川金丝猴家域的季节性差异

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.002

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (7): 1342-1352.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.07.002

川金丝猴家域的季节性差异

董鑫¹^,²(), 郎嘉钰¹, 楚原梦冉³, 赵姗姗⁴, 张晋东², 白文科²^,⁵^,^*()

1.西华师范大学环境科学与工程学院,四川南充 637009
2.西南野生动植物资源保护教育部重点实验室,四川南充 637009
3.高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山管护局,云南保山 678000
4.西华师范大学管理学院,四川南充 637009
5.西华师范大学生态研究院,四川南充 637002

收稿日期:2021-01-25 出版日期:2021-07-18 发布日期:2021-10-09
通讯作者: *白文科,E-mail: baiwk2006@126.com
作者简介:董鑫（1976年生）,女,副教授,主要从事景观生态学与保护生物学研究。E-mail: gardenwdx@126.com
基金资助:
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究资助(2019QZKK0402);国家自然科学基金项目(31801991);国家自然科学基金项目(42071279);西华师范大学科研资助项目(19D036);西华师范大学科研资助项目(19D041);西华师范大学科研创新团队基金项目(CXTD2018-9)

The Seasonal Characteristics of Home Range and Habitat Utilization of Sichuan Golden Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

DONG Xin¹^,²(), LANG Jiayu¹, CHUYUAN Mengran³, ZHAO Shanshan⁴, ZHANG Jindong², BAI Wenke²^,⁵^,^*()

1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637009, China
2. Key Laboratory of Southwest Wildlife Resources Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637009, China
3. Baoshan Administration, Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Baoshan 678000, China
4. College of Management, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
5. Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China

Received:2021-01-25 Online:2021-07-18 Published:2021-10-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

野生动物家域与生境利用是种群生态学的重要研究内容。川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）属树栖灵长类,其分类地位以及种群结构都具有明显的自身特征,是森林物种的典型代表之一。利用家域模型和景观格局指数相结合的方法,对比分析了四川省白河国家级自然保护区一数量约250只的川金丝猴群的家域和生境利用的季节性差异,以及不同利用强度的家域空间格局特征。结果显示川金丝猴群家域与生境利用的季节性变化明显,（1）家域面积上,冬季的家域面积最小,仅为4.94 km²,而春季家域面积开始逐渐扩大,秋季的家域面积达到最大,为25.17 km²,并有更多的核心区域,但斑块数目较少,表明川金丝猴的秋季家域破碎化程度较低。冬季家域面积最小;夏季各利用强度生境的斑块数量均为最大值,表明夏季家域具有最高的破碎化程度。随着各季节家域范围内利用强度等级的降低,其空间利用面积也逐渐增大。（2）空间连通性上,秋季家域的区域连通性最高,而夏季和冬季的连通性较低;冬季家域利用的空间分布也较其他季节稍有分散。（3）生境利用上,川金丝猴家域主要分布在海拔2000—3200 m,坡度10°—50°,坡向区间为0°—60°、180°—360°的针叶林和针阔混交林中,而各季节生境利用面积占比却有所不同。该研究揭示了川金丝猴家域的季节变化及空间格局,为针对性保护与管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）, 家域, 生境利用, 景观格局指数, 季节差异, 白河国家级自然保护区

Abstract:

Home range and habitat utilization of wild animals are important study fields in population ecology. Sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an arboreal primate with distinct characteristics in its taxonomic status and population structure. It is also one of the typical forest species. Based on home range models and landscape pattern indexes, this study attempted to analyze seasonal spatial pattern of home range and habitat utilization for a Sichuan golden monkeys population with 250 individuals in Baihe National Nature Reserve (BNNR), Sichuan province. The results show that it existed obvious seasonal differences in spatial distribution of home range and habitat use: (1) The home range area of Sichuan golden monkeys’ population was the smallest in winter (4.94 km²) and began to expand gradually in spring. It reached a peak in autumn, up to 25.17 km². Meanwhile, the home range in autumn hold more core areas but relatively less numbers of patches. It indicated a slight fragmentation in autumn, compared to strong fragmented home range in summer with the largest numbers of patches in each utilization intensity level. With the decrease of habitat space-use intensity, the home range area inversely increased gradually. (2) For spatial connectivity, integrity of the home range patches was highest in autumn. To be compared, in summer and winter, connectivity of the home range patches decreased. (3) For habitat spatial utilization, the home range of Sichuan golden monkeys mainly distributed in coniferous forest and mixed broadleaf-conifer forest with the elevation of 2000?3200 m, the slope of 10°?50°, the aspect of 0?60° and 180°?360°. However, proportion of the habitat utilization area were different in each season. Our study revealed seasonal variation and spatial pattern on the home range of Sichuan golden monkeys. It might provide scientific support for specific protection and management.

Key words: Sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), home range, habitat utilization, landscape pattern index, seasonal variation, Baihe National Nature Reserve

中图分类号:

Q958
X17

董鑫, 郎嘉钰, 楚原梦冉, 赵姗姗, 张晋东, 白文科. 川金丝猴家域的季节性差异[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(7): 1342-1352.

