Organochlorine Pollutants in Soils and Grasses in the Three-River Headwater Region: Distributions, Sources, and Ecological Risks

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.03.011

Ecology and Environment ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (3): 428-438.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.03.011

• Research Article [Environmental Sciences] • Previous Articles Next Articles

Organochlorine Pollutants in Soils and Grasses in the Three-River Headwater Region: Distributions, Sources, and Ecological Risks

YAN Xingrui¹^,²(), GONG Ping²^,^*(), WANG Xiaoping²^,⁴, SHANG Lihai³, LI Yinong², MAO Feijian², NIU Xuerui²^,⁴, ZHANG Bo¹

1. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
2. State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE)/Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry/Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China
4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China

Received:2023-11-20 Online:2024-03-18 Published:2024-05-08
Contact: GONG Ping

三江源地区土壤和牧草中的有机氯污染物：分布、来源和生态风险

闫兴蕊¹^,²(), 龚平²^,^*(), 王小萍²^,⁴, 商立海³, 李一农², 毛飞剑², 牛学锐²^,⁴, 张勃¹

1.西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院，甘肃兰州 730070
2.中国科学院青藏高原研究所/青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室，北京 100101
3.中国科学院地球化学研究所/环境地球化学国家重点实验室，贵州贵阳 550081
4.中国科学院大学，北京 100049

通讯作者: 龚平
作者简介:闫兴蕊（2000年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为环境污染与生态风险评价。E-mail: yanxingrui2000@163.com
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0605);中国科学院青年创新促进会(CAS2017098);“万人计划”青年拔尖人才项目

Abstract

Abstract:

The Three-River Headwater Region (TRHR) is a crucial part of the “Asian Water Tower”. Complex atmospheric circulation potentially transports persistent organic pollutants (POPs) into this area. To evaluate the possible ecological risks of POPs in this region, soil and grass samples were collected from the TRHR to assess the levels of organochlorine pollutants (OCPs, a class of POPs) and identify their sources. The results were as follows: 1) the concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) in the soil and grasses within the TRHR ranged from BDL (below detection limits) to 2.32×10⁴ pg∙g⁻¹ (average 3003 pg∙g⁻¹) and from BDL to 2.44×10⁴ pg∙g⁻¹ (average 3539 pg∙g⁻¹), which was relatively higher than the levels in most high-altitude grassland regions worldwide. In contrast, the concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soil and grasses were comparable to global background levels. 2) OCP levels in the TRHR decreased from east to west. Analyzed by the backward trajectories of air masses, the DDTs in the eastern TRHR primarily originated from the eastern parts of the TP. In addition, scattered local usage may be attributed to the high levels of DDTs in the eastern TRHR. 3) Significant positive relationships were observed between OCPs concentrations and precipitation (P<0.1), and the slope of the relationship between DDT concentrations in soil and 1/T was quite steep (−9×10⁷). The results indicated that both wet deposition and air-soil exchange are key processes of DDT input into the surface ground of the TRHR. The low temperature was because the high altitude “trapped” the POPs in the ground of the TRHR. 4) The bioconcentration factors of OCPs in the TRHR were up to 95, indicating that bioaccumulation of OCPs occurred in grasses. Using the effects range-low and effects range-median (ERL/ERM) methods and the hazard quotient method, the ecological risks of OCPs in the TRHR were assessed as low, whereas the relatively high risks in towns in the eastern TRHR should be studied further. These findings provide valuable insights into eco-environmental protection efforts in the Tibetan Plateau and management strategies for the Three-River Headwater National Park.

Key words: atmospheric transport, bioaccumulation, ecological risk, Tibetan Plateau, Three-River Headwater National Park

摘要：

三江源地区是“亚洲水塔”的重要组成部分。该地区复杂的大气环流可能为持久性有机污染物（POPs）的输入提供动力。在采集三江源地区土壤和牧草的基础上，获得该地区有机氯类污染物（OCPs，POPs的一类）的污染水平并进行来源解析，以期对POPs的潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明，1）三江源地区土壤和牧草中滴滴涕（DDTs）的含量分别为低于检出限 (BDL)－2.32×10⁴ pg∙g⁻¹（平均3003 pg∙g⁻¹）和BDL－2.44×10⁴ pg∙g⁻¹（平均3539 pg∙g⁻¹），高于全球其他高海拔草地地区;而土壤和牧草中六氯苯（HCB）、六六六（HCHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量则与全球背景水平相当。2）三江源地区的OCPs整体呈现东高西低的空间分布特征。反向气团轨迹显示高含量的OCPs主要来自于三江源以东的地区。此外，人口密集的城镇地区具有相对高的OCPs含量，表明当地的零星地区可能存在OCPs使用/排放史。3）三江源地区土壤和牧草中的OCPs含量与年降水量显著正相关（P值分别小于0.05和0.1），而土壤DDTs与热力学温度的倒数（1/T）线性关系的斜率可达−9×10⁷。降水冲刷和地气交换很可能是大气中OCPs向三江源地区地表介质输入的关键过程。4）三江源地区有机氯污染物在土壤-牧草间的平均生物浓缩系数为11，表明有机氯污染物在牧草中发生了富集。基于定性评价的效应区间低/中值法和危害商法的生态风险评估显示，三江源地区OCPs对生态系统的总体风险较小，但后续研究中仍需关注该地区东部城镇的DDTs生态风险。研究结果可为青藏高原生态环境保护和三江源国家公园建设提供数据支撑。

