基于地球化学调查的丹江口库区土壤氮磷流失风险评估

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.09.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9): 1381-1392.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.09.005

基于地球化学调查的丹江口库区土壤氮磷流失风险评估

万翔¹^,²^,³(), 严思琪², 严森²^,^*(), 谢淑云², 向武², 谭文峰¹^,^*()

¹ 华中农业大学资源与环境学院，湖北武汉 430070
² 中国地质大学（武汉）地球与行星科学学院/流域关键带演化湖北省重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074
³ 湖北省地质调查院，湖北武汉 430034

收稿日期:2026-03-26 修回日期:2026-07-22 接受日期:2026-07-31 出版日期:2026-09-18 发布日期:2026-09-16
通讯作者: *严森, E-mail: sen.yan@cug.edu.cn; 谭文峰, tanwf@mail.hzau.edu.cn
作者简介:万翔（1989年生），男，高级工程师，博士，研究方向为土壤地球化学。E-mail: wxzgdz@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
基金资助:
湖北省自然科学基金项目(2025AFD431);湖北省自然科学基金项目(2025AFB412);湖北省自然科学基金项目(2024AFB438);流域关键带演化湖北省重点实验室开放基金项目(CZE2025F07);流域关键带演化湖北省重点实验室开放基金项目(CZE2021F09)

Risk Assessment of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area Based on Geochemical Survey

Wan Xiang¹^,²^,³(), Yan Siqi², Yan Sen²^,^*(), Xie Shuyun², Xiang Wu², Tan Wenfeng¹^,^*()

¹ College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
² Hubei Key Laboratory of Critical Zone Evolution/School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
³ Hubei Geological Survey, Wuhan 430034, P. R. China

Received:2026-03-26 Revised:2026-07-22 Accepted:2026-07-31 Online:2026-09-18 Published:2026-09-16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】揭示丹江口库区土壤氮磷的空间分布特征与流失规律，识别氮磷流失高风险区，评估退耕还林对氮磷流失的削减效应。【方法】依托库区1꞉25万土壤地球化学调查（5251个表层样点），采用克里金插值与ArcGIS空间制图揭示土壤氮磷空间分布格局；基于SWAT模型，综合考虑源强、迁移风险和受体敏感性，构建氮磷流失综合风险评估方法，模拟其流失负荷的时空特征；设置10%、30%和50%等3组退耕还林情景，评估其对氮磷流失的削减效果。【结果】土壤氮磷分布呈“南高北低”格局，高值区位于南部山地林区，低值区集中在北部和中部农耕丘陵及河谷区。氮磷流失高负荷区与高敏感区分布格局相反，主要位于北部和中部农耕区。流失负荷季节变化显著，汛期（5－10月）氮磷流失量分别占全年的80.4%和82.8%。退耕还林可显著削减氮磷流失，退耕比例达50%时，总氮和总磷流失负荷分别削减70.32%和71.87%。【结论】降雨是土壤氮磷流失的主要驱动力，土地利用和农业施肥是关键人为因素。退耕还林通过减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀可降低氮磷流失风险，研究结果为库区面源污染防控和生态管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 地球化学, 土壤, SWAT模型, 氮磷流失, 丹江口库区

Abstract:

[Objective] This study aims to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and loss patterns of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area, identify high-risk zones of N and P loss, and evaluate the mitigation effect of the Grain for Green Program on N and P loss. [Methods] Based on the 1꞉250000-scale soil geochemical survey comprising 5251 topsoil sampling points in the reservoir area, Kriging interpolation and ArcGIS spatial mapping were employed to characterize the spatial distribution patterns of soil N and P. A comprehensive risk assessment method for N and P loss was developed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model by integrating source intensity, transport risk, and receptor sensitivity, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of N and P loss loads were simulated. Three Grain for Green scenarios, with afforestation proportions of 10%, 30%, and 50%, were established to evaluate their mitigation effects on N and P loss. [Results] The distribution of soil N and P showed a “high in the south and low in the north” pattern, with high-value areas located in the southern mountainous forest regions and low-value areas concentrated in the northern and central agricultural hilly and valley areas. High N/P loss-load zones were mainly located in the northern and central agricultural areas, whereas high-sensitivity zones showed the opposite spatial pattern. The loss loads exhibited significant seasonal variation, with losses during the flood season (May-October) accounting for 80.4% and 82.8% of the annual N and P losses, respectively. The Grain for Green Program significantly reduced N and P loss; when the afforestation proportion reached 50%, the loss loads of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased by 70.32% and 71.87%, respectively. [Conclusions] Rainfall is the primary driving force of soil N and P loss, whereas land use and agricultural fertilization are the key anthropogenic factors. The Grain for Green Program can reduce the risk of N and P loss by decreasing surface runoff and soil erosion, and these findings provide a scientific basis for nonpoint-source pollution control and ecological management in the reservoir area.

