淤泥质潮滩重金属和溶解性有机质的潮汐变化特征及其环境影响评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.008

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 2169-2179.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.008

淤泥质潮滩重金属和溶解性有机质的潮汐变化特征及其环境影响评价

张丽聪¹(), 肖凯¹^,^*(), 张鹏¹, 李海龙¹, 王俊坚¹, 李镇扬², 王芬芳³, 徐华林⁴, 郭跃华⁵

1.南方科技大学环境科学与工程学院，广东深圳 518055
2.中国地质大学（北京）水资源与环境学院，北京 100083
3.厦门大学环境与生态学院，福建厦门 361102
4.广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区管理局，广东深圳 518040
5.广东省中交一航局生态工程有限公司，广东深圳 518107

收稿日期:2022-06-09 出版日期:2022-11-18 发布日期:2022-12-22
通讯作者: *肖凯（1990年生），男，副研究员，主要从事近海水质评估与滨海湿地环境保护研究。E-mail: xiaok@sustech.edu.cn
作者简介:张丽聪（1998年生），女（壮族），硕士研究生，主要从事海岸带水文地质学和近海水质评价研究。E-mail: 12132234@mail.sustech.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42177046);国家自然科学基金项目(41972260);深圳市科技计划资助项目(JSGG20210802153535002)

Tidal Variation Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Organic Matter and Environmental Impact in a Silt Tidal Flat

ZHANG Licong¹(), XIAO Kai¹^,^*(), ZHANG Peng¹, LI Hailong¹, WANG Junjian¹, LI Zhenyang², WANG Fangfang³, XU Hualin⁴, GUO Yuehua⁵

1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
2. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
3. Xiamen University, College of Environmental and Ecological, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
4. Administration of Futian Nature Reserve of Neilingding Island, Shenzhen 518040, P. R. China
5. CCCC-FHEC Ecological Engineering Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China

Received:2022-06-09 Online:2022-11-18 Published:2022-12-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

淤泥质潮滩是连接陆地和海洋生态系统的过渡带，也是海陆污染物交换的高频地带。为了解淤泥质潮滩地表水和地下水中重金属和溶解性有机质（DOM）在潮汐作用下的变化特征及环境效应，以漳江口自然保护区的淤泥质潮滩为研究场地，在一个潮汐周期内连续监测了浅层地下水动态、地表水和地下水中理化参数、重金属质量浓度和DOM光谱特征参数的时间变化特征。结合广义达西定律和Fick第一定律定量估算了重金属和有机质的向海排泄通量，最后评估了地下水和地表水中重金属污染的潜在风险。主要结论如下：（1）相比于地表水，地下水中DOM的芳香性和分子量更高，并且对pH和DO的变化更敏感。受上游淡水输入和地下水排泄的影响，潮沟地表水中重金属和DOM质量浓度均与潮汐水位相反，即在低潮期间质量浓度达到最大值，并随着潮位的增加而减少。（2）通过地表水-地下水对流作用携带的重金属和DOM通量是扩散通量的20-200倍。7种重金属在沉积物-水界面的对流通量大小顺序为：Ba (155.00 μg·m^-2·d^-1，单位下同)>Zn (36.60)>As (2.00)>Cu (0.33)>Cr (0.32)>Pb (0.21)>Hg (0.19)，DOM的对流通量为2.57 mg·m^-2·d^-1。研究区所在潮滩水动力交换条件差，地表水-地下水交换未能很大程度上改变地下水的缺氧环境，导致污染物滞留在潮滩中。（3）重金属污染评价结果表明，地表水中的Hg处于中度污染水平，而地下水中的As和Hg处于轻度污染水平，其余重金属均处于清洁水平。该研究结果可为漳江口自然保护区中光滩重金属的污染防治提供科学依据。

关键词: 重金属, 有机质, 潮滩, 地下水, 漳江口

Abstract:

