Risk Assessment and Spatial Characteristics of PAHs in Soils in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.011

Ecology and Environment ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (11): 2198-2205.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.11.011

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Risk Assessment and Spatial Characteristics of PAHs in Soils in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve

ZHANG Kaiyue¹(), LIU Zhenghui¹, WANG Yanhao¹, WANG Jingkuan¹, CUI Dejie¹, LIU Xinwei¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1. College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China
2. Institute of High-Efficiency Agricultural Technology industry in Saline-alkali Land, Dongying Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257091, P. R. China
3. Qingdao Agricultural Remote Sensing Application Engineering Research Center, Qingdao 266109, P. R. China

Received:2022-05-12 Online:2022-11-18 Published:2022-12-22
Contact: LIU Xinwei

黄河三角洲自然保护区土壤PAHs的风险评估和空间特征

张楷悦¹(), 刘增辉¹, 王颜昊¹, 王敬宽¹, 崔德杰¹, 柳新伟¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1.青岛农业大学资源与环境学院，山东青岛 266109
2.东营青岛农业大学盐碱地高效农业技术产业研究院，山东东营 257091
3.青岛市农业遥感应用工程研究中心，山东青岛 266109

通讯作者: 柳新伟
作者简介:张楷悦（1998年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事农业资源与环境方面研究。E-mail: 1749169204@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41501246);山东省黄河三角洲国家自然保护区土壤定位研究项目(20163702011309)

Abstract

Abstract:

The content, distribution and risk status of PAHs in the soil from Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve were investigated, in order to provide data support for environmental protection and management of this region. In different functional areas of the reserve, 71 sampling sites were set up, and topsoil (0-10 cm) samples were collected. The contents of 16 priority PAHs were measured for risk assessment and spatial analysis. The results showed that the contents of 16 priority PAHs in soil ranged from 10.92 ng·g^-1 to 125.98 ng·g^-1, which were far lower than the smallest value of effect range, and indicated that the potential ecological risk level of 16 priority PAHs in this region was extremely low. The carcinogenic slope factor of single PAHs was used to evaluate the health risk. The carcinogenic risk values of adults and children in the region ranged from 1.14×10^-6 to 1.23×10^-6, which were slightly higher than the health control value (1.0×10^-6), indicating the potential carcinogenic risk. Furthermore, Kriging interpolation method was used to analyze the spatial distribution. The nugget-to-sill ratio of PAHs was 0.59, showing a moderate spatial correlation and a trend of high content in the north and low content in the south. The nugget-to-sill ratio of health risk value was 0.88, which was greater than 0.75, showing a weak spatial correlation. The health risk in the southern region was the lowest. The PAHs pollution level in the study area was relatively low, and their potential ecological risk level was extremely low, but there was a potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs. This study was important for the ecological environment protection and management of the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve.

Key words: Yellow River Delta, soil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, risk assessment, spatial distribution

摘要：

黄河三角洲自然保护区在经济和生态上的作用越来越重要，该地区的生态环境也不断发生着变化。为了解黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区内土壤PAHs的含量、分布及风险状况，更好地保护和治理环境，在保护区不同功能区内设置71个点位，采集0-10 cm土壤测定16种优控PAHs的含量并结合效应区间低、中值法和各PAHs单体致癌斜率因子参数评估法评价其生态风险和健康风险，探究土壤PAHs的空间分布状况。结果表明：研究区域PAHs污染水平相对较低，16种优控PAHs的检出率为100%，其含量介于10.92-125.98 ng·g^-1，远低于效应区间低值，潜在生态风险水平极低。利用各PAHs单体致癌斜率因子参数进行健康风险评价，结果显示区域内成人和儿童的致癌风险值为1.14×10^-6-1.23×10^-6，略大于健康管控值（1.0×10^-6），表明存在潜在致癌风险。利用Kriging插值法分析空间格局，PAHs的块基比为0.59，为中等空间相关性，呈现北高南低的趋势；而健康风险值的块基比为0.88>0.75，空间相关性弱，其中南部地区的健康风险最低。研究区域PAHs污染水平相对较低，潜在生态风险水平极低，但存在潜在致癌风险。因此要注意对河三角洲自然保护区PAHs致癌风险的监测。结合空间分布图可以看出PAHs含量和PAHs健康风险值空间分布特征相似，说明PAHs的致癌风险与其含量呈正比关系。该研究对于黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态环境保护和治理具有重要的理论意义。