Key words: geochemical survey, soil, SWAT model, nitrogen and phosphorus loss, Danjiangkou Reservoir area

中图分类号:

S157
X143

万翔, 严思琪, 严森, 谢淑云, 向武, 谭文峰. 基于地球化学调查的丹江口库区土壤氮磷流失风险评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(9): 1381-1392.

Wan Xiang, Yan Siqi, Yan Sen, Xie Shuyun, Xiang Wu, Tan Wenfeng. Risk Assessment of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area Based on Geochemical Survey[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(9): 1381-1392.

图/表 11

图1 丹江口库区地理位置图该图基于自然资源部的标准地图（审图号鄂S（2026）018号）制作；底图边界无修改

Figure 1 Geographical location map of the Danjiangkou reservoir watershed

图2 研究区土壤类型和水文响应单元图

Figure 2 Soil types and hydrological response units in the study area

图3 参数矫正流程图

Figure 3 Flowchart of parameter calibration

表1 丹江口库区SWAT模型的参数率定表

Table 1 Parameter calibration of SWAT model in Danjiangkou reservoir watershed

参数名称	参数意义	取值范围		率定值
参数名称	参数意义	最小值	最大值	率定值
CN2	径流曲线数/%	−10	10	2.12
ALPHA_BF	基流衰退系数	0.02	0.04	0.0342
GW_DELAY	地下水滞后时间/d	0	500	59.28
CH_N2	主河道曼宁糙率系数	0	0.3	0.14
CH_K2	主河道河床水力传导度	0	150	23.37
ESCO	土壤蒸发补偿因子	0.7	1	0.83
EPCO	植物蒸腾补偿因子	0	1	0.97
GWQMN	浅层地下水产流阈值	0	5000	321.22
SURLAG	地表径流滞后系数/d	1	24	15.22
PRF	泥沙输移峰值速率调节系数	0	2	1.52
SPEXP	泥沙输移指数参数	1	1.5	1.37
SPCON	泥沙输移线性参数	0.001	0.01	0.005
CH_EROD	河道可蚀性系数	0	0.6	0.52
CH_COV	河道覆盖因子	0	1	0.43
CDN	反硝化速率系数	0	3.0	1.92
SDNCO	反硝化阈值含水量	0.9	1.2	0.98
NPERCO	硝酸盐渗滤系数	0.01	1	0.04
PPERCO	磷渗滤系数	10	17.5	14.10

图4 氮磷输入及输出图示

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and outputs

图5 研究区土壤氮磷的空间分布

Figure 5 Spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus in the study area

图6 研究区土地利用类型图

Figure 6 Land-use map in the study area

图7 研究区土壤年均氮磷流失负荷的空间分布

Figure 7 Spatial distribution of annual total nitrogen and total phosphorus load in the study area

图8 研究区月均降雨量与土壤氮磷流失负荷对比

Figure 8 Comparison of monthly average rainfall and total nitrogen and phosphorus load in the study area

图9 研究区土壤氮磷流失风险的空间分布

Figure 9 Spatial distribution of total nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk in the study area

表2 丹江口库区退耕还林情景下土壤氮磷流失减少情况表

Table 2 The amounts and percentages of reduction in soil nitrogen and phosphorus load under different scenarios of returning farmland to forest in Danjiangkou reservoir watershed

还林比例/ %	总氮		总磷
还林比例/ %	总氮减少量/ (t∙a⁻¹)	减少百分比/ %	总磷减少量/ (t∙a⁻¹)	减少百分比/ %
10	1202.94	26.44	284.96	31.88
30	2297.38	50.49	490.23	54.85
50	3199.25	70.32	642.37	71.87

