黄柏河梯级水库沉积物营养盐与重金属分布特征及污染评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.05.013

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 1005-1016.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.05.013

黄柏河梯级水库沉积物营养盐与重金属分布特征及污染评价

包宇飞¹^,²(), 胡明明¹^,²^,^*(), 王殿常³, 吴兴华³, 王雨春¹^,²^,³^,^*(), 李姗泽¹^,², 王启文¹^,², 温洁¹^,²

1.流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室/中国水利水电科学研究院,北京 100038
2.中国水利水电科学研究院水生态环境研究所,北京 100038
3.中国长江三峡集团有限公司长江生态环境工程研究中心,北京 100038

收稿日期:2020-11-15 出版日期:2021-05-18 发布日期:2021-08-06
通讯作者: 王雨春,正高级工程师,E-mail:wangyc@iwhr.com
* 胡明明,高级工程师,E-mail:humingming@iwhr.com;
作者简介:包宇飞（1990年生）,男,工程师,博士,主要从事流域生源物质地球化学循环研究。E-mail:baoyf@iwhr.com
基金资助:
中国长江三峡集团有限公司项目(201903144);国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0404703);国家自然科学基金项目(51679258);国家自然科学基金项目(51809287);国家重点实验室项目(SKL2020TS07);国家重点实验室项目(SKL2018ZY04)

Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Cascade Reservoirs in Huangbai River

BAO Yufei¹^,²(), HU Mingming¹^,²^,^*(), WANG Dianchang³, WU Xinghua³, WANG Yuchun¹^,²^,³^,^*(), LI Shanze¹^,², WANG Qiwen¹^,², WEN Jie¹^,²

1. State key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
2. Department of Water Ecology and Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
3. Ecological Environment Engineering Research Center of the Yangtze River, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China

Received:2020-11-15 Online:2021-05-18 Published:2021-08-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黄柏河为长江左岸的一级支流,是宜昌市重要的水源地和长江流域最大的磷矿基地之一,评价其沉积物营养盐和重金属污染特征,对于揭示高磷矿背景区域沉积物的污染状况及其控制与管理具有重要意义,也是当前长江大保护形势下的必然需求。分别采集了黄柏河4个梯级水库库首、库中和库尾的表层沉积物,研究分析了沉积物中营养盐和重金属的质量分数及分布特征,采用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法评价了表层沉积物营养盐污染状况,使用潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法评价了沉积物6种重金属的污染状况。结果表明：黄柏河梯级水库表层沉积物总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）平均质量分数分别为26.9 g∙kg^-1和1500.4 mg∙kg^-1,其中最下游的尚家河水库质量分数最小,TOC和TN污染主要处于轻度到中度污染水平;总磷（TP）质量分数空间差异性较大,介于622.2—9631.5 mg∙kg^-1之间,受流域磷矿矿点分布以及水库拦截作用的影响,TP分布从上游至下游呈现递减的趋势,流域整体处于磷重度污染水平。重金属锌（Zn）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）的平均质量分数分别为128.63、39.37、27.95、10.23、0.35、0.26 mg∙kg^-1,潜在生态风险指数和地累积指数评价表明黄柏河梯级水库表层沉积物Hg的生态风险较高,其次为Cd,剩余4种重金属的生态风险较低。沉积物碳氮比（TOC/TN）和Pearson相关性分析指出,沉积物有机质来源主要为陆源性输入,重金属Hg和Cd输入可能分别与面源性的TN输入和磷矿开采导致的TP输入具有同源性。

关键词: 表层沉积物, 黄柏河梯级水库, 营养盐, 重金属, 磷矿开采

Abstract:

Huangbai River is a primary tributary of the left bank of the Yangtze River. It is one of the largest phosphate rock areas in the Yangtze River basin and important water source of Yichang City. Evaluation of the nutrients and heavy metals of the sediment, an inevitable demand for the Yangtze River protection, is also of great significance to reveal the pollution conditions and management of the sediments which is located in the high phosphate rock background area. In this study, the surface sediments from the head, middle and tail of four cascade reservoirs in Huangbai River were collected and the contents and horizontal distribution characteristics of nutrients and heavy metals in the sediments were analyzed. The pollution status of nutrients in the surface sediments was evaluated by comprehensive pollution index method and organic pollution index method. Six kinds of heavy metals were evaluated by potential ecological risk index and Geoaccumulation index. The results showed that the average contents of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were 26.9 g∙kg^-1and 1500.4 mg∙kg^-1, respectively. The minimum value was in the Shangjiahe Reservoir and no significant differences between the other three reservoirs. The organic pollution and TN were mainly at mild to moderate pollution levels. The content of total phosphorus (TP) exhibited a great spatial difference, ranging from 622.2 to 9631.5 mg∙kg^-1, showing a decreasing trend from the upstream to the downstream owing to the distribution of phosphate ore and the interception effect of reservoir. The TP was at the severe pollution levels in the basin. The average contents of Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Cd and Hg were 128.63, 39.37, 27.95, 10.23, 0.35, 0.26 mg∙kg^-1, respectively. The potential ecological risk index and geoaccumulation index of heavy metals both indicated that Hg and Cd had the higher ecological risk. The ecological risks of the other four heavy metals were relatively low. According to the analysis of TOC/TN and Pearson correlation, the organic matter of the sediment was mainly terrigenous input, and heavy metals of Hg and Cd may have homology with non-point source of TN input and phosphate mining source of TP input, respectively.

Key words: surface sediments, cascade reservoir in Huangbai River, nutrients, heavy metal, phosphate mining

中图分类号:

X524

包宇飞, 胡明明, 王殿常, 吴兴华, 王雨春, 李姗泽, 王启文, 温洁. 黄柏河梯级水库沉积物营养盐与重金属分布特征及污染评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(5): 1005-1016.

BAO Yufei, HU Mingming, WANG Dianchang, WU Xinghua, WANG Yuchun, LI Shanze, WANG Qiwen, WEN Jie. Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Cascade Reservoirs in Huangbai River[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(5): 1005-1016.

图/表 21

参考文献 40

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水库 Reservoir	流域面积 Catchment area/km²	年均流量 Average annual runoff/ (10⁸ m³)	总库容 Total storage capacity/ (10⁴ m³)	磷矿开采址 Phosphate mining site/unit
玄庙观水库 XMG	380	1.76	4054	45
天福庙水库 TFM	554	2.69	6420	45
西北口水库 XBK	862	3.88	21000	11
尚家河水库 SJH	937	4.48	1692	0

水库 Reservoir	流域面积 Catchment area/km²	年均流量 Average annual runoff/ (10⁸ m³)	总库容 Total storage capacity/ (10⁴ m³)	磷矿开采址 Phosphate mining site/unit
玄庙观水库 XMG	380	1.76	4054	45
天福庙水库 TFM	554	2.69	6420	45
西北口水库 XBK	862	3.88	21000	11
尚家河水库 SJH	937	4.48	1692	0

水平 Level	S_TN	S_TP	F	等级 Grade
1	S_TN<1.0	S_TP<0.5	F<1.0	清洁Clean (Ⅰ)
2	1.0≤S_TN≤1.5	0.5≤S_TN≤1.0	1.0≤F≤1.5	轻度污染 Low pollution (Ⅱ)
3	1.5<S_TN≤2.0	1.0<S_TN≤1.5	1.5<F≤2.0	中度污染 Moderate pollution (Ⅲ)
4	S_TN>2.0	S_TP>1.5	F>2.0	重度污染 Heavy pollution (Ⅳ)

水平 Level	S_TN	S_TP	F	等级 Grade
1	S_TN<1.0	S_TP<0.5	F<1.0	清洁Clean (Ⅰ)
2	1.0≤S_TN≤1.5	0.5≤S_TN≤1.0	1.0≤F≤1.5	轻度污染 Low pollution (Ⅱ)
3	1.5<S_TN≤2.0	1.0<S_TN≤1.5	1.5<F≤2.0	中度污染 Moderate pollution (Ⅲ)
4	S_TN>2.0	S_TP>1.5	F>2.0	重度污染 Heavy pollution (Ⅳ)

