世界三大湾区大气污染治理经验及对粤港澳大湾区的启示

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.016

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 2242-2250.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.016

世界三大湾区大气污染治理经验及对粤港澳大湾区的启示

廖彤¹(), 熊鑫², 王在华³^,^*(), 杨夏捷⁴, 黄映楠⁴, 冯嘉颖³

1.广东省生态环境监测中心，广东广州 510308
2.暨南大学质谱仪器与大气环境研究所/广东省大气污染在线源解析系统工程技术研究中心，广东广州 510632
3.广东省科学院资源利用与稀土开发研究所，广东广州 510650
4.暨南大学环境与气候研究院，广东广州 511443

收稿日期:2022-07-10 出版日期:2022-11-18 发布日期:2022-12-22
通讯作者: *王在华（1981年生），男，高级工程师，主要从事大气环境监测与源解析。E-mail: zaihuawang@163.com
作者简介:廖彤（1969年生），男，高级工程师，主要研究方向为大气环境监测与预报预警。E-mail: 2249819237@qq.com
基金资助:
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2022A1515012165);广东省省级科技计划项目(2020B1212060053);有机地球化学国家重点实验室开放基金(SKLOG202105);广东省科学院发展专项(2021GDASYL-20210103058)

The Experience of Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in International Advanced Bay Areas and Its Enlightenment to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in China

LIAO Tong¹(), XIONG Xin², WANG Zaihua³^,^*(), YANG Xiajie⁴, HUANG Yingnan⁴, FENG Jiaying³

1. Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, P. R. China
2. Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
3. Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
4. Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, P. R. China

Received:2022-07-10 Online:2022-11-18 Published:2022-12-22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

粤港澳大湾区作为中国经济活力最强的区域之一，在持续高速发展的同时大气污染问题也不断凸显，对公众健康和生态环境产生巨大的威胁。世界三大湾区（旧金山湾区、纽约湾区和东京湾区）在发展过程中也经历过严重的空气污染（尤其是以臭氧（O₃）为主的光化学污染）。其中，旧金山湾区O₃污染的主要原因是高排放和不利的气象条件的共同加持作用；纽约湾区主要面临由高能源消耗所引起的O₃和PM_2.5的复合污染；而东京湾区则是由经济高速发展所导致的光化学污染。面对当时严重的光化学污染，三大湾区在科学研究和技术研发的基础上，通过制定相关的政策法规和标准，协同降低O₃前体物（NO_x和VOCs）的排放，从而有效解决了污染问题。相比于世界三大湾区，粤港澳大湾区当前的O₃污染仍然严峻。该文通过全面梳理三大湾区的空气污染治理措施和经验，对粤港澳大湾区的O₃污染治理提出以下几点建议：（1）完善大湾区O₃前体物精细化管控；（2）推动大湾区O₃前体物监测技术革新；（3）建立健全粤港澳三地跨境联防联控机制。该文通过分析世界三大湾区的空气污染成因、治理历程以及取得的经验，并在此基础上进一步总结了粤港澳大湾区空气质量管理的方法和经验，旨在推动建立具有中国特色的国际一流湾区空气质量管理体系。

关键词: 湾区, 粤港澳大湾区, 空气质量, 臭氧污染, 前体物, 污染防治

Abstract:

As one of the regions with the strongest economic vitality in China, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has been developing at a high speed. However, air pollution in this area has become increasingly severe, posing a threat to public health and the environment. The three bay areas overseas (San Francisco Bay Area, New York Bay Area and Tokyo Bay Area) have also experienced serious air pollution (especially photochemical pollution dominated by ozone (O₃)). Among them, the O₃ pollution in San Francisco Bay Area was mainly caused by the combined effects of high emission and adverse meteorological conditions; the New York Bay Area mainly suffered from the combined pollution of O₃ and PM_2.5caused by high energy consumption; the Tokyo Bay Area experienced a photochemical pollution caused by the rapid economic development. In the face of serious photochemical pollution at that time, on the basis of scientific research and technological development, the three Bay areas cooperated to reduce the emission of O₃ precursors (NO_x and VOCs) via implementing relevant policies, regulations and standards, thus effectively solved the pollution problem. Compared with the three Bay areas overseas, the current O₃ pollution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is still severe. This paper offers the following suggestions for the control of O₃ pollution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area by comprehensively combing the air pollution control measures and experiences in the three Bay areas: (1) Improve the control system of O₃ precursor emission in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area; (2) promote the monitor of O₃ precursor in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area; (3) establish and improve a cross-border joint prevention and control system among Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Overall, our study summarizes the causes of air pollution, the treatment process and the experience gained in the three Bay areas overseas, and further suggests the methods and experience of air quality management in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, which aim to promote the establishment of an international first-class Bay area air quality management system with Chinese characteristics.