关键词: 大气传输, 生物富集, 生态风险, 青藏高原, 三江源国家公园

CLC Number:

X132
X171.1

YAN Xingrui, GONG Ping, WANG Xiaoping, SHANG Lihai, LI Yinong, MAO Feijian, NIU Xuerui, ZHANG Bo. Organochlorine Pollutants in Soils and Grasses in the Three-River Headwater Region: Distributions, Sources, and Ecological Risks[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(3): 428-438.

闫兴蕊, 龚平, 王小萍, 商立海, 李一农, 毛飞剑, 牛学锐, 张勃. 三江源地区土壤和牧草中的有机氯污染物：分布、来源和生态风险[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(3): 428-438.

Figures/Tables 9

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化合物	亨利系数 (Pa∙m³∙mol⁻¹, 298 K)	蒸汽压/ Pa	水中溶解度 (g∙m⁻³, 298 K)	辛醇-空气分配系数(logK_oa, 298 K)	辛醇-水分分配系数(logK_ow, 298 K)
α-HCH	0.55	3×10⁻³	1.51	7.46	3.81
β-HCH	0.036	4×10⁻⁵	0.102	8.64	3.8
γ-HCH	0.24	7.1×10⁻³	7.27	7.75	3.78
p, p′-DDE	4.2	3.4×10⁻³	0.251	9.7	5.95
o, p′DDT	5.6	3.1×10⁻³	8.51×10⁻²	9.45	−
p, p′-DDT	1.1	4.8×10⁻⁴	0.149	9.73	6.16
HCB	65	9.4×10⁻²	4×10⁻⁵	7.38	−

化合物	亨利系数 (Pa∙m³∙mol⁻¹, 298 K)	蒸汽压/ Pa	水中溶解度 (g∙m⁻³, 298 K)	辛醇-空气分配系数(logK_oa, 298 K)	辛醇-水分分配系数(logK_ow, 298 K)
α-HCH	0.55	3×10⁻³	1.51	7.46	3.81
β-HCH	0.036	4×10⁻⁵	0.102	8.64	3.8
γ-HCH	0.24	7.1×10⁻³	7.27	7.75	3.78
p, p′-DDE	4.2	3.4×10⁻³	0.251	9.7	5.95
o, p′DDT	5.6	3.1×10⁻³	8.51×10⁻²	9.45	−
p, p′-DDT	1.1	4.8×10⁻⁴	0.149	9.73	6.16
HCB	65	9.4×10⁻²	4×10⁻⁵	7.38	−

样品类型	研究区	海拔/m	采样时间	w/(pg∙g⁻¹)				参考文献
样品类型	研究区	海拔/m	采样时间	DDTs	HCHs	HCB	PCBs	参考文献
土壤	三江源	3556‒5296	2018	3003±4981 (BDL‒2.32×10⁴)	7.05±21.3 (BDL‒132)	88.2±62.8 (8.79‒307)	1.89±4.13 (BDL‒24.6)	本研究
	纳木措	1920‒5226	2013	13‒7.7×10³	64‒847	24‒564	64‒847	Wang et al., 2015
	若尔盖草原	1740‒3552	2011	290‒5.72×10³	430‒1.06×10⁴	230‒2.6×10³	220‒2.31×10³	Gai et al., 2014
	珠峰地区	4700‒5600	2005	385-6.1×10³				Wang et al., 2007
	意大利阿尔卑斯山	245‒2600	2003	2200±3100 (180-1.1×10⁴)	510±620 (<10-1.88×10³)	240±240 (<20-930)	1380±450 (610-8.9×10³)	Tremolada et al., 2008
	秘鲁安第斯山	3710‒4790	2004	510±510 (20-1.65×10³)	<10	20±30 (<20-70)	80±140 (<10-440)	Tremolada et al., 2008
牧草	三江源	3556‒5296	2018	3539±6437 (BDL‒2.44×10⁴)	42.4±147 (BDL‒776)	545±437 (20.9‒1.6×10³)	41.9±75.3 (BDL‒356)	本研究
	纳木措	1920‒5226	2013	233±150 （BDL‒684）	114±83 （10‒409）	95±50 (4‒227)	25±24 (BDL‒172)	Wang et al., 2015
	若尔盖草原	3200‒3600	2011	2860±1010 (1.6×10³‒6×10³)	1380±450 (820‒2.45×10³)	720±220 (400‒1.01×10³)	1180±360 (710‒2.04×10³)	Pan et al., 2014
	珠峰地区	4700‒5600	2005	1.08×10³‒7×10³	386‒8.03×10³	16‒1.25×10³		Wang et al., 2007
	加拿大北部		2015‒2016	5.8‒13.1	57‒218	BDL‒515	277‒680	Cabrerizo et al., 2018

