生物炭老化及其对重金属吸附影响研究进展

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.017

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (10): 2089-2100.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.017

• 综述 • 上一篇

生物炭老化及其对重金属吸附影响研究进展

姜晶¹^,²^,^*(), 邓精灵², 盛光遥²

1.苏州科技大学城市生活污水资源化利用技术国家地方联合工程实验室，江苏苏州 215009
2.苏州科技大学大学环境科学与工程学院，江苏苏州 215009

收稿日期:2022-05-20 出版日期:2022-10-18 发布日期:2022-12-09
通讯作者: ^*
作者简介:姜晶（1986年生），男，博士，讲师，研究方向为重金属污染修复研究。E-mail: jiangjing@usts.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年项目(42007131);江苏省高等学校自然科学研究面上项目(20KJB610004);城市生活污水资源化利用国家地方联合工程实验室（苏州科技大学）开放课题(KF202102)

A Review of Biochar Aging and Its Impact on the Adsorption of Heavy Metals

JIANG Jing¹^,²^,^*(), DENG Jingling², SHENG Guangyao²

1. National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Urban Domestic Wastewater Utilization Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
2. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China

Received:2022-05-20 Online:2022-10-18 Published:2022-12-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物炭是一种理想的可有效固定重金属的材料，应用于环境后会不可避免地受到各种老化作用，从而影响其对重金属的去除能力和修复稳定性。该文梳理了常见的生物炭老化方法，并对老化过程中生物炭理化性质的变化进行了归纳总结，对比分析了老化作用对生物炭吸附重金属的性能及作用机制的影响。生物炭老化主要包括物理老化、化学老化和生物老化；老化过程对生物炭元素组成、比表面积、孔隙大小、表面官能团、离子交换容量、芳香性和亲水性等理化性质会产生不同程度影响。生物炭吸附重金属的主要机制包括静电作用、离子交换、沉淀作用、络合作用、阳离子-π和氧化还原作用等，这些作用机制受到老化生物炭理化性质变化的影响。老化过程中含氧官能团的增加促进了生物炭对重金属的吸附，生物炭中的矿物成分和阳离子交换容量的减少又会导致生物炭对重金属的去除能力降低。生物炭原材料、老化条件和重金属种类等会影响老化生物炭对重金属的吸附。对于生物炭老化及对重金属的吸附影响研究，未来可从比较不同原料生物炭老化后理化性质差异、多种老化方法共同作用、老化生物炭对多种重金属吸附性能、吸附重金属后生物炭的老化对重金属吸附稳定性影响等方面展开进一步研究，为生物炭在重金属污染环境修复中的应用提供借鉴。

关键词: 生物炭, 老化, 理化性质, 重金属, 吸附机制

Abstract:

Biochar is an ideal material for effective heavy metals immobilization, but it will inevitably undergo various degrees of aging when exposed to the environment, which could then affect its ability and stability of heavy metal removal. In this paper, the main biochar aging technologies and the changes of biochar’s physical and chemical properties during the aging process were comprehensively examined, and the impact of aging on the performance and mechanism of biochar adsorption of heavy metals was compared and analyzed. Biochar aging mainly includes physical, chemical and biological aging. The aging process could influence the physical and chemical properties of biochar, including the element composition, specific surface area, pore size, surface functional group, ion exchange capacity, aromaticity and hydrophilicity. The main adsorption mechanisms of biochar include electrostatics, ion exchange, precipitation, complexation, cation-π interaction and redox, which are affected by the changes of physical and chemical properties of aged biochar. The adsorption of heavy metals by biochar could be enhanced by the increase of oxygen-containing functional groups during the aging process. The reduction of mineral composition and cation exchange capacity will cause the reduction of biochar’s removal ability for heavy metal. Biochar materials, aging conditions and the types of heavy metals also affect the adsorption of heavy metals. It is envisaged that further research should be carried out to compare the differences of the physical and chemical properties of the biochar made by different raw materials, the interaction of various aging methods, the adsorption performance of the aged biochar for various heavy metals, and the effect of the biochar aging on the adsorption stability of metals, etc. This will provide important insights into the application of biochar in the remediation of heavy metals.

Key words: biochar, aging, physical and chemical properties, heavy metals, adsorption mechanism

中图分类号:

X131

姜晶, 邓精灵, 盛光遥. 生物炭老化及其对重金属吸附影响研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(10): 2089-2100.

JIANG Jing, DENG Jingling, SHENG Guangyao. A Review of Biochar Aging and Its Impact on the Adsorption of Heavy Metals[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(10): 2089-2100.

