天山北坡山地森林林地产流产沙特征及其影响因素分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.09.006

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 1821-1830.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.09.006

天山北坡山地森林林地产流产沙特征及其影响因素分析

孙雪娇¹^,²(), 李吉玫¹^,²^,^*(), 张毓涛¹^,², 李翔¹^,², 芦建江¹^,², 佘飞³

1.新疆林业科学院森林生态研究所,新疆乌鲁木齐 830063
2.新疆天山森林生态系统定位观测研究站,新疆乌鲁木齐 830063
3.新疆天山西部国有林管理局,新疆伊宁 835000

收稿日期:2021-01-15 出版日期:2021-09-18 发布日期:2021-12-08
通讯作者: ^*李吉玫（1980年生）,女,研究员,主要研究方向为森林生态研究。E-mail: jimeili@126.com
作者简介:孙雪娇（1993年生）,女（土家族）,助理研究员,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为森林生态研究。E-mail: 1594468536@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金项目(KY2020018)

Characteristics and Influence of Runoff and Sediment Yield in Mountain Forest on the North Slope of Tianshan Mountains

SUN Xuejiao¹^,²(), LI Jimei¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Yutao¹^,², LI Xiang¹^,², LU Jianjiang¹^,², SHE Fei³

1. Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830002, China
2. Xinjiang Tianshan Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Urumqi 830063, China
3. Administration of State-owned Forest of Western Tianshan, Yining 835000, China

Received:2021-01-15 Online:2021-09-18 Published:2021-12-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被格局对森林水文过程具有显著影响,量化分析不同植被类型的产流产沙特征很有必要。为探究天山北坡山地森林产流产沙特征及其影响因素,依托天山森林生态系统定位研究站,依据植被类型、林龄、郁闭度、人工林管理方式设置坡面径流观测场14个,对产流产沙量进行了6年的观测,结果表明,（1）各样地的产流产沙量在年际间随降雨量有较大差异,降雨量与产流产沙量相关性显著,并呈多项式分布（P=0—2.952×10^-7,r²=0.464—0.698）。（2）裸地的径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数显著高于其他植被类型（P<0.001）;天然林中,径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数随着林龄的增加逐渐降低,而土壤侵蚀模数在不同林龄间无显著差异（P=0.089—0.984）;郁闭度为0.2和0.4的天然中龄林的径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数显著大于郁闭度为0.6和0.8的天然中龄林（P=0.008—0.021）;人工林不同管理方式间产流产沙量无显著差异（P=0.657—0.992）。（3）通过径流系数、侵蚀模数与其影响因素的冗余分析和相关性分析,平均株高、郁闭度、冠层活枝高,土壤饱和含水量、枯落物厚度与径流系数和土壤侵蚀模数呈现负相关关系（r= -0.592— -0.842）。研究结果表明在天山北坡山地森林植被覆盖会减小森林地表径流量,而乔木林具有良好的减沙效果。

关键词: 产流量, 产沙量, 植被类型, 天山山地森林, 郁闭度, 林龄, 径流系数, 土壤侵蚀模数

Abstract:

Vegetation patterns have a significant impact on the hydrological processes of forests, including runoff and sediment yield. In order to explore the characteristics of these processes and the influencing factors of vegetation type, forest age, canopy density, and artificial forest in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, we set up 14 slope observation fields to observe runoff and sediment yield over a 6-year period. The results showed, (1) the runoff and sediment yield increased with precipitation and varied between years, described by the power function distribution (P=0—2.952×10^-7, r²=0.464—0.698). (2) The runoff coefficient and erosion modulus of bare land was significantly higher than that of others(P<0.001). The runoff coefficient of middle-aged forests was significantly higher than that of mature forests (P=0.089—0.984), with no significant difference in soil erosion modulus (P=0.089—0.984). The runoff coefficient and soil erosion modulus of natural middle-aged forests with a canopy density of 0.2 and 0.4 were significantly higher than those of natural middle-aged forests with a canopy density of 0.6 and 0.8 (P=0.008—0.021); with no significant effects on runoff and sediment yield between the different plots (P=0.657—0.992). (3) By increasing canopy interception water, reducing the falling speed of raindrops, increasing surface roughness, and soil water infiltration, the average tree height, soil moisture content, litter thickness, and runoff coefficient and soil erosion modulus (r= -0.592— -0.842). In general, the forest vegetation coverage can reduce surface runoff on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain, and the natural forest and artificial forest has good soil and water conservation ability.

