Soil Quality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Different Land Use in the Red Bed Landform Region of South China: Taking Nanxiong Basin as An Example

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.007

Ecology and Environment ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 918-930.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.007

• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles

Soil Quality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Different Land Use in the Red Bed Landform Region of South China: Taking Nanxiong Basin as An Example

CHEN Jinfeng¹^,²(), YU Shiqin¹^,², FU Jiafang³, XU Guoliang¹^,²^,^*(), YU Bo⁴, LAI Xiaoqun¹, HU Siyuan¹, ZHANG Kaiqu¹, LIU Jiahua¹

1. School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
2. Rural Non-point Source Pollution Comprehensive Management Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
3. Natural Resources Bureau of Nanxiong, Shaoguan City, Shaoguan 512400, P. R. China
4. Environmental Geological Prospecting Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China

Received:2022-01-06 Online:2022-05-18 Published:2022-07-12
Contact: XU Guoliang

华南红层地貌区不同利用方式土壤质量特征及其影响因素——以南雄盆地为例

陈金凤¹^,²(), 余世钦¹^,², 符加方³, 徐国良¹^,²^,^*(), 于波⁴, 赖晓群¹, 胡思源¹, 张开渠¹, 刘家华¹

1.广州大学地理科学与遥感学院,广东广州 510006
2.广东省农村水环境面源污染综合治理工程技术研究中心,广东广州 510006
3.南雄市自然资源局,广东韶关 512400
4.广东省环境地质勘查院,广东广州 510080

通讯作者: 徐国良
作者简介:陈金凤（1996年生）,女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为土壤生态修复。E-mail: 2112001033@e.gzhu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42071061);南雄市红砂岭综合治理工程监测分析与评价项目(ZPSG2020ZB010);南雄市红砂岭综合治理工程监测分析与评价项目(ZPSG2020ZB045);广州大学大学生创新训练项目(202011078004);广州大学大学生创新训练项目(202111078002)

Abstract

Abstract:

Red beds are widely distributed in China and other parts of the world. Previous studies largely focused on the origin, distribution, and geomorphic features of the red bed, but less is known about the effect of landuse on soil quality. In Nanxiong red beds basin in Northern Guangdong Province, ninety-four soil samples from six landuse types including red bed erosion hillock, red bed bare rock hillock, grassland, shrubland, arbor woodland, and farmland were collected. Soil pH, organic matter, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and soil trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) were measured. These characteristics were used to calculate soil quality index and soil degradation index for each landuse type. Our study showed that there were significant differences in soil quality among landuse types, which could be attributed to natural and anthropogenic influences. Soil quality of the Nanxiong red beds basin was strongly controlled by parent rocks, including purplish red conglomerate, sand rocks and argillaceous rocks, and thus were of alkaline and neutral soil pH and high K content. Vegetation types could also significantly affect soil quality. Without vegetation establishment, the highly degraded red beds had the lowest soil quality index, while the woodland had the highest soil quality index with the lowest pH but highest Zn, Fe and Mn content due to the acidification caused by root exudates and litter decomposition. Moreover, there were also obvious differences among sites with different vegetations. Soil quality was deeply influenced by anthropogenic activities such as cultivation, firewood collecting, gum harvesting, which caused the desertification of different degrees. However, anthropogenic activities may improve soil quality if the activity introduces external organic matter and nutrients or facilitates vegetation establishment.

