微塑料对滨海湿地中污染物行为和元素循环的影响研究进展

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.10.003

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 1519-1531.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.10.003

• “新污染物”研究专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

微塑料对滨海湿地中污染物行为和元素循环的影响研究进展

汪彩琴¹(), 杨潜英², 周名玉², 张道勇¹, 潘响亮²^,^*()

1.浙江工业大学地理信息学院，浙江杭州 310014
2.浙江工业大学环境学院，浙江杭州 310014

收稿日期:2025-01-09 出版日期:2025-10-18 发布日期:2025-09-26
通讯作者: *E-mail: panxl@zjut.edu.cn
作者简介:汪彩琴（1992年生），女，讲师，博士，主要从事环境地球化学过程和土壤污染修复等研究。E-mail: cqwang92@zjut.edu.cn
基金资助:
浙江省领雁项目(2025C02216);国家自然科学基金项目(42107238);浙江省自然科学基金项目(LQ22D030004)

Research Progress on the Effects of Microplastics on Pollutant Behavior and Element Cycling in Coastal Wetlands

WANG Caiqin¹(), YANG Qianying², ZHOU Mingyu², ZHANG Daoyong¹, PAN Xiangliang²^,^*()

1. College of Geoinformatics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
2. College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China

Received:2025-01-09 Online:2025-10-18 Published:2025-09-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

滨海湿地是重要的蓝碳生态系统。近年来，微塑料的侵入通过改变滨海湿地元素比例、土壤孔隙度、氧气含量和微生物群落结构等性质，深刻影响着滨海湿地中污染物行为和碳氮硫磷营养元素的地球化学循环。该文全面梳理了滨海湿地中微塑料的分布及其对滨海湿地土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、污染物行为和碳氮硫磷元素循环等的影响。结果显示，微塑料在滨海湿地中普遍有较高的丰度，特别是在经济发达的东南亚沿海和部分欧洲国家的海岸带。分析发现，微塑料进入滨海湿地土壤，会显著改变土壤物理结构、化学性质、微生物群落结构以及酶活性等，并通过吸附等弱相互作用，直接影响滨海湿地中其他污染物的毒性和迁移转化等环境行为。此外，微塑料对滨海湿地有机质转化和碳氮硫磷元素循环有显著的影响，且受微塑料种类、丰度、老化程度、暴露时间以及湿地类型等因素影响。其中，微塑料降解或浸出产生的有机质会直接影响滨海湿地有机碳含量和元素比例。该综述不仅可加深人们对微塑料影响滨海湿地中污染物环境行为的理解，而且对于全面认识滨海湿地中微塑料污染引起的蓝碳转变和元素循环具有参考意义。

关键词: 微塑料, 滨海湿地, 污染物, 蓝碳, 环境行为, 元素循环

Abstract:

Although coastal wetlands account for less than 0.2% of the ocean area, their carbon storage accounts for 50% of ocean carbon (blue carbon) storage; therefore, they are regarded as important blue carbon ecosystems. In recent years, the invasion of microplastics has profoundly affected the geochemical cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) nutrients in coastal wetlands by changing their elemental proportions, soil porosity, oxygen content, and microbial community structure. In addition, the high specific surface area, strong adsorption, and rich surface functional groups of microplastics have a profound impact on the toxicity, migration, and transformation of other organic pollutants and heavy metals in coastal wetlands. Although some progress has been made in the research and review of microplastics in wetlands in recent years, there is still a lack of comprehensive review and summary of the impact of microplastics on pollutant behavior and element cycling in coastal wetlands. In this review, the distribution characteristics of microplastics in coastal wetlands and their influence and mechanisms on the environmental behavior of pollutants, soil organic matter transformation, and elemental cycling are comprehensively summarized. The results showed that the main types of microplastics in coastal wetlands are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polylactic acid (PLA), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The generally high abundance of microplastics in coastal wetlands, especially in the economically developed coastal zones of Southeast Asia and some European countries, may be attributed to the high use of plastics and imperfect management. In addition, natural factors effect the abundance of microplastics in coastal wetlands. For example, the distribution of microplastics is relatively dense at latitudes of 0°‒30°, indicating that the tropical region has a high concentration of microplastics, perhaps due to ultraviolet radiation, oxidation, and heating, which increase the abundance of microplastics in the tropical region. The distribution and abundance of microplastics in coastal wetlands are affected by different factors, including wetland type, environmental medium, soil depth, and plant type. Microplastics entering coastal wetlands significantly changes the soil physical structure, chemical properties, microbial community structure, and enzyme activity owing to their high specific surface area, strong adsorption, high carbon content, and rich surface functional groups. It is important to note that soil aggregates exposed to microplastics may be affected differently because of differences in the shape and amount of microplastics as well as soil properties. Exposure to microplastics alters the soil cation exchange capacity of coastal wetlands and the free exchange capacity of protons, thereby changing the soil pH. Microplastics can also indirectly affect pH by altering the microbial structure and metabolic function in coastal wetlands. On the one hand, the large specific surface area of microplastics can provide good survival sites for microorganisms; on the other hand, microplastics increase the content of dissolved organic matter, provide carbon sources for microorganisms, and regulate microbial communities. In addition, microplastics can regulate soil microbial respiration and carbon emission rates by changing the electron transfer properties of soil and sediment. In complex coastal wetland environments, some organic pollutants exhibit significant refractory degradation characteristics. Microplastics posses unique physical and chemical properties that enable them to establish close adsorption relationships with organic pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, PPCPs, and other endocrine-disrupting substances. The adsorption of organic pollutants by microplastics is not a simple physical process but has a non-negligible impact on the toxicity of organic pollutants in the ecosystem, which can produce both combined and antagonistic toxicities. Microplastics in coastal wetlands are effective heavy metal carriers. Microplastics can adsorb a variety of heavy metals, such as Cu, Cd, As, Zn, Pb, and Mo, through surface complexation, intra-particle diffusion, electrostatic interactions, and other mechanisms. When organism directly ingest microplastics, the accumulation of heavy metals in their bodies increases significantly. More critically, the presence of microplastics not only increases the accumulation of heavy metals but also affects the toxic effects of heavy metals in living organisms. As a high-carbon substance, microplastics entering coastal wetlands not only directly increase their carbon content but also indirectly affect their carbon content by changing soil physical and chemical properties and microbial metabolic activities. The changes in soil carbon content caused by microplastics in coastal wetlands are affected by many factors, such as the abundance, type, and aging degree of microplastics, and the vegetation type of coastal wetlands. Microplastics affect the transformation and mineralization of soil organic matter in coastal wetlands and the emission of greenhouse gases. Studies have shown that microplastics can increase CO₂ emissions by 54.3% and CH₄ emissions by 9.7%, and that aged microplastics have a greater increase in greenhouse gas emission rate than unaged microplastics. In terms of nitrogen transformation, microplastics lead to changes in the soil C/N ratio, affect the utilization and demand of microorganisms for nitrogen, and interfere with microbial community structure, such as affecting the growth of different types of bacteria, thereby changing the process of nitrogen transformation and accumulation. Microplastics ultimately lead to changes in soil sulfur content by enhancing the sulfate reduction. In terms of phosphorus transformation, microplastics, on the one hand, reduce soil phosphatase activity and hinder the mineralization of organic phosphorus, and on the other hand, change the adsorption capacity of soil for polyphosphate, thus affecting the availability and transformation of phosphorus in soil. The effects of microplastics on organic matter conversion and C, N, S, and P cycling in coastal wetlands are affected by the type, abundance, aging degree, exposure time, and wetland type of the microplastics. There is still much room for progress in understanding the impact of microplastics on coastal wetlands. For example, the research methods for microplastics need to be standardized; there is a lack of systematic in situ studies on the effects of microplastics on carbon transformation in different types of coastal wetlands; and studies on the interaction mechanism between various pollutants and microplastics and their influence on element cycling should be strengthened. This review will not only deepen the understanding of the impact of microplastics on the environmental behavior of pollutants in coastal wetlands, but will also be of great significance for a comprehensive understanding of blue carbon transition and element cycling caused by microplastic pollution in coastal wetlands.

Key words: coastal wetlands, blue carbon, microplastics, contaminants, environmental behavior, element cycle

中图分类号:

X142

汪彩琴, 杨潜英, 周名玉, 张道勇, 潘响亮. 微塑料对滨海湿地中污染物行为和元素循环的影响研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(10): 1519-1531.

WANG Caiqin, YANG Qianying, ZHOU Mingyu, ZHANG Daoyong, PAN Xiangliang. Research Progress on the Effects of Microplastics on Pollutant Behavior and Element Cycling in Coastal Wetlands[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(10): 1519-1531.

