西天山北坡草甸群落表土花粉组合及其生态指示意义

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.07.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (7): 1350-1359.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.07.007

西天山北坡草甸群落表土花粉组合及其生态指示意义

姚付龙(), 黄健, 闫俊杰, 刘海军, 唐国乾

伊犁师范大学生物与地理科学学院/资源与生态研究所,新疆伊宁 835000

收稿日期:2022-02-08 出版日期:2022-07-18 发布日期:2022-08-31
作者简介:姚付龙（1982年生）,男,副教授,博士,主要从事全新世环境演变研究。E-mail: njuwolf@foxmail.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41961013);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2019D01C338)

The Assemblages of Surface Pollen and Their Ecological Significance from Major Meadow Communities Along the North Slope of Tianshan

YAO Fulong(), HUANG Jian, YAN Junjie, LIU Haijun, TANG Guoqian

College of Biologic and Geographic Science/ Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, P. R. China

Received:2022-02-08 Online:2022-07-18 Published:2022-08-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

厘清天山草甸表土花粉与现代植被的关系,对用地层花粉解译该区第四纪环境演变具有重要意义。选取西天山北坡3类草甸（中山草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草甸）为研究对象,以9个植物群落的54个表土花粉样品为研究材料,依据花粉鉴定结果,对比野外样方调查数据,探讨了西天山北坡草甸表土花粉与现代植被的关系,基于除趋势对应分析方法揭示了花粉、植被的生态环境指示意义。研究表明,（1）云杉属（Picea）、藜科（Chenopodiaceae）、蒿属（Artemisia）在表土样品中含量高,分别为20.7%、18.2%、17.1%,影响了表土花粉组合与现代植被关系判别。禾本科（Poaceae）、莎草科（Cyperaceae）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、菊科（Compositae）花粉在以各自为建群种或优势种的群落中有较高含量,分别为12.1%、9.6%、7.8%、4.9%。（2）各植被带均存在特有的表土花粉组合,中山草甸以云杉属-禾本科-藜科-蒿属为特征,亚高山草甸演变为云杉属-蒿属-藜科-蔷薇科-禾本科组合,高山草甸由藜科-莎草科-蒿属-云杉属-禾本科花粉组成。（3）禾本科/(蒿属+藜科)、莎草科/(蒿属+藜科) 比值可用于区分中山草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草甸,还可分别指示湿度大小和温度高低。（4）除趋势对应分析、聚类分析能将表土花粉样品划分至各自群落。温度、湿度为西天山北坡重要的生态因子,温度促使植被带形成和分布,湿度使其进一步分化形成了不同群落。

关键词: 草甸, 表土花粉, 现代植被, 聚类分析, 除趋势对应分析, 天山北坡

Abstract:

Understanding the relationship between surface pollen and modern vegetation in the Tianshan meadow is of great importance for interpreting Quaternary environmental evolution based on stratigraphic pollen. In this study, three types of meadows (middle mountain meadows, subalpine meadows, and alpine meadows) along the north slope of West Tianshan Mountain were selected as the research objects, and 54 surface pollen samples from 9 plant communities were taken as the research materials. The relationship between surface pollen and modern vegetation along the north slope of West Tianshan Mountain was discussed based on the pollen identification results and field sample survey data. The ecological environment indication significance of pollen and vegetation was revealed based on the Detrended Correspondence Analysis. The results showed that the proportions of Picea, Chenopodiaceae, and Artemisia were high among the surface pollen samples, at 20.7%, 18.2%, and 17.1%, respectively; they affected the discrimination of the relationship between surface pollen assemblage and modern vegetation. In addition, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, and Compositae had high content levels in the communities with their own constructive or dominant species, at 12.1%, 9.6%, 7.8%, and 4.9%, respectively. There were unique pollen assemblages in each vegetation zone. The middle mountain meadow was characterized by Picea-Poaceae-Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia, and the subalpine meadow evolved into Picea-Artemisia- Chenopodiaceae-Rosaceae-Poaceae. The alpine meadow was composed of Chenopodiaceae-Cyperaceae-Artemisia-Picea-Poaceae pollen assemblages. The ratio of Poaceae/(Artemisia+Chenopodiaceae) and Cyperaceae/(Artemisia+Chenopodiaceae) not only distinguished middle mountain, subalpine, and alpine meadows, but also indicated the humidity and temperature. Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis can thus be used to divide samples into their own communities. Temperature and humidity are important ecological factors on the northern slope of the Western Tianshan Mountains.

