Research of Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil of Typical Closed Zinc Smelting Enterprises in Qinling Mountains

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.020

Ecology and Environment ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (7): 1513-1521.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.020

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Research of Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil of Typical Closed Zinc Smelting Enterprises in Qinling Mountains

TA Weiyuan¹(), KANG Zhen¹, MENG Zhaojun¹, JIN Shenghua¹, YANG Xing¹, GUO Longfei², ZHAO Dongxu¹, ZHANG Xin¹

1. Shaanxi Environmental Survey and Assesment Center, Xi’an 710054, China
2. Xi’an Yuanfang Environmental and Occupational Health Testing Service Co., Ltd, Xi’an 710065, China

Received:2021-03-04 Online:2021-07-18 Published:2021-10-09

秦岭典型停产关闭锌冶炼企业场地土壤重金属污染特征研究

他维媛¹(), 康桢¹, 孟昭君¹, 金盛华¹, 杨幸¹, 郭龙飞², 赵东旭¹, 张馨¹

1.陕西省环境调查评估中心,陕西西安 710054
2.西安圆方环境卫生检测技术有限公司,陕西西安 710065

作者简介:他维媛（1982年生）,女,高级工程师,博士,主要研究土壤质量调查及评价、生态环境影响及修复治理。E-mail: 476804252@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41501571)

Abstract

Abstract:

Qinling is the important ecological defense of China, it is also rich area of precious metal and polymetal mineral resource. Mining has seriously destroyed the environment of Qinling. Qinling is facing the contradiction between minig and environmental protection, so exploring pollution statuses of heavy metals in mining areas is of great significance for soil pollution control in Qinling. This paper took an smelting industrial site off production in Qinling as the research object, the concentration of 7 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, Zn) in soil were tested, Muller geoaccumulation index, potential ecological risk index and spatial analysis methods were used to assess the pollution characteristics of heavy metals. The results showed that, the maximum concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Zn were 1.54, 1.29, 1.49 and 2.45 times respectively compared to risk screening values. In the space, the maximum concentrations of 7 heavy metals all existed in the melting area, then gradually reduced from melting area to other areas, As, Cu, Pb, Zn presented different spread regularity between top and deep layers. The results of correlation analysis showed that some heavy mental had the similar source. The Muller geoaccumulation indexes of Cd and Hg were 5.72 (Shaanxi), 5.715 (China) and 6.74 (Shaanxi), 6.71 (China), they were severe pollution. The potential ecological risk indexes of Cd and Hg were 2376.55 (Shaanxi), 2367.20 (China) and 6400.45 (Shaanxi), 3148.30 (China), they were severe ecological risk, the risk level was D. Cd and Hg were the key pollutants in this site. The study area had been damaged severely, we should take action to restore it. This study can provide reference for soil heavy metal pollution detecting for similar sites, it can also provide evidence to construct the prevention and control system of heavy mental pollution in mining soil in Qinling.

Key words: Qinling, zinc metallurgy, soil heavy metals, accumulation index, spatial characteristics, ecological risk

摘要：

秦岭作为中国重要的生态屏障,其生态环境保护问题已上升为国家战略。同时,秦岭作为中国贵金属和多金属矿产资源富集区,矿业开采效益巨大。矿山开采和冶炼不可避免带来一定的环境问题,研究矿业生产过程中土壤重金属污染污染特征及其危害对秦岭地区土壤重金属污染修复意义重大。该研究以秦岭地区某一曾从事过燃煤发电和锌冶炼、目前已停产的工业企业场地为研究对象,对土壤中砷、镉、铜、铅、汞、镍和锌7种重金属进行测定,采用Muller地积累指数、潜在生态风险指数和空间分析等方法,对土壤中的重金属元素进行污染特征分析与评价。结果表明,7种重金属在土壤中均有检出,砷、镉、汞、锌的检出最大值为对应土壤污染风险筛选值的1.54、1.29、1.49、2.45倍;在空间上7种重金属浓度均表现出由生产区向四周衰减趋势,砷、铜、铅和锌在土壤表层和深层污染程度表现不均一,镍基本无污染;镉和汞的地累计均值分别为5.72（陕西省）、5.715（国家）和6.74（陕西省）、6.71（国家）,潜在生态风险指数分别为2376.55（陕西省）、2367.20（国家）和6400.45（陕西省）、3148.30（国家）,属于严重污染等级且危害程度极强;将所有重金属元素指数累加,生态危害风险级别达到D,该场地生态危害程度极强,需进行严格管控及治理。该研究可为秦岭地区同类型企业土壤重金属污染监测方案的制定提供借鉴,也为构建秦岭区域矿山土壤重金属污染防控体系提供技术支撑。

关键词: 秦岭, 锌冶炼, 土壤重金属, 地积累指数, 空间特征, 生态风险

CLC Number:

TA Weiyuan, KANG Zhen, MENG Zhaojun, JIN Shenghua, YANG Xing, GUO Longfei, ZHAO Dongxu, ZHANG Xin. Research of Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil of Typical Closed Zinc Smelting Enterprises in Qinling Mountains[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(7): 1513-1521.

