030（1915）	12.0-50.6（16.7）		52.5-277.1（98.9）		-		-		0.04-0.64		-			Jiao et al.， 2023
	荷兰	2021		33.56-1104.6（359.86）	0.12-65.55（16.74）		-		ND		0.03-0.3（0.09）		-		-			Sadia et al.， 2023
	澳大利亚	2021		-	ND		ND		ND		ND-0.04（0.02）		ND		-			Gorji et al.， 2024
	中国	2022		16.12-665.47（135）	0.42-12.42（1.89）		-		-		-		-		-			Dong et al.， 2023
	美国	2022		-	2.5-140（71.5）		-		-		3.6-31（17.3）		-		-			Pelch et al.， 2023
	比利时	2023		-	-		<0.03-5.6（1.5）		<0.3		<0.5-0.6（<0.5）		-		-			Cappelli et al.， 2024
	美国	2023		114-169（124）	-		-		-		-		-		-			Jacob et al.,2023
土壤中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	加拿大	2020		-	ND-4		-		-		ND-4		-		-			Liu et al.,2022
	巴基斯坦	2022		0.52-216（19.2）	0.01-25.2（3.21）		-		-		-		ND-90.4（0.23）		0.14-854（484）			Baqar et al.， 2024
	美国	2022		-	-		-		-		-		ND-2300		-			Guelfo et al.,2024
	中国	2022-2023		-	-		ND-7.17（ND）		-		-		-		-			Qi et al.， 2024
底泥中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	中国	2007		44.9-127 （54）	1.61-3.28（2.95）		-		-		-		-		-			Li et al.， 2010
底泥中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	美国	2022		-	-		-		-		-		ND-1771.2		-			Guelfo et al.,2024
大气中质量浓度/ (ng·m⁻³)	中国	2016		19-170 （33）	20-41（24.5）		-		-		-		-		-			Chen et al.， 2018
	中国	2016		1.44-2.98（2.33）	0.06-0.26（0.18）		-		-		-		-		-			Tian et al.， 2018
	美国	2023		-	-		-		-		-		-		1.5-15			James et al.,2024
粉尘中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	中国	2013		-	0.77-120（19）		-		-		-		-		-			Yao et al.， 2016
	中国	2017		1.5-1136 （93）	1.4-406（42.5）		-		-		-		-		-			Wang et al.， 2022
	美国	2020		220-1400	26-200		-		-		53		-		-			Zheng et al.,2023
	中国	2021		-	-		-		-		-		ND-9.8（0.45）		-			Zhang et al.,2024
植物中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	中国	2016-2017		11.8-767（211.5）	1.44-51.6（3.7）		-		-		-		-		-			Lan et al.， 2020
植物中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	德国	2020		24.6-1060（225）	-		-		-		-		-		-			Freeling et al.， 2022
动物中质量分数/ (ng·g⁻¹)	挪威	2017-2018		-	-		-		-		0.2-0.05		-		-			Herzke et al.,2023
	德国	2015- 2020		0.12-53 （10）	0.11-9.9（0.97）		-		-		-		-		-			Guckert et al.， 2023
	德国	2019-2020		0.26-25（4.3）	1-2.8		-		-		-		-		-			Rupp et al.,2023
	美国	2022		-	0.39-1.6（1.15）		-		-		-		-		-			Capozzi et al.， 2023
人血清中质量浓度/ (ng·mL⁻¹)	中国	2017		5.36-17.98（8.365）	0.24-0.82（0.46）		-		-		-		-		-			Duan et al.， 2020
	美国	2018		-	-		-		-		0.09-0.39（0.18）		-		-			McDonough et al.,2021
	美国	2020		ND-77（6）	0.14-2.9（1）		-		-		ND-0.013（ND）		-		-			Zheng et al.， 2023
	中国	2022		0.01-2.48（0.23）	0.002-4.53（0.27）		-		-		-		-		-			Jia et al.， 2023
人尿液中质量浓度/ (ng·mL⁻¹)	美国	2020		ND-290 （ND）	ND-6.8（0.051）		-		-		ND-0.85（ND）		-		-			Zheng et al.， 2023
饮料中质量浓度/ (ng·mL⁻¹)	德国（啤酒）	2020		ND-51000（6100）	-		-		-		-		-		-			Scheurer et al.， 2021
饮料中质量浓度/ (ng·mL⁻¹)	德国（茶叶）	2020		（2400）	-		-		-		-		-		-			Scheurer et al.， 2021