潜在生态风险指数 Potential ecological risk coefficients($E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$)	潜在生态风险指数 Risk indices (RI)	风险等级 Risk degree
$E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$<40	<150	轻微 Slight
40≤$E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$<80	150≤RI<300	中等 Medium
80≤$E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$<160	300≤RI<600	强 Strong
160≤$E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$<320	600≤RI<1200	很强 Very strong
$E_{\mathrm{r}}^{i}$≥320	≥1200	极强 Extremely strong

黄柏河梯级水库沉积物营养盐与重金属分布特征及污染评价

Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Cascade Reservoirs in Huangbai River

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重金属 Heavy metal	Zn	Cu	Pb	As	Cd	Hg
湖北省土壤背景值 Background value of soil in Hubei Province/(mg∙kg^-1)	83.6	30.7	26.7	12.3	0.172	0.08
毒性系数 Toxicity Coefficient	1	5	5	10	30	40

项目 Item (I_geo)	≤0	0‒1	1‒2	2‒3	3‒4	4‒5	>5
程度 Degree	清洁 Clean	轻度 Slight	轻中度 Slight mediate	中度 Mediate	重度 Strong	严重 Very strong	极严重 Extremely strong
级数 Level	0	1	2	3	4	5	6

采样点 Sampling sites		t/℃	pH	EC/(μS cm^-1)	ρ_(DO)/(mg∙L^-1)	ρ_(TN)/(mg∙L^-1)	ρ_(TP)/(mg∙L^-1)	ρ_(Chl)/(μg∙L^-1)
XMG	XMG-1	13.36	8.8	430.7	9.68	2.02	0.22	11.01
	XMG-2	14.45	8.1	438.2	9.27	1.98	0.17	8.85
	XMG-3	13.59	8.2	427.9	9.11	1.76	0.21	9.48
TFM	TFM-1	14.98	8.4	486.5	8.66	1.93	0.18	7.35
	TFM-2	15.36	8.5	487.6	8.42	2.07	0.19	5.46
	TFM-3	14.62	8.5	486.9	7.26	1.82	0.15	4.49
XBK	XBK-1	14.93	8.6	423.7	8.32	1.89	0.09	4.51
	XBK-2	15.76	8.4	426.8	7.92	2.05	0.06	3.65
	XBK-3	15.38	8.4	429.1	7.56	2.29	0.09	2.32
SJH	SJH-1	15.34	8.1	485.5	7.66	1.72	0.06	1.68
	SJH-2	14.53	8.3	476.9	7.89	1.58	0.08	1.03
	SJH-3	14.67	8.3	479.6	7.69	1.87	0.06	1.87

采样点 Sampling sites		Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Zn
XMG	XMG-1	0.74	0.22	11.3	25.2	46.8	191.0
	XMG-2	0.37	0.25	11.7	25.7	47.6	175.0
	XMG-3	0.39	0.24	10.6	23.6	49.7	173.6
TFM	TFM-1	0.40	0.28	10.0	23.8	32.7	94.6
	TFM-2	0.39	0.27	12.5	26.9	40.8	125.8
	TFM-3	0.28	0.29	11.6	31.8	36.9	116.0
XBK	XBK-1	0.49	0.26	10.1	30.0	43.6	105.9
	XBK-2	0.31	0.26	8.6	28.6	40.7	109.7
	XBK-3	0.32	0.28	7.9	28.4	40.1	101.0
SJH	SJH-1	0.17	0.25	10.1	28.7	31.8	112.1
	SJH-2	0.17	0.23	9.1	26.3	30.5	120.6
	SJH-3	0.18	0.28	9.2	30.4	31.2	118.3
背景值 Background values	‒	0.172	0.08	12.3	30.7	26.7	83.6