他维媛, 康桢, 孟昭君, 金盛华, 杨幸, 郭龙飞, 赵东旭, 张馨. 秦岭典型停产关闭锌冶炼企业场地土壤重金属污染特征研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(7): 1513-1521.

Figures/Tables 14

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点位号 Number	所在功能区 Location	采样层数 Layer	采样层位 Depth/m
S1	宿舍楼北侧 North of dormitory area	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5
S2	焙烧炉南侧 South of roaster	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S3	办公楼北侧 North of office building	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5
S4	焙烧炉北侧 North of roaster	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S5	冶炼车间东侧 East of smelt shop	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S6	沉铁渣填埋区 Iron-sinking slag landfill area	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5

点位号 Number	所在功能区 Location	采样层数 Layer	采样层位 Depth/m
S1	宿舍楼北侧 North of dormitory area	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5
S2	焙烧炉南侧 South of roaster	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S3	办公楼北侧 North of office building	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5
S4	焙烧炉北侧 North of roaster	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S5	冶炼车间东侧 East of smelt shop	3	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5, 2.5‒3.0
S6	沉铁渣填埋区 Iron-sinking slag landfill area	2	0.0‒0.5, 1.0‒1.5

地积累指数 I_geo	分级 Classification	污染程度 Polluted degree
5<I_geo≤10	6	极严重污染 Severe pollution
4<I_geo≤5	5	强-极严重污染 Heavy-severe pollution
3<I_geo≤4	4	强污染 heavy pollution
2<_I_geo≤3	3	中等-强污染 Medium-heavy pollution
1<I_geo≤2	2	中等污染 Medium pollution
0<I_geo≤1	1	轻度-中等污染 Light pollution
I_geo≤0	0	无污染 No pollution

地积累指数 I_geo	分级 Classification	污染程度 Polluted degree
5<I_geo≤10	6	极严重污染 Severe pollution
4<I_geo≤5	5	强-极严重污染 Heavy-severe pollution
3<I_geo≤4	4	强污染 heavy pollution
2<_I_geo≤3	3	中等-强污染 Medium-heavy pollution
1<I_geo≤2	2	中等污染 Medium pollution
0<I_geo≤1	1	轻度-中等污染 Light pollution
I_geo≤0	0	无污染 No pollution

地区 Area	土层 Layer	砷 As	镉 Cd	铜 Cu	铅 Pb	汞 Hg	镍 Ni	锌 Zn
陕西省 Shaan’xi	A层 A layer	11.1	0.094	21.4	21.4	0.030	28.8	69.4
陕西省 Shaan’xi	C层 C layer	11.1	0.086	20.4	21.2	0.023	28.6	62.6
国家 China	A层 A layer	11.2	0.097	22.6	26.0	0.065	26.9	74.2
国家 China	C层 C layer	11.5.	0.084	23.1	24.7	0.044	28.6	71.1

Research of Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil of Typical Closed Zinc Smelting Enterprises in Qinling Mountains

秦岭典型停产关闭锌冶炼企业场地土壤重金属污染特征研究

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风险级别 Risk level	E_i	RI	生态风险等级 Ecological risk degree
A	E_i≤40	RI≤150	轻微 Light
B	40<E_i≤60	150<RI≤300	中等 Medium
C	60≤E_i<160	300≤RI<600	强 Heavy
D	160≤E_i	600≤RI	极强 Severe

重金属 Heavy metals	层位 Layer	最小值 Min/ (mg∙kg^-1)	最大值 Max/ (mg∙kg^-1)	平均值 Ave/ (mg∙kg^-1)	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	标准差 Standard deviation	建设用地土壤污染风险筛选值 Risk screening values/(mg∙kg^-1)	土壤背景值 Background values/(mg∙kg^-1)
砷 As	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	15.10 16.30 16.70	30.70 25.70 24.40	24.03 20.73 19.47	0.29 0.18 0.22	7.08 3.72 4.28	20	11.1
砷 As	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	15.10 16.30 16.70	30.70 25.70 24.40	24.03 20.73 19.47	0.29 0.18 0.22	7.08 3.72 4.28	20	11.1
镉 Cd	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	0.48 0.78 1.21	25.74 13.15 7.54	6.54 8.26 3.63	1.35 0.68 0.94	8.80 5.66 3.42	20	0.094
镉 Cd	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	0.48 0.78 1.21	25.74 13.15 7.54	6.54 8.26 3.63	1.35 0.68 0.94	8.80 5.66 3.42	20	0.086
铜 Cu	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	25.00 24.00 24.00	102.00 44.00 41.00	46.71 30.83 30.00	0.57 0.23 0.32	26.77 7.14 9.54	2000	21.4
铜 Cu	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	25.00 24.00 24.00	102.00 44.00 41.00	46.71 30.83 30.00	0.57 0.23 0.32	26.77 7.14 9.54	2000	20.4
铅 Pb	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	21.00 23.00 21.00	264.00 62.00 61.00	76.57 37.00 36.67	1.13 0.41 0.58	86.40 15.17 21.36	400	21.4
铅 Pb	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	21.00 23.00 21.00	264.00 62.00 61.00	76.57 37.00 36.67	1.13 0.41 0.58	86.40 15.17 21.36	400	21.2
汞 Hg	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	0.42 0.54 0.91	11.90 10.80 9.28	4.21 3.47 4.02	1.13 1.10 1.14	4.76 3.81 4.58	8	0.030
汞 Hg	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	0.42 0.54 0.91	11.90 10.80 9.28	4.21 3.47 4.02	1.13 1.10 1.14	4.76 3.81 4.58	8	0.023
镍 Ni	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	28.00 27.00 31.00	49.00 44.00 35.00	35.71 37.00 33.33	0.21 0.16 0.06	7.52 5.97 2.08	150	28.8
镍 Ni	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	28.00 27.00 31.00	49.00 44.00 35.00	35.71 37.00 33.33	0.21 0.16 0.06	7.52 5.97 2.08	150	28.6
锌 Zn	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	107.00 84.00 86.00	490.00 326.00 167.00	267.86 168.83 113.67	0.50 0.60 0.41	135.22 101.49 46.20	200	69.4
锌 Zn	0.0-0.5 1.0-1.5 2.5-3.0	107.00 84.00 86.00	490.00 326.00 167.00	267.86 168.83 113.67	0.50 0.60 0.41	135.22 101.49 46.20	200	71.1

