Scale Effects of Land Use Structure and Landscape Pattern on Water Quality in the Longchuan River Basin

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.016

Ecology and Environment ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (7): 1470-1481.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.016

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Scale Effects of Land Use Structure and Landscape Pattern on Water Quality in the Longchuan River Basin

HU Lin¹^,²(), LI Siyue²^,³^,^*()

1. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
2. Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment/Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
3. School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China

Received:2021-01-25 Online:2021-07-18 Published:2021-10-09
Contact: LI Siyue

不同空间尺度土地利用结构与景观格局对龙川江流域水质的影响

胡琳¹^,²(), 李思悦²^,³^,^*()

1.重庆交通大学建筑与城市规划学院,重庆 400074
2.中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研究院/中国科学院水库水环境重点实验室,重庆 400714
3.武汉工程大学环境生态与生物工程学院,湖北武汉 430205

通讯作者: 李思悦
作者简介:胡琳（1997年生）,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为河流水环境与土地利用。E-mail: 634944710@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31670473);中国科学院高层次人才计划项目

Abstract

Abstract:

To explore the impacts of land use structure and landscape pattern on water quality at different scales, in-situ measurements on water quality were conducted at 21 sampling locations in the Longchuan River network during May and September in 2017. The field measurements included stream water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen saturation. In addition, a total of 42 samples were collected from the locations for chemical analysis of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). These water quality parameters were analyzed in association with land use structure and landscape pattern indices that were derived from land use and land cover (LULC) data in 2017 at a resolution of 10×10 m. Pearson correlation analysis, regression models, “bioenv” analysis and redundancy analysis were used to determine the impacts of land use structure and landscape pattern on stream water quality at the river reach, riparian zone, and sub-basin scales. The results showed that the main pollutants in the Longchuan River were TN and TP. The in-stream water quality parameters had significant monthly variation, while the concentrations of TN and TP showed no clear monthly difference; though they were slightly higher in May than in September. Stream water quality showed the strongest relationship with land use structure along the riparian zone, and forest land showed positive effects on stream water quality. In contrast, cultivated land and residential land showed negative effects on stream water quality. The association of stream water quality with landscape pattern indices varied at different scales, and the explanatory power had the following descending order: riparian zone>sub-basin>river reach. Overall, the association of water quality with land use structure and landscape pattern appeared stronger in September than in May. Based on the findings, we conclude that the impact of land use structure and landscape pattern on stream water quality in a river basin is scale-dependent. A multi-scale approach should be adopted for land use planning and water resource management.

Key words: land use and land cover, landscape pattern, water quality, scale effect, eutrophication

摘要：

为了探究龙川江流域不同尺度土地利用结构与景观格局对水质的影响,于2017年5和9月对龙川江流域的21个样点进行取样,测定水温、pH、溶解氧饱和度、氮、磷等水质指标。结合2017年10 m分辨率的土地利用数据,提取3种空间尺度（河段、河岸带、子流域）的土地利用结构与景观格局指数,运用相关分析、冗余分析（RDA）、“bioenv”分析和逐步回归模型揭示不同尺度土地利用结构与景观格局对水质的影响。结果表明,龙川江水体主要污染物为TN和TP,水质基本指标有月际性差异,N、P浓度在5月高于9月,但差异不显著。不同空间尺度土地利用结构与水质指标的相关关系不同,子流域尺度土地利用组合与总体水质之间的相关性最强,且林地对水质有正面影响,耕地、建设用地对水质有负面影响。不同尺度的景观格局指数组合与水质的相关性存在差异,河岸带景观格局组合与总体水质的相关性最高,RDA分析表明景观格局指数对总体水质的总解释率为河岸带>子流域>河段。整体上,9月土地利用结构与景观格局对水质的影响要大于5月。多元回归模型发现建设用地和耕地对养分的预测能力及预测指标依赖于空间尺度和取样月份。研究以龙川江为例,证实了土地利用结构与景观格局对水质的影响具有尺度效应,水质响应的空间尺度效应应纳入土地利用规划与水资源管理的过程中,提出长江上游更多的个案研究尤为必要,对长江上游河源区水资源保护及土地利用管理具有重要的意义。

关键词: 土地利用, 景观格局, 水质, 尺度效应, 富营养化

CLC Number:

HU Lin, LI Siyue. Scale Effects of Land Use Structure and Landscape Pattern on Water Quality in the Longchuan River Basin[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(7): 1470-1481.

胡琳, 李思悦. 不同空间尺度土地利用结构与景观格局对龙川江流域水质的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(7): 1470-1481.