Key words: meadow, surface pollen, modern vegetation, cluster analysis, detrend correspondence analysis, the north slope of Tianshan

中图分类号:

Q948
X17

姚付龙, 黄健, 闫俊杰, 刘海军, 唐国乾. 西天山北坡草甸群落表土花粉组合及其生态指示意义[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(7): 1350-1359.

YAO Fulong, HUANG Jian, YAN Junjie, LIU Haijun, TANG Guoqian. The Assemblages of Surface Pollen and Their Ecological Significance from Major Meadow Communities Along the North Slope of Tianshan[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(7): 1350-1359.

图/表 7

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植物群落 Plant community	盖度 Coverage/%	主要物种 Main plant composition
早熟禾群落 Poa nemoralis community	80-90	早熟禾 (Poa nemoralis)、车轴草 (Trifolium spp.)、天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、鸭茅 (Dactylis glomerata)、假梯牧草 (Phleum phleoides)、酸模 (Rumex acetosa)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、新疆党参 (Codonopsis clematidea)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
短芒短柄草群落 Brachypodium pinnatum community	70-90	短芒短柄草 (Brachypodium pinnatum)、鸭茅 (Dactylis glomerata)、早熟禾 (Poa nemoralis)、广布野豌豆 (Vicia cracca)、牛至 (Origanum vulgare)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、穗花婆婆纳 (Veronica spicata)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、白花蓼 (Polygonum coriarium) 等
高草杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	60-90	大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、西伯利亚羽衣草 (Alchemilla sibirica)、块根糙苏 (Phlomis tuberosa)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、兴安独活 (Heracleum dissectum)、羊角芹 (Aegopodium spp.)、天山大黄 (Rheum wittrockii)、高山地榆 (Sanguisorba alpina)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
大叶橐吾群落 Ligularia macrophylla community	60-80	大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、蓍 (Achillea millefoliun)、火绒草 (Leontopodium spp.)、珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、委陵菜 (Potentilla spp.)、紫苞鸢尾 (Iris ruthenica)、早熟禾 (Poa spp.)、高山梯牧草 (Phleum alpinum)、薹草 (Carex spp.)、蓝花老鹳草 (Geraniumpseudo sibiricum)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、金露梅 (Potentilla fruticosa)、鬼箭锦鸡儿 (Caragana jubata) 等
羽衣草群落 Alchemilla spp. community	70-90	天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、无芒雀麦 (Bromus inermis)、亚欧唐松草 (Thalictrum minus)、侧花种阜草 (Moehringia lateriflora)、无心菜 (Arenaria serpyllifolia)、大苞石竹 (Dianthus hoeltzeri)、毛茛 (Ranunculus spp.)、黑花薹草 (Carex melanantha) 等
杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	80-90	天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、细叶早熟禾 (Poa angustifolia)、高山早熟禾 (Poa alpina)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)、山地乌头 (Aconitum monticola)、老鸛草 (Geranium spp.)、天山风毛菊 (Saussurea larionowii)、高山紫菀 (Aster alpinus)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、高山唐松草 (Thalictrum alpinum)、准噶尔蓼 (Polygonum songoricum) 等
嵩草及杂类草草甸 Kobresia spp. & varii herbae meadow	60-80	嵩草 (Kobresia spp.)、细柄茅 (Ptilagrostis mongholica)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、短筒獐牙菜 (Swertia connata)、白花老鹳草 (Geranium albiflorum)、匍匐委陵菜 (Potentilla reptans)、葶苈 (Draba nemorosa)、高山黄芪 (Astragalus alpinus)、棘豆 (Oxytropis spp.)、厚叶美花草 (Callianthemum alatavicum)、天山银莲花 (Anemone narcissiflora var. turkestanica)、天山点地梅 (Androsace ovczinnikovii) 等
薹草及杂类草草甸 Carex spp. & varii herbae meadow	50-80	薹草 (Carex spp)、西伯利亚三毛草 (Trisetum sibiricum)、珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、勿忘草 (Myosotis alpestris)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、匍枝毛茛 (Ranunculus repens)、天山卷耳 (Cerastium tianschanicum)、白花老鹳草 (Geranium albiflorum)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
高山杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	40-60	珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、嵩草 (Kobresia spp.)、穗状寒生羊茅 (Festuca ovina subsp. sphagnicola)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、岩生老鹳草 (Geranium saxatile)、大花毛建草 (Dracocephalum grandiflorum)、高山紫菀 (Aster alpinus) 等