Key words: Bay areas, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, air quality, ozone pollution, precursor, pollution prevention and control

中图分类号:

廖彤, 熊鑫, 王在华, 杨夏捷, 黄映楠, 冯嘉颖. 世界三大湾区大气污染治理经验及对粤港澳大湾区的启示[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(11): 2242-2250.

LIAO Tong, XIONG Xin, WANG Zaihua, YANG Xiajie, HUANG Yingnan, FENG Jiaying. The Experience of Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in International Advanced Bay Areas and Its Enlightenment to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(11): 2242-2250.

图/表 4

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时间 Time	管控措施及主要内容 Control measures and main contents
1947	洛杉矶监督委员会创立了空气污染控制局（Air Pollution Control District，APCD）。这是全美第一个县域空气质量管理机构
1953	洛杉矶郡APCD要求减少工业汽油储存罐的HC排放、汽油罐货车和加油站地下储存罐的蒸汽泄漏。这些措施每日能削减约2000 t HC排放及250 t NO_x排放
1955	全加州第一个光化学烟雾报警系统启用
1956	全加州第一个空气监测系统投入使用
1958	加州地政府禁止使用庭院垃圾焚烧炉，并且垃圾填埋场、精炼厂、发电厂等工业设施排放需要受到监管
1960	加州立法机构成立了加州机动车污染控制委员会，以测试车辆排放并查证排放控制设备
1966	加州建立汽车尾气排放标准
1969	加州颁布全州首个环境空气质量标准
1970	美国环境保护署（EPA）成立，并制定了联邦《清洁空气法》
1971	美国环境保护署制定了《国家环境空气质量标准》
1977	南加州空气质量管理局成立
1981	联邦政府发布《国家臭氧执行计划》
1987	加州颁布本地的清洁空气法案：《加州清洁空气法案》
1990	联邦政府修订《清洁空气法》，实现了从属地管理到区域管理的思路转换
1991	加州环保署（CalEPA）成立
1997	联邦政府修订《国家环境空气质量标准》，修改了O₃环境标准（由1 h变为8 h）

时间 Time	管控措施及主要内容 Control measures and main contents
1947	洛杉矶监督委员会创立了空气污染控制局（Air Pollution Control District，APCD）。这是全美第一个县域空气质量管理机构
1953	洛杉矶郡APCD要求减少工业汽油储存罐的HC排放、汽油罐货车和加油站地下储存罐的蒸汽泄漏。这些措施每日能削减约2000 t HC排放及250 t NO_x排放
1955	全加州第一个光化学烟雾报警系统启用
1956	全加州第一个空气监测系统投入使用
1958	加州地政府禁止使用庭院垃圾焚烧炉，并且垃圾填埋场、精炼厂、发电厂等工业设施排放需要受到监管
1960	加州立法机构成立了加州机动车污染控制委员会，以测试车辆排放并查证排放控制设备
1966	加州建立汽车尾气排放标准
1969	加州颁布全州首个环境空气质量标准
1970	美国环境保护署（EPA）成立，并制定了联邦《清洁空气法》
1971	美国环境保护署制定了《国家环境空气质量标准》
1977	南加州空气质量管理局成立
1981	联邦政府发布《国家臭氧执行计划》
1987	加州颁布本地的清洁空气法案：《加州清洁空气法案》
1990	联邦政府修订《清洁空气法》，实现了从属地管理到区域管理的思路转换
1991	加州环保署（CalEPA）成立
1997	联邦政府修订《国家环境空气质量标准》，修改了O₃环境标准（由1 h变为8 h）