Key words: runoff, sediment yield, vegetation type, Tianshan Mountains forest, canopy density, forest age, runoff coefficient, erosion modulus

中图分类号:

孙雪娇, 李吉玫, 张毓涛, 李翔, 芦建江, 佘飞. 天山北坡山地森林林地产流产沙特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(9): 1821-1830.

SUN Xuejiao, LI Jimei, ZHANG Yutao, LI Xiang, LU Jianjiang, SHE Fei. Characteristics and Influence of Runoff and Sediment Yield in Mountain Forest on the North Slope of Tianshan Mountains[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(9): 1821-1830.

图/表 10

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编号 Plot number	类型 Types	植被情况 Vegetation situation	布设时间Deployment time/ a	林分密度 Forest density/ (plant∙hm^-2)	郁闭度Canopy density/ %	平均株高Average plant height/m	坡度Slope gradient/ (°)	枯落物厚度 Litter thickness/ cm	冠层活枝高Living branch height of canopy/m	草本盖度Herbaceous coverage/ %	土壤饱和含水量 Soil saturated water content/%
1	裸地 Bare land	少量草本A few herbs	2010	—	—	0.1	16	0	—	30	42.1
2	草地 Grass land	天山羽衣草 Alchemilla tianschanica Juz., 羊角芹 Aegopodium podagraria L. et al.	2010	—	—	0.3	18	0.6	—	100	45.2
3	灌木林 Shrubbery	黑果小檗 Berberis heteropoda Schrenk, 密刺蔷薇 Rosa spinosissima L.	2012	2625	0.8	1.8	22	0.6	—	40	53.2
4	幼龄林 Young forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey., 黑果小檗 Berberis heteropoda Schrenk	2009	1455	0.5	4	25	1	3.3	60	54.5
5	中龄林 (0.2) Middle aged forest (0.2)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2010	420	0.2	10	14	1.2	5	50	53.1
6	中龄林 (0.4) Middle aged forest (0.4)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	525	0.4	8	15	1.7	6	40	50.1
7	中龄林 (0.6) Middle aged forest (0.6)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1110	0.6	14	18	2.4	10.5	30	67.2
8	中龄林 (0.8) Middle aged forest (0.8)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1695	0.8	11	20	2.8	4.5	10	66.9
9	近熟林 Near mature forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1215	0.7	16	15	5.2	12	10	64.3
10	成熟林 Near mature forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	600	0.9	16	21	4.5	12	0	65.5
11	混交人工林 Mixed planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey., 新疆落叶松 Larix sibirica Ledeb.	2012	2250	0.8	12	11	1.5	7	45	60.9
12	未抚育人工林 No tenging planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	5745	1	10	11	2.2	9.7	0	48.7
13	修枝抚育人工林Tenging planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	2100	0.8	8.1	20	2.1	5.6	40	61.1
14	间伐人工林 Thining plantedcforest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	1800	0.65	8.7	16	2.2	4.3	50	58.4