元素Element	砷 As	镉 Cd	铜 Cu	铅 Pb	汞 Hg	镍 Ni	锌 Zn
砷 As	1.000
镉 Cd	0.293	1.000
铜 Cu	0.500^**	0.335	1.000
铅 Pb	0.387	0.494^**	0.397	1.000
汞 Hg	0.209	0.600^**	0.386	0.494^**	1.000
镍 Ni	0.369	0.017	0.150	0.060	0.017	1.000
锌 Zn	0.303	0.326	0.517^**	0.588^**	0.360	0.094	1.000

元素 Heavy metals	层位 Layer	统计个数 Number	I_ego		分级 Leval		污染程度
元素 Heavy metals	层位 Layer	统计个数 Number	陕西省 Shaan’xi	国家 China	陕西省 Shaan’xi	国家 China	陕西省 Shaan’xi	国家 China
砷As	表层 Top	6	0.58	0.57	1	1	轻度-中等 Light-medium	轻度-中等 Light-medium
砷As	深层 Deep	9	0.29	0.24	1	1	轻度-中等 Light-medium	轻度-中等 Light-medium
镉Cd	表层 Top	6	5.74	5.69	6	6	极严重 Severe	极严重 Severe
镉Cd	深层 Deep	9	5.70	5.74	6	6	极严重 Severe	极严重 severe
铜Cu	表层 Top	6	0.65	0.57	1	1	轻度-中等 Light-medium	轻度-中等 Light-medium
铜Cu	深层 Deep	9	0	-0.18	0	0	无污染 No	无污染 No
铅Pb	表层 Top	6	1.39	1.11	2	2	中等 Medium	中等 Medium
铅Pb	深层 Deep	9	0.21	0	1	0	轻度-中等 Light-medium	无污染 No
汞Hg	表层 Top	6	6.75	5.63	6	6	极严重 Severe	极严重 Severe
汞Hg	深层 Deep	9	6.73	5.79	6	6	极严重 Severe	极严重 Severe
镍Ni	表层 Top	6	-0.24	-0.14	0	0	无污染 No	无污染 No
镍Ni	深层 Deep	9	-0.26	-0.26	0	0	无污染 No	无污染 No
锌Zn	表层 Top	6	1.50	1.40	2	2	中等 Medium	中等 Medium
锌Zn	深层 Deep	9	0.68	0.50	1	1	轻度-中等 Light-medium	轻度-中等 Light-medium

元素 Heavy metals	层位 Layer	统计个数 Number	E_i		风险级别 Risk level		危害程度 Damage level
元素 Heavy metals	层位 Layer	统计个数 Number	陕西省 Shaanxi	国家 China	陕西省 Shaanxi	国家 China	陕西省 Shaanxi	国家 China
As	表层 Top	6	22.5	22.3	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
As	深层 Deep	9	18.3	17.7	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Cd	表层 Top	6	2410.1	2335.6	D	D	极强 Severe	极强 Severe
Cd	深层 Deep	9	2343.0	2398.8	D	D	极强 Severe	极强 Severe
Cu	表层 Top	6	11.8	11.1	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Cu	深层 Deep	9	7.5	6.6	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Pb	表层 Top	6	19.6	16.2	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微Light
Pb	深层 Deep	9	8.7	7.5	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Hg	表层 Top	6	6452.7	2978.2	D	D	极强 Severe	极强 Severe
Hg	深层 Deep	9	6348.2	3318.4	D	D	极强 Severe	极强 Severe
Ni	表层 Top	6	6.3	6.8	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Ni	深层 Deep	9	6.3	6.3	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Zn	表层 Top	6	4.2	4.1	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light
Zn	深层 Deep	9	2.4	2.1	A	A	轻微 Light	轻微 Light

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