图/表 3

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制备原材料 Sources	老化方法 Aging methods	目标污染 Target pollutants	老化后生物炭理化性质变化 Changes in physicochemical properties	重金属吸附量/生物有效性变化 Heavy metal adsorption/ bioavailability changes	参考文献 References
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	光催化老化	Cd	比表面积增加了22.127 m²·g^-1, C含量增加了25.23%, -COOH的相对吸收强度增强	吸附量增加了73 mg·g^-1	2020
木屑 Sawdust	冻融循环干湿循环	Cd	-OH峰强度分别增加了0.13和0.16, -C=O的峰强度增加了0.34和0.38; O/C比增加了0.12	最大吸附量分别增加了15.9%和14.6%	2018
稻草 Rice straw	冻融循环干湿循环	Cd	生物炭pH值分别降低了2.5和2.9	镉生物有效性分别降低了54.6%和75.9%	2020
苎麻渣 Rramie residue	酸化氧化法 (HCl+H₂O₂)	Cd	比表面积增加了38.193 mg·g^-1; 平均孔径减小了5.16 nm; 羧基/内酯基和碱性官能团减少, 酚羟基增加; C-O降低了7.46%	吸附量减少了50 mg·g^-1	2021
稻草 Rice straw	化学氧化 (HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Cd	-C=O和-COOH含量增加; O/C比增加	吸附量减小了20.09 mg·g^-1	2015
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	热氧化与化学氧化相结合 (H₂O₂)	Cd	灰分含量降低; 总碳含量增加, H/C比降低; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量增加	最大吸附量减少了7%	2020
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cd	表面负电荷增多; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·(ckg)^-1增加到 9 cmol·(ckg)^-1	吸附量从30 mmol·kg^-1增加到67 mmol·kg^-1	2013
油菜秸秆 Canola straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cd	比表面积增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·(ckg)^-1增加到7.1 cmol·(ckg)^-1	吸附量从19 mmol·kg^-1增加到52 mmol·kg^-1	2013
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	化学氧化 (60%HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Cd	比表面积增加281%; C含量降低18.07%; O含量增加了1422%; 表面O/C比增加156%	吸附量增加了21.2%	2018
玉米秸秆 Maize stalk	干湿循环	Pb	比表面积降低了14.04%; C-O含量增加了10.08%; C-C含量增加了17.35%	吸附量减少了12.198 mg·g^-1	2020
玉米秸秆 Maize stalk	化学氧化 (15%H₂O₂）	Pb	比表面积增加了17.24%; C-O含量增加了23.92%; C-C含量降低了18%	吸附量增加了50.177 mg·g^-1	2020
空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides	化学氧化 (HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Pb	N含量增加了3.26%; O含量和(O+N)/C比率和含氧官能团(羧基、羟基等)增加	吸附量分别降低了126.25 mg·g^-1	2019
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	表面负电荷增多; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·kg^-1增加到9 cmol·kg^-1	吸附量从140 mmol·kg^-1增加到191 mmol·kg^-1	2013
油菜秸秆 Canola straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	比表面积增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·kg^-1增加到7.1 cmol·ckg^-1	吸附量从130 mmol·kg^-1增加到210 mmol·kg^-1	2013
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	干湿循环	Cu	比表面积减小; 灰分含量增加6.57%; O/C和(O+N)/C比增加	吸附量减少了45.56%	2017
棉花秸秆 Cotton straw	干湿循环	Cu	比表面积增加; 灰分含量降低了25.31%; O/C和(O+N)/C比增加	吸附量增加了292%	2017
稻壳 Rice husk	黑暗恒温培养 (30±1) ℃	Cu	比表面积增加了25.8%; 阳离子交换容量减少; 含氧官能团增加; 外表面O/C比增加了4.564; 内表面O/C比增加了1.559	吸附量降低了31.60%	2014
椰子壳 Coconut husk	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	阳离子交换容量增加; -C=O, -COOH 和-OH等官能团含量增加	铜的生物有效性降低了18.8%	2020
竹子 Bamboo	化学氧化 (20%H₂O₂）	Cu	生物炭孔隙结构被破坏; C损失了33.44%; 比表面积降低了53.5%	吸附量增加了58.8%	2019
咖啡渣 Coffee grounds	化学氧化 (15%H₂O₂)	Zn	比表面积降低; 离子交换容量增加; 生物炭重量损失0.66%	吸附量增加了16.53mg·g^-1	2022
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	冻融循环	Cd、Ni	pH值降低了0.19; O含量分别增加6.3%; C和N含量分别下降了6.0%和5.8%; 芳香性降低	镉的植物有效性分别降低了14.6%; 对镍的植物有效性无显著影响	2021
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	干湿循环	Cd、Ni	O含量分别增加8.6%; C和N含量分别下降5.3%和1.7%; 比表面积显著增加；芳香性降低	镉的植物有效性降低了12.9%; 镍的植物有效性降低了17.0%	2021