DONG Xin, LANG Jiayu, CHUYUAN Mengran, ZHAO Shanshan, ZHANG Jindong, BAI Wenke. The Seasonal Characteristics of Home Range and Habitat Utilization of Sichuan Golden Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(7): 1342-1352.

图/表 11

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景观格局指数 Landscape pattern index	计算公式 Calculation formula	生态学意义 Ecological meaning
斑块数 Number of patches	NP=n_i,n_i为第i类景观斑块的总数 NP=n_i, n_i is the total number of category i landscape patches	整体景观中各类景观类型斑块总数 Total number of patches of various landscape types in the overall landscape
斑块类型面积 Patch class area	$\text{CA=}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{\text{a}}_{ij}}}$,a_ij为斑块ij的面积,单位：m² $\text{CA=}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{\text{a}}_{ij}}}$, a_ij is the area of patch ij, unit: m²	整体景观中各类景观类型斑块总面积 The total area of patches of various landscape types in the overall landscape
面积加权平均形状指数Area-weighted mean shape index	$\text{AWMSI=}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m}{(\frac{0.25{{P}_{ij}}}{\sqrt{{{a}_{ij}}}})}}(\frac{{{a}_{ij}}}{A})$, P_ij为斑块ij的周长,a_ij为斑块ij的面积,A为景观总面积 P_ij is the perimeter of patch ij, a_ij is the area of patch ij, and A is the total area of landscape	度量景观格局复杂性的重要指标之一 One of the important indicators to measure the complexity of landscape pattern
蔓延度指数 Contagion	$\text{CONTAG=}\left[ 1+\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m}{({{P}_{i}}\frac{{{g}_{ij}}}{\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}{{{g}_{ij}}}})}}(\ln {{P}_{i}}\frac{{{g}_{ij}}}{\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}{{{g}_{ij}}}})}{2\ln (m)} \right]\times 100$ P_i为i类型斑块所占景观面积百分比,g_ij为i类型斑块和j类型斑块毗邻的数目,m为景观中的斑块类型总数 P_i is the percentage of landscape area occupied by type i patches, g_ij is the number of adjacent patches of type i and type j patches, and m is the total number of patch types in the landscape	景观中不同斑块类型的团聚程度或延展趋势 Agglomeration degree or extension trend of different patch types in landscape
景观分割指数 Landscape division index	$\text{DIVSION=}\left[ 1-\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{(\frac{{{a}_{ij}}}{A})}^{2}}} \right]$	景观分割指数反映景观中斑块的破碎化程度,值越大反映景观内斑块破碎化程度越高 Landscape Division Index reflects the degree of fragmentation of patches in the landscape, and the larger the value is, the higher the degree of fragmentation of patches in the landscape
分离度指数 Splitting index	$\text{SPLIT=}\frac{{{D}_{ij}}}{{{A}_{ij}}}$ D_ij是景观类型i的距离指数,A_ij是景观类型i的面积指数 D_ij is the distance index of landscape type i and A_ij is the area index of landscape type i	某一景观类型中不同斑块个体分布的分离度 The separation degree of individual distribution of different patches in a landscape type

景观格局指数 Landscape pattern index	计算公式 Calculation formula	生态学意义 Ecological meaning
斑块数 Number of patches	NP=n_i,n_i为第i类景观斑块的总数 NP=n_i, n_i is the total number of category i landscape patches	整体景观中各类景观类型斑块总数 Total number of patches of various landscape types in the overall landscape
斑块类型面积 Patch class area	$\text{CA=}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{\text{a}}_{ij}}}$,a_ij为斑块ij的面积,单位：m² $\text{CA=}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{\text{a}}_{ij}}}$, a_ij is the area of patch ij, unit: m²	整体景观中各类景观类型斑块总面积 The total area of patches of various landscape types in the overall landscape
面积加权平均形状指数Area-weighted mean shape index	$\text{AWMSI=}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m}{(\frac{0.25{{P}_{ij}}}{\sqrt{{{a}_{ij}}}})}}(\frac{{{a}_{ij}}}{A})$, P_ij为斑块ij的周长,a_ij为斑块ij的面积,A为景观总面积 P_ij is the perimeter of patch ij, a_ij is the area of patch ij, and A is the total area of landscape	度量景观格局复杂性的重要指标之一 One of the important indicators to measure the complexity of landscape pattern
蔓延度指数 Contagion	$\text{CONTAG=}\left[ 1+\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}{\sum\limits_{j=1}^{m}{({{P}_{i}}\frac{{{g}_{ij}}}{\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}{{{g}_{ij}}}})}}(\ln {{P}_{i}}\frac{{{g}_{ij}}}{\sum\limits_{k=1}^{m}{{{g}_{ij}}}})}{2\ln (m)} \right]\times 100$ P_i为i类型斑块所占景观面积百分比,g_ij为i类型斑块和j类型斑块毗邻的数目,m为景观中的斑块类型总数 P_i is the percentage of landscape area occupied by type i patches, g_ij is the number of adjacent patches of type i and type j patches, and m is the total number of patch types in the landscape	景观中不同斑块类型的团聚程度或延展趋势 Agglomeration degree or extension trend of different patch types in landscape
景观分割指数 Landscape division index	$\text{DIVSION=}\left[ 1-\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}{{{(\frac{{{a}_{ij}}}{A})}^{2}}} \right]$	景观分割指数反映景观中斑块的破碎化程度,值越大反映景观内斑块破碎化程度越高 Landscape Division Index reflects the degree of fragmentation of patches in the landscape, and the larger the value is, the higher the degree of fragmentation of patches in the landscape
分离度指数 Splitting index	$\text{SPLIT=}\frac{{{D}_{ij}}}{{{A}_{ij}}}$ D_ij是景观类型i的距离指数,A_ij是景观类型i的面积指数 D_ij is the distance index of landscape type i and A_ij is the area index of landscape type i	某一景观类型中不同斑块个体分布的分离度 The separation degree of individual distribution of different patches in a landscape type

