长江源区北麓河流域退化高寒草甸植物群落特征和土壤特性

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.07.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (7): 1063-1071.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.07.007

长江源区北麓河流域退化高寒草甸植物群落特征和土壤特性

李成阳¹^,^*(), 梁志辉¹, 李臻明¹, 蔡敏¹, 许瑞瑶¹, 陈秀宇¹, 丁佳音¹, 许秋云¹, 彭飞²

1.岭南师范学院地理科学学院，广东湛江 524048
2.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院/中国科学院沙漠与沙漠化重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000

收稿日期:2024-01-18 出版日期:2024-07-18 发布日期:2024-09-04
通讯作者: *
作者简介:李成阳（1992年生），男，讲师，博士，研究方向为草地退化过程和机理。E-mail: lichengyang@lzb.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42301345);岭南师范学院人才专项资助项目(ZL22031)

Plant Community Characteristics and Soil Characteristics of Degraded Alpine Meadows in the Beilu River Basin of the Yangtze River Source Area

LI Chengyang¹^,^*(), LIANG Zhihui¹, LI Zhenming¹, CAI Min¹, XU Ruiyao¹, CHEN Xiuyu¹, DING Jiayin¹, XU Qiuyun¹, PENG Fei²

1. School of Geographical Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, P. R. China
2. Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification/Northwest institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China

Received:2024-01-18 Online:2024-07-18 Published:2024-09-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态系统退化严重威胁着全球生态和环境安全，充分认识退化过程和机理是开展和实现退化生态系统修复的关键。以往大部分高寒草甸退化相关研究缺乏长期的观测资料，难以合理分析退化的形成过程和机理。以具有长期观测资料的长江源多年冻土区北麓河流域未退化和退化高寒草甸为对象，根据研究区实际，探讨了草地退化下植物群落结构特征和土壤理化特性的变化及其相互关系，为查明多年冻土区高寒草甸退化机理和退化草地修复提供理论依据。结果表明：1）退化使地上和地下生物量显著降低，植物群落优势物种由浅根系的莎草科植物向深根系的杂草类植物转变；2）Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和物种丰富度指数呈单峰变化趋势，即在中度退化阶段显著增加，但在严重退化阶段显著降低；3）退化后，土壤容重、pH和总磷显著增加，但硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮、总氮和有机碳呈降低趋势；4）冗余分析结果显示，群落生物量与土壤有机碳、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效氮和速效磷呈正相关，Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和物种丰富度指数与粉粒、水分和pH负相关，速效氮、速效磷、土壤水分对植被生物量和物种多样性的解释率分别为57.8%、27.3%和9.9%。因此，长江源多年冻土区退化高寒草甸植物生长可能主要受速效养分限制，在对其的修复过程中，应首先考虑土壤养分的恢复。

关键词: 高寒草甸, 草地退化, 青藏高原, 理化特征, 群落结构, 多年冻土区

Abstract:

Ecosystem degradation poses a serious threat to the global ecological and environmental security. A complete understanding of the degradation process and its mechanisms is crucial for restoring the degraded ecosystems. Most previous studies on alpine meadow degradation lack long-term observational data, making it difficult to reasonably analyze the formation process and mechanism of degradation. This study focused on non-degraded, moderately degraded, and severely degraded alpine meadows in the Beilu River Basin of the Yangtze River source area. Based on the actual situation in the research area, the vegetation community and soil physicochemical characteristics of alpine meadows in permafrost areas, as well as their response to grassland degradation, were explored to provide a basis for understanding the degradation process and restoration of degraded alpine meadows in permafrost areas. The results showed that: 1) with the intensification of degradation in alpine meadows, both aboveground and belowground biomass significantly decreased, the dominant species of vegetation communities shifted from grasses and sedges to forbs, and deep-rooted plants increased. 2) The species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing degrees of degradation. 3) As the degree of degradation intensified, the soil bulk density, pH, and total phosphorus increased, whereas the total nitrogen, organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available nitrogen decreased. 4) Redundancy analysis showed that the community biomass was positively correlated with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus. Shannon Wiener diversity index and species richness index are negatively correlated with silt, water content, and pH, the explanatory rates of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and soil moisture on vegetation biomass and species diversity were 57.8%, 27.3%, and 9.9%, respectively. Therefore, plant growth in degraded alpine meadows in the source area of the Yangtze River may be limited by available nutrients. In the restoration process, the restoration of soil nutrients should be considered first.

Key words: alpine meadows, grassland degradation, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, physico-chemical characteristics, community structure, permafrost zone

中图分类号:

李成阳, 梁志辉, 李臻明, 蔡敏, 许瑞瑶, 陈秀宇, 丁佳音, 许秋云, 彭飞. 长江源区北麓河流域退化高寒草甸植物群落特征和土壤特性[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(7): 1063-1071.

LI Chengyang, LIANG Zhihui, LI Zhenming, CAI Min, XU Ruiyao, CHEN Xiuyu, DING Jiayin, XU Qiuyun, PENG Fei. Plant Community Characteristics and Soil Characteristics of Degraded Alpine Meadows in the Beilu River Basin of the Yangtze River Source Area[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(7): 1063-1071.