采样点 Sampling sites		S_TN	Level	S_TP	Level	FF	Level	OI	Level
XMG	XMG-1	1.44	Ⅱ	22.93	Ⅳ	18.33	Ⅳ	0.36	Ⅲ
	XMG-2	1.30	Ⅱ	22.73	Ⅳ	18.18	Ⅳ	0.39	Ⅲ
	XMG-3	1.45	Ⅱ	15.61	Ⅳ	12.58	Ⅳ	0.44	Ⅲ
TFM	TFM-1	1.36	Ⅱ	11.60	Ⅳ	9.39	Ⅳ	0.36	Ⅲ
	TFM-2	1.68	Ⅲ	9.96	Ⅳ	8.15	Ⅳ	0.48	Ⅲ
	TFM-3	1.71	Ⅲ	6.51	Ⅳ	5.44	Ⅳ	0.45	Ⅲ
XBK	XBK-1	1.38	Ⅱ	6.12	Ⅳ	5.08	Ⅳ	0.36	Ⅲ
	XBK-2	1.46	Ⅱ	4.74	Ⅳ	4.00	Ⅳ	0.37	Ⅲ
	XBK-3	2.11	Ⅳ	3.67	Ⅳ	3.31	Ⅳ	0.77	Ⅳ
SJH	SJH-1	1.36	Ⅱ	2.35	Ⅳ	2.11	Ⅳ	0.23	Ⅲ
	SJH-2	1.30	Ⅱ	2.02	Ⅳ	1.85	Ⅲ	0.20	Ⅲ
	SJH-3	1.45	Ⅱ	1.48	Ⅲ	1.47	Ⅲ	0.24	Ⅲ

水库 Reservoir	ω_(TOC)/ (g∙kg^-1)	ω_(TN)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	ω_(TP)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	水库 Reservoir	ω_(TOC)/ (g∙kg^-1)	ω_(TN)/ (mg∙kg^-1)	ω_(TP)/ (mg∙kg^-1)
三峡水库香溪河^* Xiangxi Tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir^*	8.70	1106	951	金盆水库 Jinpen Reservoir	40.72	1132	1131
漫湾水库 Manwan reservoir	3.85	650	700	鹤地水库 Hedi Reservoir	74.07	2358	670
丹江口水库 Danjiankou Reservoir	14.99	1340	570	玄庙观水库 XMG Reservoir	31.1	1399.3	8578.0
山美水库 Shanmei Reservoir	19.14	1180	642	天福庙水库 TFM Reservoir	28.7	1582.9	3928.4
大溪水库^* Daxi Reservoir^*	6.96	1657	324	西北口水库 XBK Reservoir	30.7	1651.3	2034.8
潘大水库 Panda Reservoir	72.51	1648.7	2790.9	尚家河水库 SJH Reservoir	17.0	1368.0	818.6

水库 Reservoir	Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Zn
三峡水库汝溪河 Ruxi Tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir	0.39	0.07	‒	32.69	29.12	122.11
小浪底水库 Xiaolangdi Reservoir	0.23	0.10	18.96	31.99	40.19	‒
丹江口水库 Danjiangkou Reservoir	0.37	‒	‒	13.91	12.92	195.74
普定水库 Puding Reservoir	3.9	0.23	48.7	150.3	284.9	546.9
大洋水库 Dayang Reservoir	0.41	0.36	3.46	19.5	86.19	126.7
于桥水库 Yuqiao Reservoir	0.12	0.14	6.07	34.23	7.24	91.20
漫湾水库 Manwan Reservoir	1.77	‒	45.06	45.45	59.65	169.91
陆浑水库 Luhun Reservoir	1.49	‒	‒	48.18	166.31	157.38
黄柏河水库 The reservoirs of Huangbai River	0.35	0.26	10.23	27.95	39.37	128.63

重金属 Heavy Metal	Cd	Hg	As	Cu	Pb	Zn	TOC	TN	TP
Cd	1
Hg	-0.382	1
As	0.442	-0.116	1
Cu	-0.472	0.528	-0.241	1
Pb	0.746^**	-0.359	0.384	-0.435	1
Zn	0.611^*	-0.680	0.518	-0.415	0.707^*	1
TOC	0.480	0.112	0.174	-0.430	0.631^*	0.198	1
TN	-0.237	0.632^*	-0.250	0.246	-0.010	-0.399	0.519	1
TP	0.826^**	-0.444	0.613^*	-0.615	0.748^*	0.839^**	0.435	-0.356	1

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