样品类型	研究区	海拔/m	采样时间	w/(pg∙g⁻¹)				参考文献
样品类型	研究区	海拔/m	采样时间	DDTs	HCHs	HCB	PCBs	参考文献
土壤	三江源	3556‒5296	2018	3003±4981 (BDL‒2.32×10⁴)	7.05±21.3 (BDL‒132)	88.2±62.8 (8.79‒307)	1.89±4.13 (BDL‒24.6)	本研究
	纳木措	1920‒5226	2013	13‒7.7×10³	64‒847	24‒564	64‒847	Wang et al., 2015
	若尔盖草原	1740‒3552	2011	290‒5.72×10³	430‒1.06×10⁴	230‒2.6×10³	220‒2.31×10³	Gai et al., 2014
	珠峰地区	4700‒5600	2005	385-6.1×10³				Wang et al., 2007
	意大利阿尔卑斯山	245‒2600	2003	2200±3100 (180-1.1×10⁴)	510±620 (<10-1.88×10³)	240±240 (<20-930)	1380±450 (610-8.9×10³)	Tremolada et al., 2008
	秘鲁安第斯山	3710‒4790	2004	510±510 (20-1.65×10³)	<10	20±30 (<20-70)	80±140 (<10-440)	Tremolada et al., 2008
牧草	三江源	3556‒5296	2018	3539±6437 (BDL‒2.44×10⁴)	42.4±147 (BDL‒776)	545±437 (20.9‒1.6×10³)	41.9±75.3 (BDL‒356)	本研究
	纳木措	1920‒5226	2013	233±150 （BDL‒684）	114±83 （10‒409）	95±50 (4‒227)	25±24 (BDL‒172)	Wang et al., 2015
	若尔盖草原	3200‒3600	2011	2860±1010 (1.6×10³‒6×10³)	1380±450 (820‒2.45×10³)	720±220 (400‒1.01×10³)	1180±360 (710‒2.04×10³)	Pan et al., 2014
	珠峰地区	4700‒5600	2005	1.08×10³‒7×10³	386‒8.03×10³	16‒1.25×10³		Wang et al., 2007
	加拿大北部		2015‒2016	5.8‒13.1	57‒218	BDL‒515	277‒680	Cabrerizo et al., 2018

变量组合	参数	DDTs	HCHs	HCB	PCBs
土壤含量×经度	r²	0.12**²⁾
土壤含量×经度	斜率	861
土壤含量×纬度	r²	0.11**
土壤含量×纬度	斜率	−2104
牧草含量×经度	r²		0.31**	0.12*	0.2**
牧草含量×经度	斜率		56.5	75.6	16.8
土壤含量×土壤TOC	r²	0.27**
土壤含量×土壤TOC	斜率	12.1
土壤含量×1/T	r²	0.24**
土壤含量×1/T	斜率	−9×10⁷
土壤含量×降水量	r²	0.14**
土壤含量×降水量	斜率	7.66
牧草含量×降水量	r²	0.19* ¹⁾	0.39**
牧草含量×降水量	斜率	12.5	0.472
土壤含量×海拔	r²	0.07*
土壤含量×海拔	斜率	−3.97
牧草含量×海拔	r²		0.55**
牧草含量×海拔	斜率		−0.632

Organochlorine Pollutants in Soils and Grasses in the Three-River Headwater Region: Distributions, Sources, and Ecological Risks

三江源地区土壤和牧草中的有机氯污染物：分布、来源和生态风险

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Figures/Tables 9

References 38

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污染物	标准值/(ng∙g⁻¹)		三江源东部			三江源中部			三江源西部
污染物	ERL	ERM	I类*¹⁾	II类	III类	I类	II类	III类	I类	II类	III类
p, p′-DDE	2.2	27	100	0	0	100	0	0	100	0	0
DDTs	1.58	46.1	33	67	0	77	23	0	88	12	0
污染物	环境质量标准/(ng∙g⁻¹)		I_hq			I_hq			I_hq
DDTs	100		0.002‒0.23			ND**²⁾‒0.13			ND‒0.02
HCHs	100		ND‒2.7×10⁻⁴			ND‒4.2×10⁻⁵			1.3×10⁻⁵‒1.8×10⁻⁴
PCBs	131‒2.79×10⁴		ND‒2.8×10⁻⁶			ND‒6.3×10⁻⁶			ND‒5.3×10⁻⁵

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