植物群落 Plant community	盖度 Coverage/%	主要物种 Main plant composition
早熟禾群落 Poa nemoralis community	80-90	早熟禾 (Poa nemoralis)、车轴草 (Trifolium spp.)、天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、鸭茅 (Dactylis glomerata)、假梯牧草 (Phleum phleoides)、酸模 (Rumex acetosa)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、新疆党参 (Codonopsis clematidea)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
短芒短柄草群落 Brachypodium pinnatum community	70-90	短芒短柄草 (Brachypodium pinnatum)、鸭茅 (Dactylis glomerata)、早熟禾 (Poa nemoralis)、广布野豌豆 (Vicia cracca)、牛至 (Origanum vulgare)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、穗花婆婆纳 (Veronica spicata)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、白花蓼 (Polygonum coriarium) 等
高草杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	60-90	大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、西伯利亚羽衣草 (Alchemilla sibirica)、块根糙苏 (Phlomis tuberosa)、草原老鹳草 (Geranium pratense)、兴安独活 (Heracleum dissectum)、羊角芹 (Aegopodium spp.)、天山大黄 (Rheum wittrockii)、高山地榆 (Sanguisorba alpina)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
大叶橐吾群落 Ligularia macrophylla community	60-80	大叶橐吾 (Ligularia macrophylla)、蓍 (Achillea millefoliun)、火绒草 (Leontopodium spp.)、珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、委陵菜 (Potentilla spp.)、紫苞鸢尾 (Iris ruthenica)、早熟禾 (Poa spp.)、高山梯牧草 (Phleum alpinum)、薹草 (Carex spp.)、蓝花老鹳草 (Geraniumpseudo sibiricum)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、金露梅 (Potentilla fruticosa)、鬼箭锦鸡儿 (Caragana jubata) 等
羽衣草群落 Alchemilla spp. community	70-90	天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、无芒雀麦 (Bromus inermis)、亚欧唐松草 (Thalictrum minus)、侧花种阜草 (Moehringia lateriflora)、无心菜 (Arenaria serpyllifolia)、大苞石竹 (Dianthus hoeltzeri)、毛茛 (Ranunculus spp.)、黑花薹草 (Carex melanantha) 等
杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	80-90	天山羽衣草 (Alchemilla tianschanica)、细叶早熟禾 (Poa angustifolia)、高山早熟禾 (Poa alpina)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)、山地乌头 (Aconitum monticola)、老鸛草 (Geranium spp.)、天山风毛菊 (Saussurea larionowii)、高山紫菀 (Aster alpinus)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、高山唐松草 (Thalictrum alpinum)、准噶尔蓼 (Polygonum songoricum) 等
嵩草及杂类草草甸 Kobresia spp. & varii herbae meadow	60-80	嵩草 (Kobresia spp.)、细柄茅 (Ptilagrostis mongholica)、唐松草 (Thalictrum spp.)、短筒獐牙菜 (Swertia connata)、白花老鹳草 (Geranium albiflorum)、匍匐委陵菜 (Potentilla reptans)、葶苈 (Draba nemorosa)、高山黄芪 (Astragalus alpinus)、棘豆 (Oxytropis spp.)、厚叶美花草 (Callianthemum alatavicum)、天山银莲花 (Anemone narcissiflora var. turkestanica)、天山点地梅 (Androsace ovczinnikovii) 等
薹草及杂类草草甸 Carex spp. & varii herbae meadow	50-80	薹草 (Carex spp)、西伯利亚三毛草 (Trisetum sibiricum)、珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、勿忘草 (Myosotis alpestris)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、匍枝毛茛 (Ranunculus repens)、天山卷耳 (Cerastium tianschanicum)、白花老鹳草 (Geranium albiflorum)、蒲公英 (Taraxacum spp.) 等
高山杂类草草甸 Varii herbae meadow	40-60	珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum)、嵩草 (Kobresia spp.)、穗状寒生羊茅 (Festuca ovina subsp. sphagnicola)、高山龙胆 (Gentiana algida)、岩生老鹳草 (Geranium saxatile)、大花毛建草 (Dracocephalum grandiflorum)、高山紫菀 (Aster alpinus) 等