参考文献 22

[1]	Abbaspour K C, 2015. SWAT-CUP: SWAT calibration and uncertainty programs-a user manual[R/OL]. 2015-10-15:20-43. https://hydrologicmodels.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/103/2018/10/usermanual_swatcup.pdf.
[2]	Arnold J G, Srinivasan R, Muttiah R S, et al., 1998. Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1): 73-89. DOI URL
[3]	Hao F H, Zhang X, Wang X, et al., 2012. Assessing the relationship between landscape patterns and nonpoint-source pollution in the Danjiangkou Reservoir basin in China[J]. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 48(6): 1162-1177. DOI URL
[4]	Gassman P W, Reyes M R, Green C H, et al., 2007. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool: Historical development, applications, and future research directions[J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 50(4): 1211-1250. DOI URL
[5]	Li S Y, Cheng X L, Xu Z F, et al., 2009. Spatial and temporal patterns of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, China[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 54(1): 124-134. DOI URL
[6]	Neitsch S L, Arnold J G, Kiniry J R, et al., 2011. Soil and Water Assessment Tool theoretical documentation version 2009[R/OL]. 2011-08-10:1-596. https://swat.tamu.edu/media/99190/swat-theoretical-doc-v2009.pdf.
[7]	Pan X, Cao J Q, Lin L, et al., 2023. Distribution characteristics of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and pollution load estimation of sediments in Danjiangkou Reservoir, China[J]. Water, 15(16): 2885. DOI URL
[8]	Sharpley A N, Kleinman P J A, Wedepoh R, et al., 1994. Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters: Issues and options[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23(3): 437-451.
[9]	DZ/T 0258-2014 多目标区域地球化学调查规范(1꞉250000)[S].
	DZ/T 0258-2014 Specification of multi-purpose regional geochemi-cal survey (1꞉250000)[S].
[10]	GB/T 41475-2022 1: 250000-1:500000土壤养分图用色与图例规范[S].
	GB/T 41475-2022 Specifications for color and legend of soil nutrient maps at the scale of 1: 250000-1:500000[S].
[11]	雷沛, 曾祉祥, 张洪, 等, 2016. 丹江口水库农业径流小区土壤氮磷流失特征[J]. 水土保持学报, 30(3): 44-48.
	Lei P, Zeng Z X, Zhang H, et al., 2016. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss characteristics from agricultural runoff plots in the Danjiangkou reservoir[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 30(3): 44-48.
[12]	李太魁, 张香凝, 郭战玲, 等, 2020. 覆盖与间作对丹江口库区坡地茶园氮磷流失和土壤环境的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 29(3): 543-549. DOI
	Li T K, Zhang X N, Guo Z L, et al., 2020. Effects of mulching and intercropping on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from sloping land and soil environment of tea garden in the Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 29(3): 543-549.
[13]	娄保锋, 彭晓然, 许秀贞, 等, 2025. 丹江口库区入库河流水质现状与趋势及污染控制[J]. 人民长江, 56(12): 40-49.
	Lou B F, Peng X R, Xu X Z, et al., 2025. Water quality status, trends, and pollution control of inflow rivers in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. Yangtze River, 56(12): 40-49.
[14]	马骞, 于兴修, 刘前进, 2011. 横坡耕作径流溶解态氮磷流失特征及其富营养化风险--以鲁中南山地丘陵区为例[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 30(3): 492-499.
	Ma Q, Yu X X, Liu Q J, 2011. Characteristics of dissolved N, P loss and eutrophication risk in runoff water in contour tillage: A case study of hilly and mountainous area in south-central-southern of Shandong Province, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 30(3): 492-499.
[15]	彭恋, 曹永红, 张佳伟, 等, 2026. 丹江口库区洪水期总氮通量时空变化分析[J]. 人民长江, 57(1): 37-45.
	Peng L, Cao Y H, Zhang J W, et al., 2026. Temporal and spatial variation analysis of total nitrogen flux during flood season in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. Yangtze River, 57(1): 37-45.
[16]	乔卫芳, 牛海鹏, 赵同谦, 2013. 基于SWAT模型的丹江口水库流域农业非点源污染时空分布特征[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 22(2): 190-196.
	Qiao W F, Niu H P, Zhao T Q, 2013. Temporal-spatial distribution of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Danjiangkou reservoir watershed based on SWAT model[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 22(2): 190-196.
[17]	全国土壤普查办公室, 1992. 中国土壤普查技术[M]. 北京: 农业出版社: 107-120.
	National Soil Survey Office, 1992. Technology of soil census in China[M]. Beijing: Agriculture Press: 107-120.
[18]	姚娜, 余冰, 蔡崇法, 等, 2017. 丹江口库区土壤氮磷养分流失特征[J]. 水土保持通报, 37(1): 97-103.
	Yao N, Yu B, Cai C F, et al., 2017. Characteristics of soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 37(1): 97-103.
[19]	应金耀, 阮弋飞, 邬奇峰, 等, 2019. 钱塘江附近农田土壤磷的积累及其流失的潜在风险[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 36(1): 26-32.
	Ying J Y, Ruan Y F, Wu Q F, et al., 2019. Accumulation and runoff loss potential risk of soil phosphorus in agricultural land near Qiantang river[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 36(1): 26-32.
[20]	曾祉祥, 雷沛, 张洪, 等, 2015. 丹江口水库典型消落区土壤氮磷赋存形态及释放特征研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 35(5): 1383-1392.
	Zeng Z X, Lei P, Zhang H, et al., 2015. Nitrogen and phosphorus fractions and releasing characteristics of the soils from the representative water level-fluctuating zone of Danjiangkou reservoir[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 35(5): 1383-1392.
[21]	张勇, 秦赫, 魏玉杰, 等, 2025. 丹江口库区土壤氮磷储量空间分布与驱动因素研究[J]. 人民长江, 56(4): 74-81.
	Zhang Y, Qin H, Wei Y J, et al., 2025. Spatial distribution and driving factors of soil nitrogen and phosphorus storage in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J]. Yangtze River, 56(4): 74-81.
[22]	赵甜甜, 田康, 刘本乐, 等, 2025. 设施菜地土壤磷酸盐吸附特征与磷流失风险阈值确定[J]. 土壤, 57(5): 971-978.
	Zhao T T, Tian K, Liu B L, et al., 2025. Determination of phosphate adsorption characteristics and loss risk threshold in greenhouse vegetable soil[J]. Soils, 57(5): 971-978.