Key words: red bed landform, land use type, soil quality, soil degradation, principal component analysis, Nanxiong basin

摘要：

红层地貌在中国,乃至世界,都有广泛的分布。以往对红层的研究主要集中在成因、分布和地貌特征等方面,但对于红层区土壤在不同土地利用下的质量变化缺乏了解。为了研究华南典型红层地貌区不同土地利用类型土壤质量特征及其影响因素,在粤北韶关南雄红层盆地,选择红层强蚀岗地、红层裸岩岗地、草丛地、灌木地、乔木地、农用地6种土地利用类型,采集94个土壤样品并测试pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和微量元素有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰等土壤指标,通过主成分分析,计算不同土地利用类型的土壤质量综合指数及土壤退化指数。研究结果表明,南雄盆地红层区不同土地利用类型土壤质量差异显著,受自然和人为因素共同影响。（1）南雄红层区土壤质量特征明显受到红层母岩的影响。由于红层区土壤主要是由紫红色砾岩、砂岩和泥质岩等发育而成,土壤总体上呈中性或弱碱性,土壤速效钾含量较高。（2）植被覆盖差异对土壤质量有显著影响。红层强蚀岗地是研究区土壤退化的极端表现,其表层缺乏植被覆盖,土壤质量综合指数最低;乔木地土壤综合质量最高,有效锌、有效铁和有效锰的含量最多,但pH值最低,可能是受到凋落物分解酸化和南方暴雨淋洗等的作用。不同乔木林地土壤质量的差异可能与凋落物类型、产生和分解能力的差异有关。（3）人类活动对红层区土壤质量具有深远影响,历史上人类开荒和农耕活动造成连片的红层荒漠化;近年农户的拾薪、踩踏和收胶也使马尾松林地出现大面积的地表裸露,导致土壤质量退化;农用地人为输入养分一定程度也可以明显提升土壤质量。

关键词: 红层地貌, 土地利用类型, 土壤质量, 土壤退化, 主成分分析, 南雄盆地

CLC Number:

S15
X144

CHEN Jinfeng, YU Shiqin, FU Jiafang, XU Guoliang, YU Bo, LAI Xiaoqun, HU Siyuan, ZHANG Kaiqu, LIU Jiahua. Soil Quality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Different Land Use in the Red Bed Landform Region of South China: Taking Nanxiong Basin as An Example[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(5): 918-930.

陈金凤, 余世钦, 符加方, 徐国良, 于波, 赖晓群, 胡思源, 张开渠, 刘家华. 华南红层地貌区不同利用方式土壤质量特征及其影响因素——以南雄盆地为例[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(5): 918-930.

Figures/Tables 9

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样地类型 Land use types	主要植物种类 Vegetation properties	样地特征 Landform properties
红层蚀地 Red bed erosion hillock	表层几乎没有植被覆盖	红层蚀地是红层区土地退化的极端性表现
裸岩地 Red bed bare rock hillock	有少数先锋植被覆盖,如兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、鼠尾草 (Setaria viridis)、黄细心 (Boerhavia diffusa) 等,无乔木	裸岩地是自然演替初始阶段
草丛地 Grassland	草丛地物种较丰富,草本植物有狗尾草 (Setaria viridis)、细柄草 (Capillipedium parviflorum)、兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、小蓬草 (Conyza canadensis)、鸡眼草 (Kummerowia striata)、扭黄茅 (Heteropogon contortus)、香茅 (Cymbopogon citratus) 等	植物生长较茂盛,依地势高低呈多种斑块状
灌木地 Shrubland	主要有牡荆 (Vitex negundo)、糯米条 (Abelia chinensis)、了哥王 (Wikstroemia indica)、紫葳 (Lagerstroemia indica)、雀梅滕 (Sageretia thea)、金丝桃 (Hypericum monogynum)、榔榆 (Ulmus parvifolia)、中华绣线菊 (Spiraea chinensis)、桃金娘 (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) 等	灌木地分布在红层荒漠地的周围,有些存在人为破坏的迹象
乔木地 Arbor woodland	主要有马尾松林 (Pinus massoniana)、台湾相思林 (Acacia confusa)和新银合欢林 (Leucaena leucocephala) 3种乔木林地,林下灌木层主要有牡荆 (Vitex negundo)、桃金娘 (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)、了哥王 (Wikstroemia indica)、小果蔷薇 (Rosa cymosa)等;草本层主要有狗尾草 (Setaria viridis)、鸭嘴草 (Ischaemum aristatum)、毛秆野古草 (Arundinella hirta)、升马唐 (Digitaria ciliaris) 等	乔木林为人工林,3种乔木林地的土壤质量因人为影响有一定的差异
农用地 Farmland	农作物包括烟草 (Nicotiana tabacum)、花生 (Arachis hypogaea)、脐橙 (Citrus sinensis)	农作物均在红层发育的土壤上人为管理种植