制备原材料 Sources	老化方法 Aging methods	目标污染 Target pollutants	老化后生物炭理化性质变化 Changes in physicochemical properties	重金属吸附量/生物有效性变化 Heavy metal adsorption/ bioavailability changes	参考文献 References
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	光催化老化	Cd	比表面积增加了22.127 m²·g^-1, C含量增加了25.23%, -COOH的相对吸收强度增强	吸附量增加了73 mg·g^-1	2020
木屑 Sawdust	冻融循环干湿循环	Cd	-OH峰强度分别增加了0.13和0.16, -C=O的峰强度增加了0.34和0.38; O/C比增加了0.12	最大吸附量分别增加了15.9%和14.6%	2018
稻草 Rice straw	冻融循环干湿循环	Cd	生物炭pH值分别降低了2.5和2.9	镉生物有效性分别降低了54.6%和75.9%	2020
苎麻渣 Rramie residue	酸化氧化法 (HCl+H₂O₂)	Cd	比表面积增加了38.193 mg·g^-1; 平均孔径减小了5.16 nm; 羧基/内酯基和碱性官能团减少, 酚羟基增加; C-O降低了7.46%	吸附量减少了50 mg·g^-1	2021
稻草 Rice straw	化学氧化 (HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Cd	-C=O和-COOH含量增加; O/C比增加	吸附量减小了20.09 mg·g^-1	2015
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	热氧化与化学氧化相结合 (H₂O₂)	Cd	灰分含量降低; 总碳含量增加, H/C比降低; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量增加	最大吸附量减少了7%	2020
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cd	表面负电荷增多; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·(ckg)^-1增加到 9 cmol·(ckg)^-1	吸附量从30 mmol·kg^-1增加到67 mmol·kg^-1	2013
油菜秸秆 Canola straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cd	比表面积增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·(ckg)^-1增加到7.1 cmol·(ckg)^-1	吸附量从19 mmol·kg^-1增加到52 mmol·kg^-1	2013
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	化学氧化 (60%HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Cd	比表面积增加281%; C含量降低18.07%; O含量增加了1422%; 表面O/C比增加156%	吸附量增加了21.2%	2018
玉米秸秆 Maize stalk	干湿循环	Pb	比表面积降低了14.04%; C-O含量增加了10.08%; C-C含量增加了17.35%	吸附量减少了12.198 mg·g^-1	2020
玉米秸秆 Maize stalk	化学氧化 (15%H₂O₂）	Pb	比表面积增加了17.24%; C-O含量增加了23.92%; C-C含量降低了18%	吸附量增加了50.177 mg·g^-1	2020
空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides	化学氧化 (HNO₃/H₂SO₄)	Pb	N含量增加了3.26%; O含量和(O+N)/C比率和含氧官能团(羧基、羟基等)增加	吸附量分别降低了126.25 mg·g^-1	2019
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	表面负电荷增多; 含氧官能团含量增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·kg^-1增加到9 cmol·kg^-1	吸附量从140 mmol·kg^-1增加到191 mmol·kg^-1	2013
油菜秸秆 Canola straw	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	比表面积增加; 阳离子交换容量从5.6 cmol·kg^-1增加到7.1 cmol·ckg^-1	吸附量从130 mmol·kg^-1增加到210 mmol·kg^-1	2013
花生秸秆 Peanut straw	干湿循环	Cu	比表面积减小; 灰分含量增加6.57%; O/C和(O+N)/C比增加	吸附量减少了45.56%	2017
棉花秸秆 Cotton straw	干湿循环	Cu	比表面积增加; 灰分含量降低了25.31%; O/C和(O+N)/C比增加	吸附量增加了292%	2017
稻壳 Rice husk	黑暗恒温培养 (30±1) ℃	Cu	比表面积增加了25.8%; 阳离子交换容量减少; 含氧官能团增加; 外表面O/C比增加了4.564; 内表面O/C比增加了1.559	吸附量降低了31.60%	2014
椰子壳 Coconut husk	恒温培养 (25 ℃)	Cu	阳离子交换容量增加; -C=O, -COOH 和-OH等官能团含量增加	铜的生物有效性降低了18.8%	2020
竹子 Bamboo	化学氧化 (20%H₂O₂）	Cu	生物炭孔隙结构被破坏; C损失了33.44%; 比表面积降低了53.5%	吸附量增加了58.8%	2019
咖啡渣 Coffee grounds	化学氧化 (15%H₂O₂)	Zn	比表面积降低; 离子交换容量增加; 生物炭重量损失0.66%	吸附量增加了16.53mg·g^-1	2022
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	冻融循环	Cd、Ni	pH值降低了0.19; O含量分别增加6.3%; C和N含量分别下降了6.0%和5.8%; 芳香性降低	镉的植物有效性分别降低了14.6%; 对镍的植物有效性无显著影响	2021
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	干湿循环	Cd、Ni	O含量分别增加8.6%; C和N含量分别下降5.3%和1.7%; 比表面积显著增加；芳香性降低	镉的植物有效性降低了12.9%; 镍的植物有效性降低了17.0%	2021

生物炭老化及其对重金属吸附影响研究进展

A Review of Biochar Aging and Its Impact on the Adsorption of Heavy Metals

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