Abstract:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a typical group of persistent organic pollutants widely distributed in environmental and biological media. Their potential toxicity poses a serious threat to the ecological and environmental safety of the country. In recent years, these chemicals have attracted significant attention and have been included on the list of emerging pollutants in China. To improve the chemical management system and promptly respond to the environmental hazards of PFASs, maintain China’s ecological security, and protect the new development pattern with a new safety system, this study summarized the types and physicochemical properties of PFASs and the pollution status of these pollutants in environmental media such as ambient air in industrial, non-industrial, and polar regions, surface water, tap water, drinking water, site soil, farmland soil, and biological media such as human tissues and mammals. In addition, a risk quotient (RQs) approach was used to assess the ecological risk of PFASs based on the pollution status of PFASs in the water and soil environments in some regions of China. A higher ecological risk from PFASs has been found in some water bodies and around industrial fluoride parks, which could pose a significant threat to the country’s ecological safety. Second, PFASs toxicity mainly manifests as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatorenal toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and endocrine disruption. Toxicity mechanisms include imbalanced intracellular calcium homeostasis, regulation of cellular signaling pathways, and interaction with nuclear receptors. Finally, recent policy measures to control PFASs and the effects of the implementation of some measures in the United States, the European Union, and Japan were introduced, the formulation and implementation experience was summarized, and the control and governance mechanisms of PFASs were analyzed from the aspects of science and technology, economy, and politics compared with China's national conditions, leading to opinions and suggestions for future research on the control of emerging pollutants, such as PFASs. This study provides an overview of material properties, associated toxicities, ecological risks, and control measures for PFASs. It emphasizes the importance of controlling PFASs, and provides new ideas and foundations for the treatment and control of emerging pollutants such as PFASs in the future.

Key words: emerging pollutants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, ecological risks, standards, policy, influencing factors

摘要：

全（多）氟烷基化合物（Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances，PFASs）作为一类典型的持久性有机污染物，在环境及生物介质中广泛存在，其潜在的毒性严重威胁着生态安全，因而近年来备受关注，已成为需要重点管控的新污染物。为完善中国PFAS管控体系，及时应对PFAS环境危害事件，维护国家的生态安全，以新安全格局保障新发展格局，首先论述了PFASs的种类、化合物特性，结合国内外的研究综述了PFAS在工业区、非工业区和两极地区大气、地表水、自来水、饮用水、场地土和农田土等环境介质中的污染现状以及在人体组织、哺乳动物等生物介质中的存在情况，并利用风险商值法（risk quotients，RQs），依据国内部分地区水环境与土壤环境中PFASs的污染现状对其进行生态风险评估。评估发现部分水域以及氟化工业园区周边环境中PFASs的生态风险较高，这给国家的生态安全带来巨大威胁；其次，综合文献总结了PFASs毒性，它主要体现为神经毒性、免疫毒性、生殖毒性、肝肾毒性、肺毒性和内分泌干扰等，毒性机制包括细胞钙稳态变化、细胞信号通路调节以及PFASs与核受体相互作用等；最后总结了近年来美国、欧盟和日本管控PFASs的政策以及部分政策的实施效果，分析其政策制定与实施的经验，并与中国现有政策进行对比，从科技、经济和政策等三方面分析PFASs管控与治理机制，为今后对关于PFASs等新污染物治理的研究提供了意见与建议。总体上，该文梳理了PFASs的物质特性、相关毒性、生态风险和管控政策，强调了管控PFASs的重要性，为今后对关于PFASs等新污染物治理和管控提供新的思路和理论依据。

关键词: 新污染物, 全（多）氟烷基化合物, 生态风险, 标准, 管控政策, 影响因素