Tidal flat is the transition zone connecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and also acts as the high frequency zone of pollutant exchange. In order to understand the variation characteristics and environment effects of heavy metals and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water and groundwater in a silt tidal flat in Zhangjiang Estuary, we monitored the temporal dynamics of shallow groundwater, physicochemical parameters, mass concentration of heavy metals and the spectral characteristic parameters of DOM in surface water and groundwater during a tidal cycle. Combining with the generalized Darcy’s Law and Fick’s First Law, we quantitatively estimated the discharge fluxes of heavy metals and DOM to the sea. We also assessed the potential pollution risk of heavy metals in groundwater and surface water. The results showed that (1) comparing with surface water, DOM in groundwater was characterized by higher aromatic degree and molecular weight, and was more sensitive to the changes of pH and DO. The change trends of heavy metals and DOM in surface water were opposite to the tidal level due to the input of upstream tidal flesh water and groundwater discharge, that is, their concentrations reached the maximum during low tides and decreased with the increase of tidal level. (2) The fluxes of heavy metals and DOM carried by advective flow were 20-200 times higher than those through the diffusion transport across the sediment-water interface. The order of the advective fluxes of the seven heavy metals was Ba (155.00 μg·m^-2·d^-1, the unit was the same below) >Zn (36.60)>As (2.00)>Cu (0.33)>Cr (0.32)>Pb (0.21)>Hg (0.19), and the advective fluxes of DOM was 2.57 mg·m^-2·d^-1. The hydrodynamic condition in the study site was relatively poor, and thus the surface water-groundwater exchange did not change the anoxic environment of groundwater to a great extent, resulting in the retention of pollutants in the tidal flat. (3) The pollution assessment of heavy metals revealed that Hg in surface water was at moderate pollution level, while As and Hg in groundwater were at the level of mild pollution, as others were at clean levels. The results of this study can provide scientific basis for pollution control of heavy metals in the widely-distributed tidal flat in Zhangjiang Estuary.

Key words: heavy metal, organic matter, tidal flat, groundwater, Zhangjiang Estuary

中图分类号:

张丽聪, 肖凯, 张鹏, 李海龙, 王俊坚, 李镇扬, 王芬芳, 徐华林, 郭跃华. 淤泥质潮滩重金属和溶解性有机质的潮汐变化特征及其环境影响评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(11): 2169-2179.

ZHANG Licong, XIAO Kai, ZHANG Peng, LI Hailong, WANG Junjian, LI Zhenyang, WANG Fangfang, XU Hualin, GUO Yuehua. Tidal Variation Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Organic Matter and Environmental Impact in a Silt Tidal Flat[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(11): 2169-2179.

图/表 12

图1 漳江口的地理位置和监测点的分布示意图（改自Wang et al., 2022)

Figure 1 Locations of the Zhangjiang Estuary and monitoring point (modified from Wang et al., 2022)

图2 对井装置的组成（a）结构示意图；（b）场地工作示意图

Figure 2 The schematic structure diagrams showing (a) the composition of a pair-well device, and (b) field-observation scene

图3 地下水监测周期与采样频率

Figure 3 Groundwater monitoring period and sampling frequency

表1 溶解性有机质光谱特征指数含义

Table 1 Meaning of spectral characteristic index of chromophoric dissolved organic matter

指标 Index	缩写 Abbreviation	单位 units	计算方法 Computing method	含义描述 Meaning	参考文献 References
单位质量有机质特定吸收 Specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm per mass	SUVA₂₅₄	L·mg^-1·m^-1	单位光程下254 nm处紫外吸光度与溶解有机碳质量浓度比	芳香性化合物在溶解有机质中的相对贡献越高，表征芳香性，值越大芳香性越强	2003
吸收系数比值 Absorption coefficient ratio	E₂/E₃	-	吸光系数254 nm与365 nm比	指示溶解有机质中分子量，与平均分子量大小成反比	2009
254 nm处的吸光系数 Absorption coefficient at 254 nm	a₂₅₄	m^-1	-	用于计算吸收系数比值E₂/E₃
350 nm处的吸光系数 Absorption coefficient at 350 nm	a₃₅₀	m^-1	-	有色溶解有机质（CDOM）含量	2004
365 nm处的吸光系数 Absorption coefficient at 365 nm	a₃₆₅	m^-1	-	用于计算吸收系数比值E₂/E₃

图4 潮滩地表水和地下水中理化参数（盐度，pH和DO）的潮汐变化

Figure 4 Tidal variations of physicochemicla parameters (salinity, pH and DO) in the surface water and groundwater in the tidal mudflat

图5 潮滩地表水和地下水中重金属质量浓度的潮汐变化

Figure 5 Tidal variations of heavy metals in surface water and groundwater in the tidal mudflat

图6 潮滩地表水和地下水中DOC和CDOM光谱特征指数的潮汐变化

Figure 6 Tidal variations of the DOC and spectral characteristic indexes of CDOM in the surface water and groundwater in the tidal mudflat