关键词: 黄河三角洲, 土壤, 多环芳烃, 风险评估, 空间分布

CLC Number:

X53
X825

ZHANG Kaiyue, LIU Zhenghui, WANG Yanhao, WANG Jingkuan, CUI Dejie, LIU Xinwei. Risk Assessment and Spatial Characteristics of PAHs in Soils in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(11): 2198-2205.

张楷悦, 刘增辉, 王颜昊, 王敬宽, 崔德杰, 柳新伟. 黄河三角洲自然保护区土壤PAHs的风险评估和空间特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(11): 2198-2205.

Figures/Tables 8

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参数 Parameters	成人 Adult	儿童 Child
皮肤表面土壤黏附系数 Coefficient of skin surface soil adhesion(S_SAR)/ (mg·cm^-1)	0.07	0.2
每日空气呼吸量 Daily air respiration (D_AIR)/(m³·d^-1)	14.5	7.5
每日摄入土壤量 Daily soil intake (O_SIR)/(mg·d^-1)	100	200
暴露皮肤表面积 Expose skin surface area(S_AE)/cm²	5074.89	2447.56
暴露周期 Exposure day (E_D)/a	24	6
平均体质量 Average mass (m_b)/kg	56.8	15.9
室内空气中来自土壤颗粒物占比 Proportion of particulate matter from soil in indoor air (f_spo)	0.8
室外空气中来自土壤颗粒物占比 Proportion of particulate matter from soil in the outdoor air (f_sip)	0.5
吸入土壤颗粒物在体内滞留比例 Proportion of inhaled soil particles retained in the body (P_IAF)	0.75
空气可吸入浮颗粒物含量 Inhalable particulate matter content in air (P_M10)/ (mg·m^-3)	0.15
口腔摄入吸收效率因子 Oral absorption efficiency factor (A_BSo)	1
皮肤接触吸收效率因子 Skin contact absorption efficiency factor (A_BSd)	0.13
致癌效应平均时间 Average time carcinogenic effect (A_Nca)/d	26280
参考计量分配系数 Refer to the metering partition factor (S_AF)	0.2
每日皮肤接触频率 Frequency of daily skin contact (E_v)/(time·d^-1)	1
室外暴露频率 Exposure frequency outdoor (E_FO)/(d·a^-1)	87.5
室内暴露频率· Exposure frequency indoor (E_F_I)/(d·a^-1)	262.5
暴露频率 Exposure frequency (E_F)/(d·a^-1)	350
人均寿命 Life expectancy (A_T)	74.83×365

参数 Parameters	成人 Adult	儿童 Child
皮肤表面土壤黏附系数 Coefficient of skin surface soil adhesion(S_SAR)/ (mg·cm^-1)	0.07	0.2
每日空气呼吸量 Daily air respiration (D_AIR)/(m³·d^-1)	14.5	7.5
每日摄入土壤量 Daily soil intake (O_SIR)/(mg·d^-1)	100	200
暴露皮肤表面积 Expose skin surface area(S_AE)/cm²	5074.89	2447.56
暴露周期 Exposure day (E_D)/a	24	6
平均体质量 Average mass (m_b)/kg	56.8	15.9
室内空气中来自土壤颗粒物占比 Proportion of particulate matter from soil in indoor air (f_spo)	0.8
室外空气中来自土壤颗粒物占比 Proportion of particulate matter from soil in the outdoor air (f_sip)	0.5
吸入土壤颗粒物在体内滞留比例 Proportion of inhaled soil particles retained in the body (P_IAF)	0.75
空气可吸入浮颗粒物含量 Inhalable particulate matter content in air (P_M10)/ (mg·m^-3)	0.15
口腔摄入吸收效率因子 Oral absorption efficiency factor (A_BSo)	1
皮肤接触吸收效率因子 Skin contact absorption efficiency factor (A_BSd)	0.13
致癌效应平均时间 Average time carcinogenic effect (A_Nca)/d	26280
参考计量分配系数 Refer to the metering partition factor (S_AF)	0.2
每日皮肤接触频率 Frequency of daily skin contact (E_v)/(time·d^-1)	1
室外暴露频率 Exposure frequency outdoor (E_FO)/(d·a^-1)	87.5
室内暴露频率· Exposure frequency indoor (E_F_I)/(d·a^-1)	262.5
暴露频率 Exposure frequency (E_F)/(d·a^-1)	350
人均寿命 Life expectancy (A_T)	74.83×365