样号 No.	地理位置 Location	海拔 Elevation/m	植物群落 Plant community	样号 No.	地理位置 Location	海拔 Elevation/m	植物群落 Plant community
1	43°20′56″N, 83°37′19″E	2147	I-1	28	42°53′16″N, 82°07′02″E	2748	II-2
2	43°20′56″N, 83°37′29″E	2039	I-1	29	43°04′51″N, 82°16′15″E	2531	II-2
3	43°20′51″N, 83°37′59″E	2148	I-1	30	43°01′10″N, 82°22′41″E	2599	II-2
4	43°20′33″N, 83°36′20″E	2050	I-1	31	43°07′53″N, 83°07′28″E	2405	II-3
5	43°20′28″N, 83°31′04″E	2253	I-1	32	43°05′30″N, 83°15′08″E	2518	II-3
6	43°20′34″N, 83°32′49″E	2227	I-1	33	43°05′20″N, 83°16′17″E	2624	II-3
7	43°20′23″N, 83°34′13″E	2241	I-2	34	43°05′40″N, 83°18′41″E	2424	II-3
8	43°20′19″N, 83°34′30″E	2401	I-2	35	43°08′50″N, 83°26′30″E	2665	II-3
9	43°20′34″N, 83°36′34″E	2168	I-2	36	43°13′57″N, 83°26′40″E	2651	II-3
10	43°20′41″N, 83°36′54″E	2332	I-2	37	43°03′21″N, 83°10′01″E	2858	III-1
11	43°20′49″N, 83°37′26″E	2115	I-2	38	43°03′19″N, 83°14′23″E	3107	III-1
12	43°20′48″N, 83°37′41″E	2080	I-2	39	43°04′16″N, 83°20′04″E	3083	III-1
13	43°20′55″N, 83°38′39″E	2168	I-3	40	43°08′40″N, 83°31′46″E	3091	III-1
14	43°20′31″N, 83°38′50″E	2357	I-3	41	43°10′14″N, 83°55′13″E	2893	III-1
15	43°20′38″N, 83°37′55″E	2244	I-3	42	43°09′47″N, 84°03′47″E	2999	III-1
16	43°20′48″N, 83°37′23″E	2152	I-3	43	43°47′09″N, 84°04′22″E	2897	III-2
17	43°20′32″N, 83°36′17″E	2138	I-3	44	43°50′59″N, 84°01′17″E	2805	III-2
18	43°20′21″N, 83°35′51″E	2210	I-3	45	43°51′31″N, 83°53′34″E	2933	III-2
19	42°20′13″N, 80°43′39″E	2797	II-1	46	43°51′58″N, 83°48′57″E	2826	III-2
20	42°40′24″N, 80°49′54″E	2671	II-1	47	43°52′03″N, 83°42′51″E	2939	III-2
21	42°40′44″N, 80°54′11″E	2630	II-1	48	43°53′10″N, 83°38′17″E	2993	III-2
22	42°41′54″N, 80°01′17″E	2514	II-1	49	43°55′28″N, 83°30′40″E	2839	III-3
23	42°42′33″N, 81°09′11″E	2472	II-1	50	43°56′28″N, 83°29′40″E	2845	III-3
24	42°45′31″N, 81°21′13″E	2588	II-1	51	43°57′32″N, 83°25′28″E	3169	III-3
25	42°50′38″N, 81°46′06″E	2242	II-2	52	43°57′02″N, 83°22′45″E	3236	III-3
26	42°52′17″N, 81°56′09″E	2033	II-2	53	43°55′43″N, 83°13′04″E	3158	III-3
27	42°53′06″N, 82°02′15″E	2424	II-2	54	43°56′38″N, 83°15′01″E	3187	III-3