图7 监测期间地下水位和地下水-地表水交换速率灰色背景代表取样期

Figure 7 Time series of groundwater level and groundwater-surface water exchange rates during the monitoring period The gray background represents the sampling period

图8 重金属和DOC在沉积物-水界面的对流和扩散通量对流通量中，重金属的单位为μg·m-2·h-1，DOC的单位为mg·m-2·h-1；扩散通量中，重金属的单位为10-3 μg·m-2·h-1，DOC的单位为10-3 mg·m-2·h-1；Zn/10和Ba/20分别表示Zn和Ba的通量除以10和20，这样更方便与其他元素在视觉上的对比

Figure 8 Calculated connective and diffusive fluxes for heavy metals and DOC The units of convective fluxes of heavy metals and DOC are μg·m-2·h-1 and mg·m-2·h-1, respectively, but 10-3 μg·m-2·h-1 and 10-3 mg·m-2·h-1 for diffusion fluxes; Zn/10 and Ba/20 represent the flux of Zn and Ba divided by 10 and 20, respectively, to facilitate visual comparison with other elements

图9 地下水和地表水中重金属的污染指数须线、水平线和点分别代表范围（最小-最大值），中位数和平均值

Figure 9 The pollution index of heavy metals in the groundwater and surface water The whiskers, horizontal lines, and points represent the range (min-max), median, and average values, respectively

图10 环境因子的相关性（因素1：潮汐/地下水位+盐度；因素2：DO+pH）分析。线宽对应部分Mantel’s r统计量，线色表示基于排列的统计显著性。同时对环境因素进行两两比较，用颜色梯度表示Pearson相关系数，并根据调查数据的属性将这些因素综合为两组

Figure 10 Correlations between environmental factors (Factor 1: tide/groundwater table+salinity; Factor 2: DO+pH) and heavy metal content and DOM properties by partial Mantel test. Line width corresponds to the partial Mantel’s r statistic, and line color denotes the statistical significance based on permutations. Pairwise comparisons of environmental factors are also shown, with a color gradient denoting Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and these parameters are synthesized into two groups based on attribute of data surveyed

表2 世界范围内对流和扩散输送的重金属通量的对比

Table 2 Comparisons of heavy metal fluxes transported by convection and diffusion globally

地区 Area	通量类型 Flux pattern	溶解性重金属SGD通量 SGD flux of dissolved heavy metals/(μg·m^-2·d^-1)							参考文献 Conferences
地区 Area	通量类型 Flux pattern	Cr	Cu	Zn	As	Ba	Pb	Hg	参考文献 Conferences
漳江口淤泥质潮滩，中国福建省 Mudflat in Zhangjiang Estuary, Fujian Province, China	对流	0.32	0.32	36.59	2.00	155.00	0.21	0.19	本研究
胶州湾砂质海滩，中国山东省 Sandy beach in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province, China	对流	6300	6200	840	210	-	1100	-	2020
胶州湾淤泥质潮滩，中国山东省 Mudflat in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province, China	对流	620	370	250	9.7	-	330	-	2020
胶州湾盐沼，中国山东省 Salt marsh in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province, China	对流	2.2	3.5	1.6	0.058	-	0.21	-	2020
胶州湾河口湿地，中国山东省 Estuarine wetland in Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province, China	对流	56	57	26	3	-	0.01	-	2020
粤港澳大湾区，中国广东省 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, China	对流+弥散	54.70	57.77	877.92	214.77	-	45.21	-	2022
渤海湾，中国河北省 Bohai Bay, Hebei Province, China	对流+弥散	87-239	-	1211-3310	-	-	-	-	2019
Coleroon River Estuary，印度 Coleroon River Estuary, Tamil Nadu, India	对流+弥散	9.6-14.9	11-63	63.3-119.6	-	54.6-259.9	3.23-8.9	-	2021
Jamaica Bay，美国 Jamaica Bay, New York, USA	对流+弥散	-	2.46-11.08	87.5-401.3	-	-	0.56-2.79	-	2009
North western Mediterranean Sea，西班牙 North western Mediterranean Sea, Spain	对流+弥散	-	0.09-1.85	0.38-11.87	-	-	0.01-0.19	-	2016

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淤泥质潮滩重金属和溶解性有机质的潮汐变化特征及其环境影响评价

Tidal Variation Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Dissolved Organic Matter and Environmental Impact in a Silt Tidal Flat

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