Figures/Tables 13

References 46

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名称 Name	景观面积 Total landscape area (TA)	最大斑块指数 Largest patch index (LPI)	斑块数量 Number of patches (NP)	斑块密度 Patch density (PD)	边缘密度 Edge density (ED)	景观形状指数 Landscape shape index (LSI)
类型 Type	面积指标 Area indicator	面积指标 Area indicator	密度大小与差异指标 Density size and difference index	密度大小与差异指标 Density size and difference index	边缘指标 Edge index	形状指标 Shape index
名称 Name	平均形状指数 Mean shape index (SHAPE_MN)	平均欧式临近距离 Mean euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_MN)	香农多样性指数 Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI)	聚合度 Aggregation index (AI)	整体性 Patch cohesion index (COHESION)	蔓延度 Contagion (CONTAG)
类型 Type	形状指标 Shape index	邻近度指标 Proximity index	多样性指标 Diversity index	聚散性指标Convergence and dispersion index	聚散性指标 Convergence and dispersion index	聚散性指标 Convergence and dispersion index

名称 Name	景观面积 Total landscape area (TA)	最大斑块指数 Largest patch index (LPI)	斑块数量 Number of patches (NP)	斑块密度 Patch density (PD)	边缘密度 Edge density (ED)	景观形状指数 Landscape shape index (LSI)
类型 Type	面积指标 Area indicator	面积指标 Area indicator	密度大小与差异指标 Density size and difference index	密度大小与差异指标 Density size and difference index	边缘指标 Edge index	形状指标 Shape index
名称 Name	平均形状指数 Mean shape index (SHAPE_MN)	平均欧式临近距离 Mean euclidean nearest neighbor distance (ENN_MN)	香农多样性指数 Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI)	聚合度 Aggregation index (AI)	整体性 Patch cohesion index (COHESION)	蔓延度 Contagion (CONTAG)
类型 Type	形状指标 Shape index	邻近度指标 Proximity index	多样性指标 Diversity index	聚散性指标Convergence and dispersion index	聚散性指标 Convergence and dispersion index	聚散性指标 Convergence and dispersion index

河段 Riverine reach	耕地 Farmland		林地 Forest		草地 Grassland		水域 Water		建设用地 Construction land		裸地 Unused
河段 Riverine reach	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月
t_w	0.125	0.319	-0.061	-0.343	-0.495*	0.172	0.339	-0.012	0.266	-0.177	0.353	0.424
pH	0.291	-0.030	-0.27	0.087	0.251	0.024	-0.242	-0.206	-0.218	-0.201	0.040	-0.080
γ_(EC)	0.140	0.101	-0.335	-0.301	0.554**	0.610^**	0.285	0.261	-0.034	-0.093	-0.073	-0.140
S_DO	0.236	-0.240	-0.123	0.308	0.047	-0.198	-0.267	-0.180	-0.258	-0.077	-0.144	0.021
TP	-0.165	0.214	0.196	-0.245	-0.062	0.160	-0.107	0.115	-0.018	0.017	-0.154	-0.121
TN	0.401	0.445^*	-0.316	-0.413	-0.173	-0.150	-0.201	-0.026	0.272	0.571^**	0.121	-0.105
NO₃^--N	0.403	-0.058	-0.325	0.125	-0.163	-0.025	-0.158	-0.091	0.339	-0.023	-0.016	-0.496^*
NH₄⁺-N	0.143	-0.187	-0.121	-0.071	-0.095	0.490^*	-0.070	0.683^**	0.196	-0.096	0.069	-0.107

河段 Riverine reach	耕地 Farmland		林地 Forest		草地 Grassland		水域 Water		建设用地 Construction land		裸地 Unused
河段 Riverine reach	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月
t_w	0.125	0.319	-0.061	-0.343	-0.495*	0.172	0.339	-0.012	0.266	-0.177	0.353	0.424
pH	0.291	-0.030	-0.27	0.087	0.251	0.024	-0.242	-0.206	-0.218	-0.201	0.040	-0.080
γ_(EC)	0.140	0.101	-0.335	-0.301	0.554**	0.610^**	0.285	0.261	-0.034	-0.093	-0.073	-0.140
S_DO	0.236	-0.240	-0.123	0.308	0.047	-0.198	-0.267	-0.180	-0.258	-0.077	-0.144	0.021
TP	-0.165	0.214	0.196	-0.245	-0.062	0.160	-0.107	0.115	-0.018	0.017	-0.154	-0.121
TN	0.401	0.445^*	-0.316	-0.413	-0.173	-0.150	-0.201	-0.026	0.272	0.571^**	0.121	-0.105
NO₃^--N	0.403	-0.058	-0.325	0.125	-0.163	-0.025	-0.158	-0.091	0.339	-0.023	-0.016	-0.496^*
NH₄⁺-N	0.143	-0.187	-0.121	-0.071	-0.095	0.490^*	-0.070	0.683^**	0.196	-0.096	0.069	-0.107