时间 Time	管控措施及主要内容 Control measures and main contents
1955	东京制定《防止排烟条例》
1962	日本制定第一部空气污染控制法-《煤烟排放控制有关法律》
1967	日本制定《公害对策基本法》，明确了企业、国家和地方公共团体对防治公害的基本对策
1968	日本政府出台《大气污染防治法》
1970	日本政府修订《公害对策基本法》
1971	日本成立环境省，各都道府县、各市町村设置政府环保机构
1992	日本颁布《机动车NO_x法》，控制尾气NO_x排放
1993	日本政府颁布《环境基本法》，标志着日本的环境法迈入新的阶段
2000	东京都制定了《环境确保条例》，在东京都全域内禁止不符合PM排放标准的柴油车行驶
2001	日本修订《机动车NO_x法》，加入了对尾气颗粒物排放的控制，并更名为《机动车NO_x、PM法》，标志着日本机动车尾气区域总量控制制度的形成，对日本机动车尾气污染防治具有划时代的意义

时间 Time	管控措施及主要内容 Control measures and main contents
1955	东京制定《防止排烟条例》
1962	日本制定第一部空气污染控制法-《煤烟排放控制有关法律》
1967	日本制定《公害对策基本法》，明确了企业、国家和地方公共团体对防治公害的基本对策
1968	日本政府出台《大气污染防治法》
1970	日本政府修订《公害对策基本法》
1971	日本成立环境省，各都道府县、各市町村设置政府环保机构
1992	日本颁布《机动车NO_x法》，控制尾气NO_x排放
1993	日本政府颁布《环境基本法》，标志着日本的环境法迈入新的阶段
2000	东京都制定了《环境确保条例》，在东京都全域内禁止不符合PM排放标准的柴油车行驶
2001	日本修订《机动车NO_x法》，加入了对尾气颗粒物排放的控制，并更名为《机动车NO_x、PM法》，标志着日本机动车尾气区域总量控制制度的形成，对日本机动车尾气污染防治具有划时代的意义

地区 Areas	NO₂ (10^-9)	TSP/ (μg·m^-3)	PM_2.5/ (μg·m^-3)	日间O₃-1h平均 Daytime average of O₃-1h (10^-9)	SO₂ (10^-9)	CO (10^-9)
（1）	10	19	13.9	48	2	300
（2）	17	19	13.8	31	2	200
（3）	15	20	12.8	47	2	300
（4）	13	18	12	33	2	-
（5）	13	20	13.2	33	1	300
（6）	15	19	13	36	2	270
（7）	100%	100%	75%	0%	100%	100%
（8）	100%	100%	89%	0%	99%	100%

世界三大湾区大气污染治理经验及对粤港澳大湾区的启示

The Experience of Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in International Advanced Bay Areas and Its Enlightenment to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in China

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项目 Items	旧金山湾区 San Francisco Bay Area	纽约湾区 New York Bay Area	东京湾区 Tokyo Bay Area
当前大气环境质量浓度 Mass concentration of current atmospheric environment/(μg·m^-3)	ρ_(PM2.5)<12, O₃-8h第四极大值⁽¹⁾<161	ρ_(PM2.5)<10, O₃-8h第四极大值⁽¹⁾<161	ρ_(PM2.5)<15, O₃-8h平均值⁽²⁾<120
主要特征 Key feature	光化学污染	光化学和颗粒物的复合型污染	光化学污染
管控NO_x NO_x control	机动车全生命周期污染物排放标准体系	推广应用新技术（如优化能源结构，限制取暖油的污染物成分，等）	立法限制机动车排放；修改机动车的结构装置
管控VOCs VOCs control	联邦制定机动车修补漆、建筑涂料、消费品和气溶胶涂料等的排放标准；通过技术革新降低排放	法规监管与企业自主减排相结合；分行业工艺过程VOC源头控制；VOC的末端治理技术
共同治理经验 Joint governance experience	（1）成立区域空气污染控制机构；（2）加强区域大气污染联防联控；（3）完善NO_x和VOCs环境标准体系；（4）推动公众、企业、智库等多主体参与湾区环境管理

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