Abstract:

Northeast China is one of the regions with the strongest heating demand in China, with high regional residential energy consumption and a high biomass fuels proportion. Based on first-hand data on residential energy consumption obtained from field household surveys, this paper analyzed the changes in rural residential energy consumption and structure in Northeast China from 2002 to 2017, calculated the emissions of major air pollutants from residential sources and compared the variability of residential energy consumption within the region. The study found that the average residential energy consumption per household was 58.6 (50.5?69.7) GJ in 2017. From 2002 to 2017, residential energy consumption in rural areas of the Northeast China showed a decreasing trend, with an average household energy consumption decreasing about 33%. The decrease in energy consumption was mainly due to the reduction in biomass energy consumption and occurred mainly in cooking activities. The change of energy structure mainly included the decrease of biomass energy and the increase of commercial energy. In 2017, coal and biomass fuels accounted for 52.2% and 33.6% respectively, and electricity and gas accounted for 14.2%. The change in energy structure had led to a significant reduction in pollutant emissions from residential sources, with average household emissions of primary PM_2.5 falling by 45%. The main source of pollutants shifted from biomass to coal, with residential coal contributing 70% of SO₂ and 65% of PM_2.5 in 2017. In 2017, the average residential energy consumption per household showed a trend of Heilongjiang>Liaoning>Jilin, which was mainly caused by the difference in heating energy consumption in the three provinces. At the household level, energy consumption was not strongly correlated with family size and might be more influenced by family income and regional energy endowment. The proportions of household commodity energy and crop residues were positively correlated with per capita income (r=0.431, P<0.01) and per capita grain production (r=0.516, P<0.01), respectively. The efficient use of local biomass resources and the optimization of heating energy structure are of great significance for the sustainable development of regional energy.

Key words: northeast China, rural areas, residential energy, biomass fuels, pollutant emissions, PM_2.5

摘要：

东北地区是中国取暖需求最强烈的地区之一，区域生活能源消耗量大且生物质占比高。基于实地入户调查获取居民生活能源消耗情况的第一手数据，分析2002—2017年东北地区的农村生活能源消费量和结构的变迁情况，估算生活源主要空气污染物的产生量，并对比分析区域内居民生活用能和品质差异。研究发现，2017年区域户均生活能耗为58.6（50.5—69.7）GJ。2002—2017年，东北农村地区生活能源消耗量呈现下降趋势，户均能耗降幅约33%。能源消耗量下降主要源于生物质能源消耗量的减少，且主要发生在炊事活动中。能源结构的变迁主要表现在生物质能源的减少和商品能源的增加。2017年煤炭和生物质能源占比分别为52.2%和33.6%，电和气占比14.2%。能源结构的改变使生活源污染物排放量显著下降，一次PM_2.5的户均排放量下降了45%。污染物来源由以生物质为主转变为以煤炭为主，2017年民用煤炭贡献了70%的SO₂和65%的PM_2.5。2017年，户均生活能耗量呈现黑龙江>辽宁>吉林的趋势，取暖能耗差异是造成三省能耗量不同的主要原因。在家庭户层面上，能源消耗量与家庭规模相关性不强，可能更多受到家庭收入和区域能源禀赋的影响。家庭商品能源占比和秸秆能源占比分别与人均收入水平（r=0.431，P=0.009）和人均粮食产量（r=0.516，P=0.001）呈正相关关系。充分而高效地利用当地丰富的生物质资源，优化取暖能源结构对区域能源可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 东北地区, 农村, 生活能源, 生物质, 污染物排放, PM_2.5