Abstract:

In order to identify the characteristics of carbon components in particulate matter emitted from diesel-type mobile sources in urban areas of Jinan, particulate matter emitted from diesel trucks and construction machinery and exhaust gas emitted from gasoline-type vehicles were collected by a dilution channel sampler in 2021. The particulate matter concentration and carbon composition in exhaust gas were analyzed. The results showed that particulate matter concentrations in diesel-type mobile sources were significantly higher than gasoline-type vehicles, with fine particulate matter concentration being dominant. The value of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was close to 1.0, and the concentration of particulate matter in diesel-type mobile sources was higher than that in construction machinery. The mass concentration of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was elevated with the increase of operation, reaching the highest values in heavy-duty diesel trucks, which were 4.56×10⁴ μg∙m⁻³ and 4.71×10⁴ μg∙m⁻³, respectively. The emission factors for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ from diesel trucks ranged from 8.90 to 21.8 mg∙km⁻¹ and 9.40 to 22.5 mg∙km⁻¹, respectively. In construction machinery, the particulate emission factor of crushers was slightly higher than that of excavators. Specifically, the emission factors for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ of crushers were 0.12 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹ and 0.14 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹, respectively. The corresponding emission factors of excavators were 0.10 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹ and 0.11 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹, respectively. Carbon is the main component of particulate matter in diesel-type mobile sources. The proportion of total carbon (TC) in construction machinery was approximately 66.0%, which was higher than that in diesel trucks (41.5% [PM_2.5]) and 45.5% [PM₁₀]). According to an analysis of the proportions of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in exhaust particulate matter, the emissions of diesel goods vehicles were mainly OC, whereas those of construction machinery were mainly EC, which was more than twice as high as those of diesel trucks. OC2 was the highest carbon component in the OC of gasoline vehicles and diesel trucks, and OC1 was the highest carbon component in the OC of construction machinery. EC2 was the main component of the diesel mobile source emissions, and the largest type of heavy-duty diesel truck had the largest proportion of EC2, which was 20.7% (PM_2.5) and 21.8% (PM₁₀). However, EC1 was the main carbon component of gasoline vehicles. The emissions of carbon components from mobile diesel sources were estimated based on 2021 diesel goods vehicles and construction machinery in Jinan. The emissions of carbon components in PM₁₀ were higher than those in PM_2.5, and the emissions of carbon components in the tail gases of construction machinery were much higher than those of diesel trucks. Therefore, the development of new energy sources for motor vehicles and clean construction machinery needs to be accelerated.

Key words: diesel mobile source, carbon component, particulate matter, characteristic analysis, emission estimation

摘要：

为了识别济南市柴油型移动源排放颗粒物中碳组分特征，采用稀释通道采样器于2021年采集了柴油货车和工程机械尾气排放颗粒物，并对汽油车尾气一并采集对比，分析了尾气排放颗粒物质量浓度和其中的碳组分。结果表明，柴油型移动源排放颗粒物质量浓度明显高于汽油车，且以细颗粒物为主，PM_2.5/PM₁₀数值几乎接近于1.0，其中柴油货车排放颗粒物质量浓度高于工程机械，且随车型增大排放颗粒物质量浓度增大，重型柴油载货车排放PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度最大，分别为4.56×10⁴ μg∙m⁻³和4.71×10⁴ μg∙m⁻³。柴油货车PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放因子范围分别为8.90－21.8 mg∙km⁻¹和9.40－22.5 mg∙km⁻¹，工程机械中破碎机颗粒物排放因子略大于挖掘机，破碎机PM_2.5和PM₁₀排放因子分别为0.12 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹和0.14 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹，挖掘机排放因子分别为0.10 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹和0.11 g∙kW⁻¹∙h⁻¹。碳组分为柴油型移动源排放颗粒物的主要成分，其中工程机械排放总碳（TC）在颗粒物中占比约为66.0%，大于柴油货车的占比41.5%（PM_2.5）和45.5%（PM₁₀）。根据有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）在尾气排放颗粒物占比分析可知，柴油货车排放以OC为主，而工程机械排放EC高且为柴油货车2倍多。汽油车与柴油货车OC中占比最高的碳组分相同，均为OC2，而工程机械为OC1。EC2为柴油型移动源排放EC的主要组分，车型最大的重型柴油载货车排放EC2占比最大，分别为20.7%（PM_2.5）和21.8%（PM₁₀），但汽油车跟柴油货车不同，EC1为汽油车排放主要碳组分。基于2021年济南市柴油货车和工程机械保有量，对城市柴油型移动源碳组分排放量进行了估算，发现柴油型移动源尾气排放PM₁₀中碳组分排放量高于PM_2.5，工程机械尾气中碳组分排放量高于柴油货车，因此应加快推进机动车新能源化的发展以及工程机械的清洁化发展。

关键词: 柴油型移动源, 碳组分, 颗粒物, 特征分析, 排放量估算