Abstract:

Wetland is a unique natural complex formed by interaction of land and water, which is an important habitat for perching and breeding to wild birds. Moreover, it plays an overwhelmingly crucial function for birds’ migration. However, due to the irrational exploitation under background of urbanization, the loss and degradation of wetland area are fast. Therefore, the investigation of bird diversity has great significance for scientific preservation of birds in Yundonghai National Wetland Park, especially for migratory birds and their rest, breeding and food. The avian diversity in different habitats, namely villages and fish ponds, paddy fields, tidal flat wetlands and lake island, reeds area were monthly investigated from January 2020 to December 2020 by line transects. The dynamics of bird community structure and diversity were also analyzed. The findings are as the followings: (1) A list of 72 bird species containing 12 orders, 32 families and 56 orders of the wetland park was made. Among these,1 species of national class I and 7 species of class II in the List of Key Protected Wild Animals in China, respectively. One critically endangered species (CR) belongs to the IUCN and 5 species were in the Appendices II. Among the 72 bird species, 2 species and 19 species were the dominant and common species, respectively. Most birds belong to Passeriformes, resident birds and insectivorous birds, with 42, 39 and 45 species, respectively. (2) There were significant differences among bird species, quantity, and biomass in different habitats. The bird species was shown in tidal flat wetlands and lake island>paddy>villages and fish ponds>reeds (P<0.01). The bird population was presented in the order of paddy>tidal flat wetlands and lake island>villages and fish ponds>reeds (P<0.05). However, the biomass of birds was demonstrated in tidal flat wetlands and lake island>paddy>villages and fish ponds> reeds (P< 0.01). (3) There were significant differences in bird species, quantity and biomass among different seasons. The declining trends of bird species, quantity and biomass were in the orders of winter>fall>spring>summer, spring>winter>fall>summer, and spring>fall>summer>winter, respectively. (4) The Shannon Wiener index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson index were higher in the tidal flat wetlands than the other habitats, but the lowest in the paddy. The Margalef index was the highest in the tidal flat wetlands and lake island, and the lowest in the Villages and fish ponds. The Shannon Wiener index and Margalef index were the highest in the winter, and the lowest in the summer. However, the Pielou evenness index was the highest in the spring, and the lowest in the winter. The results manifested that Yundonghai National Wetland Park was rich in bird resources and played an important role in the ecological protection of migratory birds and the maintenance of bird diversity.

Key words: birds, diversity, habitat, season, preservation, Yundonghai National Wetland Park

摘要：

湿地是水陆相互作用形成的独特生态系统,是野生鸟类栖息、繁殖等活动的重要场所,在鸟类迁徙中具有非常重要的作用。但随着城市化进程的加速,湿地面积的退化和丧失,严重影响了鸟类栖息活动。在此背景下,开展云东海国家级湿地公园鸟类多样性调查,对鸟类尤其是候鸟及其停歇地和迁徙地的科学保护具有重要意义。2020年1—12月,采用样线法对广东三水云东海国家湿地公园内村庄和鱼塘区、稻田区、滩涂湿地和湖心岛区、芦苇丛区4种生境中的鸟类进行逐月调查,分析其群落结构和多样性及动态规律。（1）共记录到鸟类72种,隶属于12目32科56属。其中,国家一级重点保护鸟类1种,国家二级重点保护鸟类7种,IUCN极危（CR）物种1种,附录Ⅱ物种5种。在72种鸟类中,优势种2种,常见种19种。以雀形目,留鸟和食虫鸟类种数最多,分别为42种、39种和45种。（2）不同生境中的鸟类种数、数量和生物量具有显著差异：鸟类种数从多到少依次为滩涂湿地和湖心岛区、稻田区、村庄和鱼塘区、芦苇丛区（P<0.01）;鸟类数量从多到少依次为稻田区、滩涂湿地和湖心岛区、村庄和鱼塘区、芦苇丛区（P<0.05）;鸟类生物量从多到少依次为滩涂湿地和湖心岛区、稻田区、芦苇丛区、村庄和鱼塘区（P<0.01）。（3）在不同季节中,鸟类种类从多到少依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,鸟类数量从多到少依次为春季、冬季、秋季、夏季。鸟类生物量从高到低依次为春季、秋季、夏季、冬季。（4）滩涂湿地和湖心岛区的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数均为最高,稻田区最低。滩涂湿地和湖心岛区的Margalef指数最高,村庄和鱼塘区最低;冬季的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数最高,夏季的最低。结果表明,云东海国家湿地公园鸟类资源丰富,在保护候鸟和维持鸟类多样性方面发挥着重要生态作用。

关键词: 鸟类, 多样性, 生境, 季节, 保护, 云东海国家湿地公园