图/表 7

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湿地类型	地区	丰度/（n∙kg⁻¹）	主要形状及占比	主要种类	主要粒径/mm	参考文献
海滩	旅游海滩	344	泡沫，95.2%	-	1-2	Zhou et al.,2020
	未开发的海滩	1301.6	薄片，88.4%	-	<1	Zhou et al.,2020
	坎恩吉欧海滩	31990-92560	纤维	PE	-	Khuyen et al.,2021
河口	德文特河河口	2430	纤维薄片	-	-	Willis et al.,2017
河口	晋江河口	245-575	纤维	PE，PET	-	Deng et al.,2020
红树林	红树林自然保护区	35.95	纤维，泡沫	PP，PE	-	Yu et al.,2022
	福田红树林（内部）	1920±509	纤维，78.79%±4.59%	PET，43.83%±6.12%	-	Duan et al.,2021
	海桑（内部）	4754±416	纤维，88.90%±3.17%	PET，54.19%±2.14%	-	Duan et al.,2021
	深圳红树林	851	纤维，碎片	PP−PE共聚体	-	Zuo et al.,2020
	晋江红树林	12393.4	纤维状，45%	PET，52%	0.038-0.5	Hu et al.,2022
海草	利马河口	250-2500	纤维	PE	<3	Almeida et al.,2023
盐沼	中国东南部河口盐沼	9.6-130.725	碎片，泡沫	PE、PP	<5	Yao et al.,2019
	盐城	100-500	纤维，79%-80%	PE，50%-52%	-	Feng et al.,2020
	连云港	0-1500	纤维，79%-80%	PS，24%-26%	-	Feng et al.,2020

湿地类型	地区	丰度/（n∙kg⁻¹）	主要形状及占比	主要种类	主要粒径/mm	参考文献
海滩	旅游海滩	344	泡沫，95.2%	-	1-2	Zhou et al.,2020
	未开发的海滩	1301.6	薄片，88.4%	-	<1	Zhou et al.,2020
	坎恩吉欧海滩	31990-92560	纤维	PE	-	Khuyen et al.,2021
河口	德文特河河口	2430	纤维薄片	-	-	Willis et al.,2017
河口	晋江河口	245-575	纤维	PE，PET	-	Deng et al.,2020
红树林	红树林自然保护区	35.95	纤维，泡沫	PP，PE	-	Yu et al.,2022
	福田红树林（内部）	1920±509	纤维，78.79%±4.59%	PET，43.83%±6.12%	-	Duan et al.,2021
	海桑（内部）	4754±416	纤维，88.90%±3.17%	PET，54.19%±2.14%	-	Duan et al.,2021
	深圳红树林	851	纤维，碎片	PP−PE共聚体	-	Zuo et al.,2020
	晋江红树林	12393.4	纤维状，45%	PET，52%	0.038-0.5	Hu et al.,2022
海草	利马河口	250-2500	纤维	PE	<3	Almeida et al.,2023
盐沼	中国东南部河口盐沼	9.6-130.725	碎片，泡沫	PE、PP	<5	Yao et al.,2019
	盐城	100-500	纤维，79%-80%	PE，50%-52%	-	Feng et al.,2020
	连云港	0-1500	纤维，79%-80%	PS，24%-26%	-	Feng et al.,2020

微塑料类型	粒径	有机污染物类型	影响	参考文献
PS	1、10、100 μm	菲（PHE）	共暴露提高了联合毒性	Xu et al.,2021
MP/NPs	MP：0.5、5.0、50 μm；NPs：0.05 μm	环丙沙星（CIP）	拮抗毒性	You et al.,2021
MPs	-	HOCs（PAHs和PCBs）	PAH通过MP生物放大； POPs通过MP生物放大和易位	Diepens et al.， 2018
MPs	100-500 μm	PCBs	PCBs的生物利用度受MP的影响	Grigorakis et al.,2018
PE	0.5-1.0 μm	磷酸三（2−氯乙基）酯（TCEP）	PE和TCEP的共暴露导致联合毒性提高	Deng et al.,2018
PS	44 nm	多环芳烃（PAH）	PS降低PAHs的生物累积和生物利用度	Trevisan et al.,2019
LDPE	<60 μm	菲（PHE）	PE改变了PHE的生物利用度	Karami et al.,2016

微塑料类型	粒径	有机污染物类型	影响	参考文献
PS	1、10、100 μm	菲（PHE）	共暴露提高了联合毒性	Xu et al.,2021
MP/NPs	MP：0.5、5.0、50 μm；NPs：0.05 μm	环丙沙星（CIP）	拮抗毒性	You et al.,2021
MPs	-	HOCs（PAHs和PCBs）	PAH通过MP生物放大； POPs通过MP生物放大和易位	Diepens et al.， 2018
MPs	100-500 μm	PCBs	PCBs的生物利用度受MP的影响	Grigorakis et al.,2018
PE	0.5-1.0 μm	磷酸三（2−氯乙基）酯（TCEP）	PE和TCEP的共暴露导致联合毒性提高	Deng et al.,2018
PS	44 nm	多环芳烃（PAH）	PS降低PAHs的生物累积和生物利用度	Trevisan et al.,2019
LDPE	<60 μm	菲（PHE）	PE改变了PHE的生物利用度	Karami et al.,2016