利用强度等级 Level of usage intensity	斑块类型面积Total class area (CA)/km²				斑块数 Number of patches (NP)
利用强度等级 Level of usage intensity	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
S₁	1.14	1.22	2.45	0.31	4	8	5	4
S₂	1.79	2.23	4.60	0.55	6	9	4	3
S₃	3.60	3.79	6.57	1.09	5	16	3	4
S₄	7.66	7.92	11.55	2.99	5	5	1	4
S₀	14.19	15.16	25.17	4.94	5	5	1	4

利用强度等级 Level of usage intensity	斑块类型面积Total class area (CA)/km²				斑块数 Number of patches (NP)
利用强度等级 Level of usage intensity	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
S₁	1.14	1.22	2.45	0.31	4	8	5	4
S₂	1.79	2.23	4.60	0.55	6	9	4	3
S₃	3.60	3.79	6.57	1.09	5	16	3	4
S₄	7.66	7.92	11.55	2.99	5	5	1	4
S₀	14.19	15.16	25.17	4.94	5	5	1	4

季节 Seasons	季节家域聚散性指标特征
季节 Seasons	蔓延度指数 CONTAG	景观分割指数 DIVISION	分离度指数 SPLIT
春 Spring	56.8080	0.7571	4.1172
夏 Summer	54.1792	0.8047	5.1191
秋 Autunm	55.1980	0.7502	4.0037
冬 Winter	51.4692	0.8350	6.0592

川金丝猴家域的季节性差异

The Seasonal Characteristics of Home Range and Habitat Utilization of Sichuan Golden Monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

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海拔区间 Elevation/m	家域面积 Home rang area/km²				占家域总面积的比例 Percent of total home range area/%
海拔区间 Elevation/m	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
<2000	0.27	0.61	0.14	0.34	1.89	4.02	0.56	6.98
2000‒2400	3.30	4.86	6.27	1.19	23.28	32.03	24.91	24.10
2400‒2800	7.74	5.96	12.08	1.87	54.51	39.31	48.01	37.93
2800‒3200	2.64	3.37	6.44	1.15	18.61	22.25	25.57	23.43
3200‒3600	0.24	0.36	0.24	0.37	1.71	2.39	0.95	7.56

坡度区间 Slope/(°)	家域面积 Home rang area/km²				占家域总面积的比例 Percent of total home range area/%
坡度区间 Slope/(°)	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
<10	0.56	0.77	1.13	0.23	3.94	5.09	4.49	4.59
10‒20	2.16	3.51	5.02	0.75	15.22	23.18	19.96	15.24
20‒30	3.98	4.67	7.88	1.47	28.06	30.98	31.32	29.78
30‒40	4.25	3.91	6.73	1.45	29.94	25.79	26.72	29.33
40‒50	2.44	1.79	3.24	0.78	17.21	11.80	12.87	15.75
50‒60	70.29	43.29	95.67	22.32	4.95	2.86	3.80	4.53
>60	9.72	4.50	21.06	3.87	0.68	0.30	0.84	0.78

坡向区间 Aspect/(°)	家域面积 Home rang area/km²				占家域总面积的比例 Percent of total home range area/%
坡向区间 Aspect/(°)	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter	春 Spring	夏 Summer	秋 Autumn	冬 Winter
0‒60	3.03	2.85	5.38	0.84	21.35	18.83	21.37	16.99
60‒120	0.79	1.24	2.71	0.14	5.59	8.19	10.75	2.83
120‒180	2.67	0.52	0.90	0.20	1.91	3.42	3.56	0.46
180‒240	1.79	1.63	2.89	0.95	12.58	10.72	11.48	19.26
240‒300	4.80	4.61	7.25	1.95	33.78	30.44	28.81	39.54
300‒360	3.52	4.30	6.05	1.03	24.79	28.40	24.03	20.92

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