基于地球化学调查的丹江口库区土壤氮磷流失风险评估

Risk Assessment of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area Based on Geochemical Survey

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 22

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	刘颖志, 张超, 李茵, 贺峰, 郭军康. 金属矿山废弃地不同先锋植物根际土壤理化性质、酶活性及植物重金属积累特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(9): 1469-1482.
[2]	邹志琦, 敦力民, 王井利, 唐玉兰. 基于NRBO−XGBoost优化无人机高光谱土壤重金属铜（Cu）含量反演研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(9): 1483-1494.
[3]	齐儒春, 王静, 马林熠, 马飞, 刘吉利. 引黄灌区不同种稻年限苏打盐碱土碳组分垂直分布特征及其驱动因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(8): 1176-1186.
[4]	张宇婷, 孙健, 唐文德, 袁再健, 廖义善, 王赢利. 基于间歇性人工降雨的灯塔盆地山地茶园土壤侵蚀试验研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(8): 1246-1255.
[5]	贺立琨, 王宇东, 刘汝海, 王云旭, 王艳, 郑浩, 李锋民. 生物炭和铁基材料联合施用对花生田土壤改良效果研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(8): 1267-1275.
[6]	张金兰, 林卓玲, 陈克海, 喻怀义. 典型稀土高丰度区域稀土元素含量影响因素多尺度分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(8): 1310-1319.
[7]	秦美欧, 姜鹏, 温日红, 朱梦媛, 杨霏云, 冯艾琳, 方缘, 蔡福. 大气干旱对中国典型温带生态系统植被生产力的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(7): 1037-1044.
[8]	花莉, 陈雨, 代高凡, 李琳丰. 过渡金属改性有机蒙脱石对四溴双酚A污染土壤修复作用研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(7): 997-1004.
[9]	王宇星, 王文颖, 熊友才, 杨方堃, 马燕梅. 高寒草地土壤总有机碳与活性碳组分对退化和地形的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 831-842.
[10]	尹延鸽, 曹广超, 陈宗颜, 袁杰, 赵威, 代嘉芳. 祁连山南坡青海云杉林土壤总有机碳对海拔梯度的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 843-855.
[11]	王丹妮, 曾荣菊, 林诗英, 吴彦, 李雅颖, 俞永祥, 姚槐应. 宁波市陆地生态系统土壤碳储量及固碳潜力评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 856-864.
[12]	李梦, 韩亚峰, 胡艺宝, 姜梦晓, 张鑫, 高佳凯, 马任甜, 郑宾, 张烨, 孙丽蓉, 郭大勇, 石兆勇, 王旭刚. 不同化学结构外源碳添加对稻田土壤有机碳组分及碳排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 865-874.
[13]	李琴, 郑强, 杨卫君, 张力月, 王梓, 赵立宁. 减量灌水配施生物炭对麦田土壤团聚体及其碳氮分布的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 875-884.
[14]	冯梦琪, 龙翠玲, 袁荣利, 李娟. 茂兰喀斯特森林不同群落类型植物多样性与土壤理化性质的关系[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(6): 909-921.
[15]	邱锡香, 罗义豪, 周健闪, 张昆, 张银烽. 滇西北典型高原湿地土壤铁结合态有机碳含量特征及调控因素[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(5): 714-724.