微塑料类型	粒径	重金属类型	影响	参考文献
PAN	0.05-0.8 µm	Cu	PAN可能会减轻Cu²⁺对生物的毒性	Lin et al.,2020
PE	100-154 µm	Cd	和PE共存不会改变植物组织中的Cd浓度	Wang et al.,2020
PE	1.32-0.71 mm	Zn	MPs提高了Zn的生物利用度	Hodson et al.,2017
PE	10-106 μm	Ag	MP改变了鱼类生物体中金属的生物利用度和吸收途径	Khan et al.,2015
PE、PE、PS	50-500 μm	Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb	重金属吸附在MPs的表面	Ta et al.,2020
PE、PET	63-5000 μm	As、Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn	重金属与微塑料形成共同污染	Sarkar et al.,2021
PE、PP、PET	2-20 μm	Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、As、Pb、Hg、Cd	微塑料可能会成为重金属的载体	Deng et al.,2020

微塑料对滨海湿地中污染物行为和元素循环的影响研究进展

Research Progress on the Effects of Microplastics on Pollutant Behavior and Element Cycling in Coastal Wetlands

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MPs	w/%	w_（SOC）/ %	w_（DOC）/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	w_（TC）/ （mg∙g⁻¹）	t/d	参考文献
PE	2	10	-	-	5	陈锟等,2025
	2	10.7	−11.7	-	100	陈锟等,2025
	0.0005	−0.17	-	-	180	王警锋,2023
	1	-	8.3	−0.48	40	Dai et al.,2024
PLA	2	14.9	-	-	5	陈锟等,2025
	2	15.5	−7.81	-	100	陈锟等,2025
	1	-	21.59	0.31	40	Dai et al.,2024
PS	0.0005	−0.04	-	-	180	王警锋,2023
PVC	1	-	18.83	0.07	40	Dai et al.,2024

MPs	w/%	w_（NH4+-N）/（mg∙kg⁻¹）	w_{（NO3−-N）}/（μg∙g⁻¹）	w_{（NO2−-N）}/（μg∙g⁻¹）	ρ_(DON)/（mg∙L⁻¹）	w_（TN）/（mg∙g⁻¹）	参考文献
CK	0	3.78×10³±0.25×10³	2.61±1.6	0.75±0.38	11.8±0.64	1.48±0.03	Dai et al.,2024
	0	6.72±0.56	0.20±0.01	-	-	2.3±0.1	王警锋,2023
	0	22.98	9.79	-	-	0.27	Hu et al.,2022
PE	1	3.9×10³±0.21×10³	17.18±2.07	3.08±0.49	9.54±0.46	1.51±0.01	Dai et al.,2024
PE	0.0005	5.78±0.69	0.19±0.00	-	-	2.1±0.1	王警锋,2023
PLA	1	2.85×10³±0.37×10³	13.82±6.44	2.77±0.68	8.56±1.03	1.46±0.02	Dai et al.,2024
PVC	1	1.61×10³±0.14×10³	14.97±4.82	2.46±0.47	7.57±1.58	1.41±0.02	Dai et al.,2024
PS	0.0005	2.17±0.33	0.23±0.02	-	-	1.9±0.1	王警锋,2023
PET	28	19.23	26.53	-	-	0.21	Hu et al.,2022

MPs	ρ/（g∙L⁻¹）	w_（TP）/%	w_（TS）/%	w_{（SO42−-S）}/%	参考文献
PS	0.5	−0.03	-	-	王警锋,2023
	7	−17	-	-	Yu et al.,2021
	0.01	-	-	48.24	Huang et al.,2024
PE	0.5	−0.01	-	-	王警锋,2023
PET	28	−7.38×10⁻⁶	-	-	Hu et al.,2022
PET	1.25	-	3.303×10⁻⁵	−7.291×10⁻⁵	Wang et al.,2023
PVC	7	−14	-	-	Yu et al.,2021
PMMA	0.01	-	-	10.89	Huang et al.,2024
PLA	1.25	-	4.49×10⁻⁵	−1.345×10⁻⁴	Wang et al.,2023

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