河岸带 Riparian	耕地 Farmland		林地 Forest		草地 Grassland		水域 Water		建设用地 Construction land		裸地 Unused
河岸带 Riparian	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月
t_w	0.358	0.437*	-0.251	-0.457*	-0.311	0.262	0.416	0.006	0.169	-0.075	0.301	0.481*
pH	0.321	0.009	-0.334	-0.016	0.298	0.128	-0.184	-0.239	-0.189	-0.153	0.280	0.103
γ_(EC)	0.077	0.047	-0.256	-0.202	0.631**	0.581**	-0.184	-0.248	-0.039	-0.076	-0.152	-0.181
S_DO	-0.129	-0.456*	0.177	0.571**	0.018	-0.337	-0.321	-0.272	-0.302	-0.360	-0.119	-0.113
TP	-0.194	0.048	0.188	-0.176	-0.166	0.275	0.056	-0.082	0.231	0.327	-0.313	-0.204
TN	0.319	0.505*	-0.236	-0.456*	-0.203	-0.167	0.190	0.366	0.105	0.381	0.362	0.338
NO₃^--N	0.551**	0.012	-0.468*	0.003	-0.171	-0.131	0.334	0.071	0.245	0.194	0.397	-0.088
NH₄⁺-N	0.295	0.165	-0.304	-0.306	-0.044	0.465*	0.384	0.108	0.309	0.111	0.086	-0.266

Scale Effects of Land Use Structure and Landscape Pattern on Water Quality in the Longchuan River Basin

不同空间尺度土地利用结构与景观格局对龙川江流域水质的影响

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子流域 Subcatchment	耕地 Farmland		林地 Forest		草地 Grassland		水域 Water		建设用地 Construction land		裸地 Unused
子流域 Subcatchment	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月	5月	9月
t_w	0.393	0.408	-0.287	-0.463^*	-0.240	0.335	0.432	-0.133	0.261	-0.133	0.422	0.520^*
pH	0.366	-0.011	-0.395	-0.051	0.287	0.190	-0.185	-0.186	-0.170	-0.117	0.339	0.111
γ_(EC)	0.052	0.068	-0.326	-0.314	0.775**	0.740^**	-0.148	-0.231	-0.075	-0.140	-0.078	-0.085
S_DO	-0.082	-0.298	0.118	0.399	-0.012	-0.278	-0.264	-0.324	-0.323	-0.362	-0.072	-0.051
TP	-0.303	-0.121	0.33	-0.045	-0.204	0.324	0.030	0.057	0.117	0.258	-0.402	-0.270
TN	0.273	0.387	-0.211	-0.358	-0.127	-0.088	0.169	0.387	0.129	0.471^*	0.433	0.392
NO₃^--N	0.472*	-0.128	-0.407	0.165	-0.087	-0.163	0.302	-0.032	0.279	0.106	0.474*	-0.145
NH₄⁺-N	0.317	0.146	-0.313	-0.364	0.004	0.591^**	0.512*	0.185	0.317	0.128	0.073	-0.105

	参数 Parameter	河段 Riverine reach	R²	河岸带 Riparian	R²	子流域 Subcatchment	R²
5月	TP	*		*		*
	TN	*		*		*
	NO₃^--N	*		13.08耕地-2.78 13.08 Farmland -2.78	0.300	15耕地-2.222 15 Farmland -2.222	0.230
	NH₄⁺-N	*		*		*
9月	TP	*		*		*
	TN	27.65建设用地+2.54耕地+0.32 27.65 Construction land+2.54 Farmland+0.32	0.360	7.52耕地-0.262 7.52 Farmland -0.262	0.260	77.44建设用地+1.04 77.44 Construction land +1.04	0.220
	NO₃^--N	1.381—17.183裸地 1.381‒17.183 Unused	0.250	*		*
	NH₄⁺-N	3.22水域+0.79草地-0.01 3.22 Water +0.79 Grassland -0.01	0.650	0.98草地+0.02 0.98 Grassland +0.02	0.220	1.45草地-0.02 1.45 Grassland -0.02	0.350

	月份 Month	TA	LPI	NP	PD	ED	LSI	SHAPE_MN	ENN_MN	SHDI	AI	COHESION	CONTAG	总计 Total
河段 Riverine reach	5月 May	0.4	9.6	8.4	0.0	0.0	<0.1	17.6^**	1.2	0.1	9.3	19.8^*	0.3	66.7
河段 Riverine reach	9月 September	0.2	6	13.1^*	0.0	0.0	<0.1	9.1	1.7	<0.1	6.0	25^*	<0.1	61.1
河岸带 Riparian	5月 May	0.0	3.7	0.0	33.8^**	27.6^**	<0.1	3.4	7.3	10.4^**	<0.1	<0.1	1.4	87.6
河岸带 Riparian	9月 September	0.6	7.8	0.8	17.1^**	0.3	0.5	30^**	4.7	13.8^**	6.2	1.5	7.4	90.7
子流域 Subcatchment	5月 May	<0.1	0.2	1.2	0.3	7.1	7.0	2.8	2.9	2.0	12.6^**	40.9^**	1.1	78.1
子流域 Subcatchment	9月 September	6.2	0.3	0.3	<0.1	2.2	4.7	1.0	0.4	3.4	6.7^**	58.8^**	2.4	86.4

