Abstract:

Since the implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Soil Contamination in 2018, China has established a soil contamination risk control and remediation inventory system for land development based on the concept of improving soil environmental quality and promoting sustainable utilization of soil resources. This has provided a solid legal foundation for promoting high-quality development of soil remediation and management. The decommissioning of nuclear facilities involves a large amount of soil remediation and land resource reuse, and related work is managed through the construction project environmental impact assessment system under the guidance of the Law on Radioactive Contamination Prevention and Control and the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment. The early formulation of relevant documents did not match the current management concepts based on environmental quality improvement. This study conducts a systematic investigation of the current soil environmental supervision system and the current situation of soil radioactive contamination prevention and control supervision in China and compares them one by one from three aspects: regulatory framework, supervision procedures, and relevant technical indicators. For the first time, this study proposed and demonstrated the necessity and feasibility of introducing a soil contamination risk control and remediation inventory system for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, and specific implementation suggestions were provided without changing the existing administrative approval system. Research has shown the following: 1) There is consistency between the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the soil contamination risk control and remediation inventory system in terms of service objectives and management concepts, and it is feasible to introduce this system to the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. 2) We can draw on the successful experience and mature practices of establishing a regulatory framework for soil contamination risk control in China and quickly improve the regulatory framework for soil contamination prevention and control in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, including the formulation of departmental rules and relevant technical standards. 3) The formulation of departmental rules aims to establish supervision procedures and optimize them through project pilots. 4) The formulation and revision of technical standards should focus on clarifying dose guidelines, risk screening values, deduction models for acceptable levels of residual radioactivity in soil and related parameters, and principles and methods for investigating soil radioactive contamination sources.

Key words: nuclear facilities decommissioning, soil contamination prevention and control, environmental impact assessment, risk management, soil remediation, residual radioactivity

摘要：

《土壤污染防治法》已于2018年颁布实施，该法基于改善土壤环境质量和推动土地资源永续利用的理念，提出建立建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录制度，为推动土壤修复治理高质量发展提供了坚实的法律基础。核设施退役涉及大量土壤修复和土地资源再利用等问题，相关工作在《放射性污染防治法》和《环境影响评价法》的指导下，通过建设项目环境影响评价制度进行管理，由于相关文件制定时间较早，与当前基于环境质量改善的管理理念存在不匹配的情况。该文通过系统调研中国现行土壤环境监管体系和土壤放射性污染防治监管现状，并从法规标准体系、监督管理程序以及相关技术指标等三方面逐一进行比对，提出和论证了在核设施退役中引入土壤污染风险管控和修复名录制度的必要性和可行性，并给出了在不改变现有行政审批制度情况下的具体实施建议。结果表明：1）核设施退役与土壤污染风险管控和修复名录制度在服务目标和管理理念方面存在一致性，在核设施退役中引入该制度是必要且可行的；2）可借鉴中国土壤污染风险管控法规标准体系建立健全的成功经验和成熟做法，有针对性地快速健全核设施退役土壤污染防治监管法规标准体系，包括制定部门规章及相关技术标准；3）部门规章的制定旨在建立管理程序，并需要配合项目试点予以优化；4）技术标准的制修订应重点聚焦于明确剂量准则、明确风险筛选值、明确土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平推导模式及相关参数选取，以及明确土壤放射性污染源项调查原则和方法。

关键词: 核设施退役, 土壤污染防治, 环境影响评价, 风险管控, 土壤修复, 剩余放射性