编号 Plot number	类型 Types	植被情况 Vegetation situation	布设时间Deployment time/ a	林分密度 Forest density/ (plant∙hm^-2)	郁闭度Canopy density/ %	平均株高Average plant height/m	坡度Slope gradient/ (°)	枯落物厚度 Litter thickness/ cm	冠层活枝高Living branch height of canopy/m	草本盖度Herbaceous coverage/ %	土壤饱和含水量 Soil saturated water content/%
1	裸地 Bare land	少量草本A few herbs	2010	—	—	0.1	16	0	—	30	42.1
2	草地 Grass land	天山羽衣草 Alchemilla tianschanica Juz., 羊角芹 Aegopodium podagraria L. et al.	2010	—	—	0.3	18	0.6	—	100	45.2
3	灌木林 Shrubbery	黑果小檗 Berberis heteropoda Schrenk, 密刺蔷薇 Rosa spinosissima L.	2012	2625	0.8	1.8	22	0.6	—	40	53.2
4	幼龄林 Young forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey., 黑果小檗 Berberis heteropoda Schrenk	2009	1455	0.5	4	25	1	3.3	60	54.5
5	中龄林 (0.2) Middle aged forest (0.2)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2010	420	0.2	10	14	1.2	5	50	53.1
6	中龄林 (0.4) Middle aged forest (0.4)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	525	0.4	8	15	1.7	6	40	50.1
7	中龄林 (0.6) Middle aged forest (0.6)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1110	0.6	14	18	2.4	10.5	30	67.2
8	中龄林 (0.8) Middle aged forest (0.8)	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1695	0.8	11	20	2.8	4.5	10	66.9
9	近熟林 Near mature forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	1215	0.7	16	15	5.2	12	10	64.3
10	成熟林 Near mature forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2009	600	0.9	16	21	4.5	12	0	65.5
11	混交人工林 Mixed planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey., 新疆落叶松 Larix sibirica Ledeb.	2012	2250	0.8	12	11	1.5	7	45	60.9
12	未抚育人工林 No tenging planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	5745	1	10	11	2.2	9.7	0	48.7
13	修枝抚育人工林Tenging planted forest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	2100	0.8	8.1	20	2.1	5.6	40	61.1
14	间伐人工林 Thining plantedcforest	天山云杉 Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.	2012	1800	0.65	8.7	16	2.2	4.3	50	58.4

样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	年份Year							平均值 Average value
样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	平均值 Average value
1	裸地Bare land	—	25.41	47.57	14.18	44.80	18.81	45.66	32.74
2	草地 Grass land	—	18.21	16.75	9.93	16.23	10.2	31.6	17.15
3	灌木林Shrubbery	—	4.92	20.72	5.48	20.69	12.88	34.74	16.57
4	幼龄林Young forest	31.54	17.52	18.30	5.05	10.81	7.19	24.06	16.35
5	中龄林 (0.2) Middle aged forest (0.2)	—	14.95	21.05	6.73	15.30	10.68	27.13	15.97
6	中龄林 (0.4) Middle aged forest (0.4)	23.98	11.36	22.10	7.95	19.76	15.39	23.37	17.70
7	中龄林 (0.6) Middle aged forest (0.6)	20.19	6.07	12.03	3.16	11.64	2.05	19.46	10.66
8	中龄林 (0.8) Middle aged forest (0.8)	26.17	4.67	11.25	3.12	12.99	1.45	21.44	11.58
9	近熟林 Near mature forest	25.71	8.27	11.73	2.86	5.23	1.38	19.33	10.64
10	成熟林 Near mature forest	12.60	6.80	10.63	2.95	7.54	0.92	17.35	8.40
11	混交人工林 Mixed planted forest	—	—	—	3.26	12.35	3.13	22.31	10.26
12	未抚育人工林 No tenging planted forest	—	—	—	5.96	9.57	4.93	24.25	11.18
13	修枝抚育人工林 Tenging planted forest	—	—	—	3.55	14.15	3.68	19.72	10.28
14	间伐人工林 Thining plantedcforest	—	—	—	4.27	16.01	3.14	18.30	10.43
平均值 Average values		23.37	11.82	19.21	5.60	15.51	6.85	24.91
降雨量 Rainfall/mm		281.71	140.72	202.62	169.78	211.36	101.67	276.72	197.80