	5月总体水质与土地利用类型 Total water quality and land use types in May	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	9月总体水质与土地利用类型 Total water quality and land use types in September	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
河段 Riverine reach	建设用地 Construction land	0.182	草地 Grassland	0.218
	水域+建设用地 Water+Construction land	0.104	草地+水域 Grassland+Water	0.255
	林地+草地+建设用地 Forest+Grassland+Construction land	0.030	草地+水域+建设用地 Grassland+Water+Construction land	0.273
	林地+草地+建设用地+裸地 Forest+Grassland+Construction land+Unused	0.006	耕地+草地+水域+裸地 Farmland+Grassland+Water+Unused	0.271
	耕地+林地+草地+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Construction land+Unused	-0.018	耕地+林地+草地+水域+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+Unused	0.233
	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	-0.063	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	0.191
河岸带 Riparian	水域 Water	0.127	草地 Grassland	0.258
	耕地+草地 Farmland+Grassland	0.149	耕地+草地 Farmland+Grassland	0.314
	耕地+草地+水域 Farmland+Grassland+Water	0.161	耕地+草地+建设用地 Farmland+Grassland+Construction land	0.284
	耕地+林地+草地+水域 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water	0.163	耕地+草地+林地+建设用地 Farmland+Grassland+Forest+Construction land	0.253
	耕地+林地+草地+水域+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+Unused	0.138	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+Construction land	0.224
	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	0.120	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	0.202
子流域Subcatchment	裸地 Unused	0.154	草地 Grassland	0.338
	草地+裸地 Grassland+Unused	0.214	草地+水域 Grassland+Water	0.379
	草地+水域+裸地 Grassland+Water+Unused	0.252	草地+水域+建设用地 Grassland+Water+Construction land	0.363
	耕地+草地+水域+裸地 Farmland +Grassland+Water+Unused	0.253	林地+草地+水域+建设用地 Forest+ Grassland+Water+Construction land	0.357
	耕地+林地+草地+水域+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+Unused	0.2407	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地 Farmland +Forest+Grassland+Water+Construction land	0.330
	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	0.1928	耕地+林地+草地+水域+建设用地+裸地 Farmland+Forest+Grassland+Water+ Construction land+Unused	0.304

	5月总体水质与景观格局指数 Total water quality and landscape pattern index in May	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	9月总体水质与景观格局指数 Total water quality and landscape pattern index in September	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
河段 Riverine reach	TA	0.212	SHAPE_MN	0.146
	TA+COHESION	0.210	LPI+COHESION	0.177
	TA+ENN_MN+COHESION	0.217	LPI+SHAPE_MN+COHESION	0.157
	TA+ENN_MN+COHESION+AI	0.205	PD+ED+CONTAG+COHESION	0.153
	TA+ED+ENN_MN+COHESION+AI	0.197	PD+LPI+ED+LSI+COHESION	0.157
	TA+ED+LSI+ENN_MN+COHESION+AI	0.187	PD+LPI+ED+CONTAG+COHESION+AI	0.160
河岸带 Riparian	ENN_MN	0.352	COHESION	0.264
	PD+ENN_MN	0.371	LPI+SHAPE_MN	0.352
	PD+ENN_MN+COHESION	0.345	LPI+ED+SHAPE_MN	0.384
	PD+ENN_MN+CONTAG+COHESION	0.311	LPI+PD+SHAPE_MN+COHESION	0.380
	PD+ED+ENN_MN+CONTAG+COHESION	0.287	LPI+PD+SHAPE_MN+COHESION+AI	0.363
	PD+ED+ENN_MN+CONTAG+COHESION+AI	0.264	LPI+PD+SHAPE_MN+CONTAG+COHESION+AI	0.347
子流域Subcatchment	COHESION	0.092	COHESION	0.280
	LPI+COHESION	0.122	LPI+COHESION	0.337
	LPI+COHESION+SHDI	0.106	LPI+COHESION+SHDI	0.327
	LPI+CONTAG+COHESION+SHDI	0.093	LPI+CONTAG+COHESION+SHDI	0.306
	PD+LPI+COHESION+SHDI+AI	0.077	PD+LPI+COHESION+SHDI+AI	0.281
	PD+LPI+ED+COHESION+SHDI+AI	0.065	PD+LPI+ED+COHESION+SHDI+AI	0.262

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