样地类型 Land use types	主要植物种类 Vegetation properties	样地特征 Landform properties
红层蚀地 Red bed erosion hillock	表层几乎没有植被覆盖	红层蚀地是红层区土地退化的极端性表现
裸岩地 Red bed bare rock hillock	有少数先锋植被覆盖,如兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、鼠尾草 (Setaria viridis)、黄细心 (Boerhavia diffusa) 等,无乔木	裸岩地是自然演替初始阶段
草丛地 Grassland	草丛地物种较丰富,草本植物有狗尾草 (Setaria viridis)、细柄草 (Capillipedium parviflorum)、兰香草 (Caryopteris incana)、小蓬草 (Conyza canadensis)、鸡眼草 (Kummerowia striata)、扭黄茅 (Heteropogon contortus)、香茅 (Cymbopogon citratus) 等	植物生长较茂盛,依地势高低呈多种斑块状
灌木地 Shrubland	主要有牡荆 (Vitex negundo)、糯米条 (Abelia chinensis)、了哥王 (Wikstroemia indica)、紫葳 (Lagerstroemia indica)、雀梅滕 (Sageretia thea)、金丝桃 (Hypericum monogynum)、榔榆 (Ulmus parvifolia)、中华绣线菊 (Spiraea chinensis)、桃金娘 (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) 等	灌木地分布在红层荒漠地的周围,有些存在人为破坏的迹象
乔木地 Arbor woodland	主要有马尾松林 (Pinus massoniana)、台湾相思林 (Acacia confusa)和新银合欢林 (Leucaena leucocephala) 3种乔木林地,林下灌木层主要有牡荆 (Vitex negundo)、桃金娘 (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)、了哥王 (Wikstroemia indica)、小果蔷薇 (Rosa cymosa)等;草本层主要有狗尾草 (Setaria viridis)、鸭嘴草 (Ischaemum aristatum)、毛秆野古草 (Arundinella hirta)、升马唐 (Digitaria ciliaris) 等	乔木林为人工林,3种乔木林地的土壤质量因人为影响有一定的差异
农用地 Farmland	农作物包括烟草 (Nicotiana tabacum)、花生 (Arachis hypogaea)、脐橙 (Citrus sinensis)	农作物均在红层发育的土壤上人为管理种植

用地类型 Land use types	pH	w_{(organic matter)}/ (g·kg^-1)	w_{(alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available phosphorus)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available potassium)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available copper)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available zine)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available ferrum)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available manganese)}/ (mg·kg^-1)
新银合欢林地 Leucaena leucocephala plantation	7.04± 0.22a	17.37± 1.98b	73.00± 16.62ab	4.74± 1.57a	85.31± 21.61a	0.60± 0.28a	1.08± 0.45ab	14.20± 11.41a	14.24± 9.26a
台湾相思林地 Acacia confuse plantation	6.27± 0.41b	25.44± 7.42a	88.89± 16.79a	2.78± 1.21b	87.82± 25.92a	0.31± 0.11b	1.45± 0.46a	30.25± 20.82a	16.10± 7.42a
马尾松林地 Pinus massoniana plantation	5.81± 0.70b	18.25± 7.99ab	57.61± 27.33b	0.81± 0.69c	50.44± 14.79b	0.25± 0.09b	0.63± 0.27b	28.81± 19.98a	14.26± 12.03a