来源分类	潜在来源	三氟乙酸（TFA）	全氟丙酸（PFPrA）	三氟甲烷磺酸（TFMS）	全氟乙烷磺酸（PFEtS）	全氟丙烷磺酸（PFPrS）	双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺（NTf2）	六氟异丙醇（HFIP）
点源	含氟灭火剂使用点	++	++	++	++	+++	-	-
	氟化工厂	+	+	+	+	+	-	-
	电子工厂	++	++	+	+	+	+	+
	污水处理厂	+	+	+	+	+	+	-
	垃圾处理设施	++	++	+	+	+	+	+
	电子废物拆解场	++	+	+	-	-	+++	+++
	废锂离子电池处理厂	+	-	+++	-	-	+++	+++
面源	大气HFCs和HCFCs降解	++	+	-	-	-	-	-
	含氟药品和农药降解	+++	+	-	-	-	-	-
	聚合物PFASs释放	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
	PFASs前体物质转化	+	+	-	-	-	-	-

点源	地点	三氟乙酸（TFA）	全氟丙酸（PFPrA）	三氟甲烷磺酸（TFMS）	全氟乙烷磺酸（PFEtS）	全氟丙烷磺酸（PFPrS）	参考文献
AFFF污染水体	美国	-	-	-	11-7500	19-6.3×10⁴	Barzen-Hanson et al.,2015
	瑞典	14000	53000	950	1700	15000	Björnsdotter et al.,2019
	美国	3.8×10⁷±4×10⁶	3.3×10⁷±1×10⁷	5.6×10⁷±5×10⁶	3.9×10⁷±5×10⁶	6.9×10⁷±1×10⁶	Jacob et al.,2023
	美国	1.2×10⁴-4.6×10⁴	1700-3×10⁴	-	880-2.5×10⁴	1500-4.2×10⁶	Zhang et al.,2024
电子工业废水	美国	1571-15280	237-4184	121-175	0.4-33	ND-9	Jacob et al.,2023
污水处理厂出水	中国11城市	-	1.1-40.7	-	-	-	Zhang et al.,2013a
	上海	-	13.5-15.3	-	-	-	Zhang et al.,2013b
	格林兰岛	ND	7.32-47.15	-	ND	0.20-0.67	Aro et al.,2021
	冰岛	ND->10	17.55-34.16	-	ND-0.62	0.75-5.90	Aro et al.,2021
	法罗群岛	>10	ND-2.95	-	ND-0.73	0.68-1.83	Aro et al.,2021
	挪威	>10	3.40-3.93	-	ND	ND	Aro et al.,2021
	丹麦	>10	ND	-	ND	ND-0.26	Aro et al.,2021
	瑞典	>10	5.91-7.03	-	0.73-1.28	ND-0.57	Aro et al.,2021
	芬兰	>10	ND-2.33	-	ND-0.16	ND-0.16	Aro et al.,2021
	美国	-	5.9-10.8	-	-	-	Kim et al.,2022
	新西兰	-	12.5	-	-	-	Lenka et al.,2022
	美国	117-141	ND-10	12-14	-	ND	Jacob et al.,2023

设施	三氟乙酸（TFA）	全氟丙酸（PFPrA）	双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺（NTf2）
垃圾填埋场渗滤液	ND-4.0	15-33	195-825
垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液	16-31	3.0-3.5	-
垃圾中转站渗滤液	44-57	13.4-23.4	-

聚合物	三氟乙酸（TFA）	全氟丙酸（PFPrA）
FEP	121±96	-
PFA	34.6±11.6	16.0±15.4
食品包装含氟聚合物	-	1.28-9.11
含氟土工布	-	ND-10840

新污染物	饮用水中质量浓度/ (ng·L⁻¹)	大气中质量浓度/ (ng·m⁻³)	非致癌参考剂量/ (mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹)	饮水摄入非致癌风险（H_oral）	呼吸吸入非致癌风险（H_inh）
PFPrA	0.92-16.5（6.9）	20-41（24.5）	5×10⁻⁴	9.4×10⁻⁶-1.7×10⁻⁴（7.1×10⁻⁵）	2.1×10⁻³-4.2×10⁻³（2.5×10⁻³）
NTf2	0.05-21.72（10.89）	-	3×10⁻⁴	8.5×10⁻⁷-3.7×10⁻⁴（1.9×10⁻⁴）	-
PFBA	1.23-12.97（3.65）	0.61-5.2（1.3）	1×10⁻³	6.3×10⁻⁶-6.7×10⁻⁵（1.9×10⁻⁵）	3.1×10⁻⁵-2.7×10⁻⁴（6.7×10⁻⁵）
PFOA	0.23-15.8（1.28）	0.27-6.4（0.685）	2×10⁻⁸	0.059-4.1（0.33）	0.39-16.4（1.8）

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