样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	年份Year							平均值 Average value
样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	平均值 Average value
1	裸地Bare land	—	25.41	47.57	14.18	44.80	18.81	45.66	32.74
2	草地 Grass land	—	18.21	16.75	9.93	16.23	10.2	31.6	17.15
3	灌木林Shrubbery	—	4.92	20.72	5.48	20.69	12.88	34.74	16.57
4	幼龄林Young forest	31.54	17.52	18.30	5.05	10.81	7.19	24.06	16.35
5	中龄林 (0.2) Middle aged forest (0.2)	—	14.95	21.05	6.73	15.30	10.68	27.13	15.97
6	中龄林 (0.4) Middle aged forest (0.4)	23.98	11.36	22.10	7.95	19.76	15.39	23.37	17.70
7	中龄林 (0.6) Middle aged forest (0.6)	20.19	6.07	12.03	3.16	11.64	2.05	19.46	10.66
8	中龄林 (0.8) Middle aged forest (0.8)	26.17	4.67	11.25	3.12	12.99	1.45	21.44	11.58
9	近熟林 Near mature forest	25.71	8.27	11.73	2.86	5.23	1.38	19.33	10.64
10	成熟林 Near mature forest	12.60	6.80	10.63	2.95	7.54	0.92	17.35	8.40
11	混交人工林 Mixed planted forest	—	—	—	3.26	12.35	3.13	22.31	10.26
12	未抚育人工林 No tenging planted forest	—	—	—	5.96	9.57	4.93	24.25	11.18
13	修枝抚育人工林 Tenging planted forest	—	—	—	3.55	14.15	3.68	19.72	10.28
14	间伐人工林 Thining plantedcforest	—	—	—	4.27	16.01	3.14	18.30	10.43
平均值 Average values		23.37	11.82	19.21	5.60	15.51	6.85	24.91
降雨量 Rainfall/mm		281.71	140.72	202.62	169.78	211.36	101.67	276.72	197.80

样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	年份 Year					平均值 Average value
样地编号 Plot number	类型 Type	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	平均值 Average value
1	裸地Bare land	0.248	0.072	0.259	0.120	0.445	0.229
2	草地 Grass land	0.063	0.037	0.079	0.055	0.069	0.061
3	灌木林Shrubbery		0.033	0.065	0.068	0.203	0.093
4	幼龄林Young forest	0.074	0.031	0.059	0.019	0.092	0.055
5	中龄林 (0.2) Middle aged forest (0.2)	0.105	0.034	0.073	0.072	0.104	0.078
6	中龄林 (0.4) Middle aged forest (0.4)	0.107	0.036	0.067	0.016	0.087	0.063
7	中龄林 (0.6) Middle aged forest (0.6)	0.038	0.016	0.082	0.012	0.070	0.044
8	中龄林 (0.8) Middle aged forest (0.8)	0.042	0.017	0.056	0.011	0.019	0.029
9	近熟林 Near mature forest	0.039	0.017	0.048	0.008	0.067	0.036
10	成熟林 Near mature forest	0.042	0.020	0.046	0.006	0.044	0.032
11	混交人工林 Mixed planted forest		0.019	0.051	0.024	0.082	0.044
12	未抚育人工林 No tenging planted forest		0.027	0.045	0.033	0.091	0.049
13	修枝抚育人工林 Tenging planted forest		0.017	0.056	0.024	0.076	0.043
14	间伐人工林 Thining plantedcforest		0.019	0.054	0.024	0.072	0.042
平均值 Average values		0.084	0.028	0.074	0.035	0.109	0.064

天山北坡山地森林林地产流产沙特征及其影响因素分析

Characteristics and Influence of Runoff and Sediment Yield in Mountain Forest on the North Slope of Tianshan Mountains

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影响因子 Influence factor	林分密度 Forest density/ (plant∙hm^-2)	郁闭度 Canopy density/%	平均株高 Average plant height/m	枯落物厚度 Litter thickness/ cm	坡度 Slope gradient/ (°)	冠层活枝高 Living branch height of canopy/m	草本盖度 Herbaceous coverage/%	土壤饱和含水量 Soil saturated water content/%
径流系数 Runoff coefficient	-0.099	-0.634^*	-0.787^**	-0.738^**	-0.136	-0.704^**	0.349	-0.842^**
侵蚀模数 Soil erosion modulus	0.112	-0.375	-0.663^**	-0.618^*	-0.118	-0.592^*	0.106	-0.724^**

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