图/表 7

图1 不同退化程度群落和不同功能群地上生物量及其占群落百分比不同小写字母表示不同退化程度下各指标差异显著（p<0.05），下同

Figure 1 The aboveground biomass of communities and functional groups with different degrees of degradation and their percentage in the community

图2 草地退化下高寒草甸不同土壤深度地下生物量和各层地下生物量占比

Figure 2 The belowground biomass and percentage belowground biomass at each depth in different degraded alpine meadow

图3 草地退化下高寒草甸物种多样性和各优势物种植物特征 RI：物种丰富度指数；SW：Shannon-Wiener多样性指数；PI：Pielou均匀度指数；KP：高山嵩草，Kobresia pygmaea；KH：矮生嵩草，Kobresia humilis；PC：冷地早熟禾，Poa crymophila；LN：矮火绒草，Leontopodium nanum；PA：星毛委陵菜，Potentilla acaulis；SA：沙生风毛菊，Saussurea arenaria；CM：青藏薹草，Carex moorcroftii；AF：萎软紫菀，Aster flaccidus；AS：高山韭，Allium sikkimense

Figure 3 Species diversity and plant characteristics of each dominant species in alpine meadows at different stages of degradation

表1 退化（LD），深度（D）和二者交互作用对各指标的双因素方差分析（F值）

Table 1 Grassland degradation (LD), soil depth (D), and their interaction on various indicators based on Two-way ANOVA (F values)

变异来源	BD	SM	pH	SOC	TN	NO₃⁻	NH₄⁺	AN	TP	AP
LD	46.6**²⁾	28.8**	18.1**	345.2**	198.4**	38.7**	10.1**	33.7**	4.3* ¹⁾	0.7
D	7.2**	0.1	13.3**	58.7**	73.6**	6.9**	19.3**	25.5**	1.9	0.8
LD×D	2.4	2.6	2.8	49.8**	24.0**	2.2	12.3**	12.6**	0.7	0.9

表2 不同退化程度下高寒草甸土壤理化性质差异

Table 2 Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in alpine meadows with different degrees of degradation

土壤深度/ cm	退化程度	土壤水分/ %	土壤容重/ (g∙m⁻³)	pH	SOC 质量分数/ (g∙kg⁻¹)	TN 质量分数/ (g∙kg⁻¹)	TP 质量分数/ (g∙kg⁻¹)	NO₃⁻ 质量分数/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	NH₄⁺ 质量分数/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	AN 质量分数/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)	AP 质量分数/ (mg∙kg⁻¹)
0‒10	CK	27.01±2.02a	1.00±0.05c	7.97±0.02c	21.18±0.91a	1.37±0.06a	0.08±0.02b	16.91±1.77a	28.61±6.07a	45.52±6.16a	2.05±0.33a
	MD	20.13±1.05b	1.23±0.08b	8.25±0.01b	6.44±0.31b	0.52±0.01b	0.06±0.01b	4.25±0.57b	9.93±0.28b	14.18±0.55b	1.75±0.25a
	SD	29.35±1.12a	1.39±0.01a	8.56±0.01a	2.96±0.33b	0.55±0.06b	0.17±0.04a	7.60±1.05b	5.30±0.38b	12.91±1.01b	0.74±0.33a
10‒20	CK	32.36±2.14a	1.17±0.07b	8.24±0.03c	10.68±0.68a	0.76±0.04a	0.06±0.01b	9.83±2.09a	5.85±1.28a	15.68±3.29a	1.92±0.36b
	MD	25.21±1.28b	1.36±0.03a	8.35±0.02b	5.54±0.32b	0.45±0.01b	0.06±0.01b	3.39±0.41b	4.49±0.25a	7.88±0.32b	2.71±0.1a
	SD	30.03±2.14a	1.47±0.02a	8.55±0.02a	4.31±0.32b	0.52±0.03b	0.16±0.01a	5.19±0.75b	5.70±0.47a	10.88±1.09ab	1.85±0.17b
20‒30	CK	34.32±3.21a	1.36±0.07b	8.53±0.2a	9.76±0.74a	0.74±0.04a	0.08±0.01b	10.77±1.87a	7.64±1.03a	18.41±2.22a	2.43±0.23a
	MD	26.10±0.06b	1.43±0.04a	8.47±0.01a	4.62±0.11b	0.4±0.01b	0.06±0.01b	4.29±0.67b	3.71±0.25b	8.0±0.76b	1.91±0.33a
	SD	28.17±1.08b	1.49±0.02a	8.66±0.05a	3.23±0.33c	0.25±0.03c	0.14±0.01a	4.29±0.74b	0.06±0.01b	2.43±0.67b	2.19±0.43a

图4 植被群落特征（黑色实线箭头）与土壤环境因子（灰色虚线箭头）的关系图中CK：未退化；MD：中度退化；SD：严重退化；AGB：地上生物量；BGB：地下生物量；RI：物种丰富度；Silt：粉粒；PI：均匀度指数；SM：土壤水分；SW：Shannon?Wiener 多样性指数；Clay：黏粒；NO3?：硝态氮；NH4+：铵态氮；Sand：砂粒；AN：速效氮；AP：速效磷；P：全磷；TN：总氮

Figure 4 Relationship between plant properties (black solid line arrows) and soil properties (gray dashed line arrows) in degraded alpine meadow grassland

表3 退化高寒草甸植被要素的环境解释力度和显著性检验结果

Table 3 Proportion of variance in plant properties that is explained by soil properties for degraded alpine meadow grassland

土壤因子	解释力度排序	土壤因子对植物变化的解释量/%	F	p
AN	1	57.82	27.81	<0.01**¹⁾
AP	2	27.28	21.94	<0.01**
SM	3	9.91	21.32	<0.01**
TN	4	0.78	1.99	0.178
NO₃⁻	5	0.61	1.41	0.154
NH₄⁺	6	0.43	0.83	0.454
Silt	7	0.28	0.61	0.472
Sand	8	0.19	0.54	0.494
TP	9	<0.10	<0.10	0.954
Clay	10	<0.10	<0.10	0.748

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长江源区北麓河流域退化高寒草甸植物群落特征和土壤特性

Plant Community Characteristics and Soil Characteristics of Degraded Alpine Meadows in the Beilu River Basin of the Yangtze River Source Area

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