PAHs种类 Types of PAHs	PAHs的含量范围 Content range of PAHs/ (ng·g^-1)	中位数 The median/ (ng·g^-1)	平均值 The average/ (ng·g^-1)	检出率 Detection rate/ %	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	生态风险限值 Ecological risk limit
PAHs种类 Types of PAHs	PAHs的含量范围 Content range of PAHs/ (ng·g^-1)	中位数 The median/ (ng·g^-1)	平均值 The average/ (ng·g^-1)	检出率 Detection rate/ %	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	ERL	ERM
Nap	nd-45.90	9.88	16.02±10.58	95.77	0.79	160	2100
Ace	0.75-19.30	4.91	7.61±3.77	100.00	0.66	44	640
Acy	nd-3.39	1.52	2.76±0.66	88.73	0.46	16	500
Fl	0.24-9.39	1.87	3.81±1.21	100.00	0.51	19	540
Phe	1.32-33.35	8.06	10.61±6.61	100.00	0.68	240	1500
Ant	0.30-5.74	2.06	3.77±1.12	100.00	0.56	85.3	1100
Flu	0.44-18.50	9.61	11.26±4.04	100.00	0.43	600	5100
Pyr	nd-52.08	4.30	10.08±8.60	100.00	1.24	665	2600
BaA	nd-2.40	0.00	0.71±0.51	97.18	1.82	261	1600
Chr	nd-17.89	0.00	1.78±2.90	33.80	3.07	384	2800
BbF	0.03-9.25	1.22	3.34±1.89	26.76	1.01	-	-
BkF	0.03-4.49	0.68	2.36±0.65	100.00	0.79	-	-
BaP	nd-10.54	0.52	2.66±1.47	100.00	1.44	430	1600
DBA	nd-1.17	0.00	0.62±0.27	94.37	2.22	63.4	260
BgP	nd-8.60	2.49	4.74±2.40	30.99	0.81	-	-
InP	nd-2.75	0.42	2.16±0.55	97.18	0.94	-	-
总量 The total	10.92-125.98	-	61.91±23.60	-	0.40	4022	40792

PAHs种类 Types of PAHs	PAHs的含量范围 Content range of PAHs/ (ng·g^-1)	中位数 The median/ (ng·g^-1)	平均值 The average/ (ng·g^-1)	检出率 Detection rate/ %	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	生态风险限值 Ecological risk limit
PAHs种类 Types of PAHs	PAHs的含量范围 Content range of PAHs/ (ng·g^-1)	中位数 The median/ (ng·g^-1)	平均值 The average/ (ng·g^-1)	检出率 Detection rate/ %	变异系数 Coefficient of variation	ERL	ERM
Nap	nd-45.90	9.88	16.02±10.58	95.77	0.79	160	2100
Ace	0.75-19.30	4.91	7.61±3.77	100.00	0.66	44	640
Acy	nd-3.39	1.52	2.76±0.66	88.73	0.46	16	500
Fl	0.24-9.39	1.87	3.81±1.21	100.00	0.51	19	540
Phe	1.32-33.35	8.06	10.61±6.61	100.00	0.68	240	1500
Ant	0.30-5.74	2.06	3.77±1.12	100.00	0.56	85.3	1100
Flu	0.44-18.50	9.61	11.26±4.04	100.00	0.43	600	5100
Pyr	nd-52.08	4.30	10.08±8.60	100.00	1.24	665	2600
BaA	nd-2.40	0.00	0.71±0.51	97.18	1.82	261	1600
Chr	nd-17.89	0.00	1.78±2.90	33.80	3.07	384	2800
BbF	0.03-9.25	1.22	3.34±1.89	26.76	1.01	-	-
BkF	0.03-4.49	0.68	2.36±0.65	100.00	0.79	-	-
BaP	nd-10.54	0.52	2.66±1.47	100.00	1.44	430	1600
DBA	nd-1.17	0.00	0.62±0.27	94.37	2.22	63.4	260
BgP	nd-8.60	2.49	4.74±2.40	30.99	0.81	-	-
InP	nd-2.75	0.42	2.16±0.55	97.18	0.94	-	-
总量 The total	10.92-125.98	-	61.91±23.60	-	0.40	4022	40792