用地类型 Land use types	pH	w_{(organic matter)}/ (g·kg^-1)	w_{(alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available phosphorus)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available potassium)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available copper)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available zine)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available ferrum)}/ (mg·kg^-1)	w_{(available manganese)}/ (mg·kg^-1)
新银合欢林地 Leucaena leucocephala plantation	7.04± 0.22a	17.37± 1.98b	73.00± 16.62ab	4.74± 1.57a	85.31± 21.61a	0.60± 0.28a	1.08± 0.45ab	14.20± 11.41a	14.24± 9.26a
台湾相思林地 Acacia confuse plantation	6.27± 0.41b	25.44± 7.42a	88.89± 16.79a	2.78± 1.21b	87.82± 25.92a	0.31± 0.11b	1.45± 0.46a	30.25± 20.82a	16.10± 7.42a
马尾松林地 Pinus massoniana plantation	5.81± 0.70b	18.25± 7.99ab	57.61± 27.33b	0.81± 0.69c	50.44± 14.79b	0.25± 0.09b	0.63± 0.27b	28.81± 19.98a	14.26± 12.03a

指标 Index	pH	有机质OM	碱解氮AN	有效磷AP	速效钾AK	有效铜AC	有效锌AZ	有效铁AF	有效锰AM
pH	1
有机质OM	-0.356**	1
碱解氮AN	-0.571**	0.736**	1
有效磷AP	0.253*	0.049	0.027	1
速效钾AK	0.565**	-0.008	-0.341**	0.536**	1
有效铜AC	-0.069	0.162	0.336**	0.392**	0.076	1
有效锌AZ	-0.422**	0.602**	0.706**	0.180	-0.027	0.416**	1
有效铁AF	-0.492**	0.535**	0.679**	0.001	-0.375**	0.197	0.344**	1
有效锰AM	-0.654**	0.260*	0.594**	-0.058	-0.424**	0.312**	0.578**	0.422**	1

Soil Quality Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Different Land Use in the Red Bed Landform Region of South China: Taking Nanxiong Basin as An Example

华南红层地貌区不同利用方式土壤质量特征及其影响因素——以南雄盆地为例

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用地类型 Land use types	pH	有机质OM	碱解氮AN	有效磷AP	速效钾AK	有效铜AC	有效锌AZ	有效铁AF	有效锰AM
红层蚀地 Red bed erosion hillock	0.175	0.065	0.063	0.080	0.501	0.119	0.046	0.010	0.023
裸岩地 Red bed bare rock hillock	0.120	0.112	0.132	0.051	0.740	0.182	0.092	0.018	0.077
草丛地 Grassland	0.350	0.356	0.328	0.147	0.586	0.251	0.302	0.187	0.225
灌木地 Shrubland	0.329	0.252	0.291	0.128	0.500	0.305	0.354	0.085	0.223
乔木地 Arbor woodland	0.567	0.367	0.549	0.079	0.786	0.273	0.473	0.352	0.329
农用地 Farmland	0.221	0.185	0.256	0.445	0.317	0.371	0.338	0.140	0.137

土壤质量指标 Soil quality indexes	第一主成分 First principal Component		第二主成分 Second principal Component
土壤质量指标 Soil quality indexes	负荷量 Capacity	权重 Weight	负荷量 Capacity	权重 Weight
pH	0.943	0.384	-0.221	-0.142
有机质OM	0.942	0.384	-0.083	-0.054
碱解氮AN	0.993	0.405	-0.080	-0.052
有效磷AP	0.095	0.039	0.965	0.622
速效钾AK	0.281	0.114	-0.895	-0.577
有效铜AC	0.624	0.254	0.730	0.471
有效锌AZ	0.958	0.390	0.251	0.162
有效铁AF	0.948	0.386	-0.080	-0.052
有效锰AM	0.984	0.401	-0.095	-0.061
特征值 Eigen value	6.024		2.406
方差贡献率 Variance contribution/%	66.933		26.737
累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution/%	66.933		93.671

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