项目	Nap	Ace	Acy	FI	Phe	Ant	Flu	Pyr	BaA	Chr	BbF	BkF	BaP	DBA	BgP	InP
Nap	1
Ace	0.312**	1
Acy	0.011	0.095	1
FI	0.072	0.085	-0.095	1
Phe	0.346**	-0.066	0.125	0.299*	1
Ant	0.485**	0.348**	-0.221	0.123	-0.025	1
Flu	0.433**	0.007	-0.035	0.064	0.229	0.606**	1
Pyr	0.268*	-0.024	-0.425**	0.433**	-0.01	0.354**	0.333**	1
BaA	-0.121	-0.21	0.234*	0.217	0.193	-0.508**	-0.198	-0.208	1
Chr	-0.114	0	0.081	-0.163	-0.094	0.025	0.167	-0.039	-0.144	1
BbF	-0.029	-0.097	0.053	-0.02	-0.132	-0.007	0.13	-0.149	0.288*	0.07	1
BkF	0.223	0.042	-0.267*	0.002	-0.047	0.236*	0.277*	0.317**	0.038	-0.057	0.608**	1
BaP	0.387**	0.008	-0.17	-0.098	0.145	0.281*	0.375**	0.289*	-0.161	-0.08	0.091	0.391**	1
DBA	0.013	0.015	-0.145	-0.062	0.321**	0.044	0.146	0.026	-0.144	0.174	-0.136	0.081	0.224	1
BgP	0.168	0.06	-0.032	-0.147	-0.043	0.443**	0.417**	0.12	-0.422**	0.083	-0.021	0.055	0.02	-0.02	1
InP	0.166	0.118	0.001	-0.189	-0.137	0.237*	0.237*	0.059	-0.287*	0.139	-0.138	-0.029	0.031	-0.06	0.19	1

Risk Assessment and Spatial Characteristics of PAHs in Soils in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve

黄河三角洲自然保护区土壤PAHs的风险评估和空间特征

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PAHs	人群 The crowd	Po-Max	百分比 The percentage/ %	Pd-Max	百分比 The percentage/ %	Ri-p-Max	百分比 The percentage/ %	PT-Max	百分比 The percentage/ %	单体贡献率 Unit contribution rate/%
Nap	成人 Adult					1.29×10^-8	76.79	1.29×10^-8	76.79	1.45
	儿童 Children					3.91×10^-9	23.21	3.91×10^-9	23.21	1.29
	人群 The crowd					1.68×10^-8	100.00	1.68×10^-8	100.00	1.37
Acy	成人 Adult	1.25×10^-8	46.12	1.98×10^-8	55.40	9.56×10^-10	76.79	3.32×10^-8	51.88	3.93
	儿童 Children	1.46×10^-8	53.88	1.59×10^-8	44.60	2.89×10^-10	23.21	3.08×10^-8	48.12	3.93
	人群 The crowd	2.71×10^-8	100.00	3.57×10^-8	100.00	1.25×10^-9	100.00	6.40×10^-8	100.00	3.93
Phe	成人 Adult	1.23×10^-7	46.07	1.94×10^-7	55.27	9.40×10^-9	76.80	3.27×10^-7	51.90	35.74
	儿童 Children	1.44×10^-7	53.93	1.57×10^-7	44.73	2.84×10^-9	23.20	3.03×10^-7	48.10	35.72
	人群 The crowd	2.67×10^-7	100.00	3.51×10^-7	100.00	1.22×10^-8	100.00	6.30×10^-7	100.00	35.73
BaA	成人 Adult	8.85×10^-9	46.10	1.40×10^-8	55.34	6.77×10^-10	76.84	2.35×10^-8	51.88	2.75
	儿童 Children	1.03×10^-8	53.90	1.13×10^-8	44.66	2.04×10^-10	23.16	2.18×10^-8	48.12	2.73
	人群 The crowd	1.92×10^-8	100.00	2.53×10^-8	100.00	8.81×10^-10	100.00	4.53×10^-8	100.00	2.74
Chr	成人 Adult	6.60×10^-8	46.12	1.04×10^-7	55.32	5.04×10^-9	76.83	1.75×10^-7	51.78	18.97
	儿童 Children	7.71×10^-8	53.88	8.40×10^-8	44.68	1.52×10^-9	23.17	1.63×10^-7	48.22	18.95
	人群 The crowd	1.43×10^-7	100.00	1.88×10^-7	100.00	6.56×10^-9	100.00	3.38×10^-7	100.00	18.96
BbF	成人 Adult	3.41×10^-8	46.14	5.39×10^-8	55.40	2.61×10^-9	76.76	9.06×10^-8	51.86	9.81
	儿童 Children	3.98×10^-8	53.86	4.34×10^-8	44.60	7.88×10^-10	23.24	8.41×10^-8	48.14	9.81
	人群 The crowd	7.39×10^-8	100.00	9.73×10^-8	100.00	3.40×10^-9	100.00	1.75×10^-7	100.00	9.81
BkF	成人 Adult	1.66×10^-8	46.24	2.62×10^-8	55.40	1.27×10^-9	76.97	4.40×10^-8	51.89	4.77
	儿童 Children	1.93×10^-8	53.76	2.11×10^-8	44.60	3.83×10^-10	23.03	4.08×10^-8	48.11	4.77
	人群 The crowd	3.59×10^-8	100.00	4.73×10^-8	100.00	1.65×10^-9	100.00	8.48×10^-8	100.00	4.77
BaP	成人 Adult	3.89×10^-8	46.14	6.15×10^-8	55.41	2.97×10^-9	76.74	1.03×10^-7	51.78	11.16
	儿童 Children	4.54×10^-8	53.86	4.95×10^-8	44.59	8.98×10^-10	23.26	9.58×10^-8	48.22	11.16
	人群 The crowd	8.43×10^-8	100.00	1.11×10^-7	100.00	3.87×10^-9	100.00	1.99×10^-7	100.00	11.16
InP	成人 Adult	3.17×10^-8	46.14	5.01×10^-8	55.36	2.42×10^-9	76.58	8.43×10^-8	51.91	9.13
	儿童 Children	3.70×10^-8	53.86	4.04×10^-8	44.64	7.32×10^-10	23.42	7.81×10^-8	48.19	9.13
	人群The crowd	6.87×10^-8	100.00	9.05×10^-8	100.00	3.16×10^-9	100.00	1.62×10^-7	100.00	9.19
BgP	成人 Adult	1.01×10^-8	46.12	1.60×10^-8	55.36	7.75×10^-10	76.81	2.69×10^-8	51.83	2.29
	儿童 Children	1.18×10^-8	53.88	1.29×10^-8	44.64	2.34×10^-10	23.19	2.50×10^-8	48.17	2.29
	人群 The crowd	2.19×10^-8	100.00	2.89×10^-8	100.00	1.01×10^-9	100.00	5.19×10^-8	100.00	2.29
Totle	成人 Adult	4.64×10^-7	46.08	7.35×10^-7	55.43	3.55×10^-8	76.84	1.23×10^-6	51.90	100.00
	儿童 Children	5.43×10^-7	53.92	5.91×10^-7	44.57	1.07×10^-8	23.16	1.14×10^-6	48.10	100.00
	人群 The crowd	1.01×10^-6	100.00	1.33×10^-6	100.00	4.62×10^-8	100.00	2.37×10^-6	100.00	100.00

项目 Item	块金值 Nugget value	基台值 Base stations values	块基比 Block base than
含量 Content	380.5945	650.4506	0.5851
人群健康风险值 Population health risk value	2.9121×10^-12	3.2965×10^-12	0.8834

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