样号 No.	地理位置 Location	海拔 Elevation/m	植物群落 Plant community	样号 No.	地理位置 Location	海拔 Elevation/m	植物群落 Plant community
1	43°20′56″N, 83°37′19″E	2147	I-1	28	42°53′16″N, 82°07′02″E	2748	II-2
2	43°20′56″N, 83°37′29″E	2039	I-1	29	43°04′51″N, 82°16′15″E	2531	II-2
3	43°20′51″N, 83°37′59″E	2148	I-1	30	43°01′10″N, 82°22′41″E	2599	II-2
4	43°20′33″N, 83°36′20″E	2050	I-1	31	43°07′53″N, 83°07′28″E	2405	II-3
5	43°20′28″N, 83°31′04″E	2253	I-1	32	43°05′30″N, 83°15′08″E	2518	II-3
6	43°20′34″N, 83°32′49″E	2227	I-1	33	43°05′20″N, 83°16′17″E	2624	II-3
7	43°20′23″N, 83°34′13″E	2241	I-2	34	43°05′40″N, 83°18′41″E	2424	II-3
8	43°20′19″N, 83°34′30″E	2401	I-2	35	43°08′50″N, 83°26′30″E	2665	II-3
9	43°20′34″N, 83°36′34″E	2168	I-2	36	43°13′57″N, 83°26′40″E	2651	II-3
10	43°20′41″N, 83°36′54″E	2332	I-2	37	43°03′21″N, 83°10′01″E	2858	III-1
11	43°20′49″N, 83°37′26″E	2115	I-2	38	43°03′19″N, 83°14′23″E	3107	III-1
12	43°20′48″N, 83°37′41″E	2080	I-2	39	43°04′16″N, 83°20′04″E	3083	III-1
13	43°20′55″N, 83°38′39″E	2168	I-3	40	43°08′40″N, 83°31′46″E	3091	III-1
14	43°20′31″N, 83°38′50″E	2357	I-3	41	43°10′14″N, 83°55′13″E	2893	III-1
15	43°20′38″N, 83°37′55″E	2244	I-3	42	43°09′47″N, 84°03′47″E	2999	III-1
16	43°20′48″N, 83°37′23″E	2152	I-3	43	43°47′09″N, 84°04′22″E	2897	III-2
17	43°20′32″N, 83°36′17″E	2138	I-3	44	43°50′59″N, 84°01′17″E	2805	III-2
18	43°20′21″N, 83°35′51″E	2210	I-3	45	43°51′31″N, 83°53′34″E	2933	III-2
19	42°20′13″N, 80°43′39″E	2797	II-1	46	43°51′58″N, 83°48′57″E	2826	III-2
20	42°40′24″N, 80°49′54″E	2671	II-1	47	43°52′03″N, 83°42′51″E	2939	III-2
21	42°40′44″N, 80°54′11″E	2630	II-1	48	43°53′10″N, 83°38′17″E	2993	III-2
22	42°41′54″N, 80°01′17″E	2514	II-1	49	43°55′28″N, 83°30′40″E	2839	III-3
23	42°42′33″N, 81°09′11″E	2472	II-1	50	43°56′28″N, 83°29′40″E	2845	III-3
24	42°45′31″N, 81°21′13″E	2588	II-1	51	43°57′32″N, 83°25′28″E	3169	III-3
25	42°50′38″N, 81°46′06″E	2242	II-2	52	43°57′02″N, 83°22′45″E	3236	III-3
26	42°52′17″N, 81°56′09″E	2033	II-2	53	43°55′43″N, 83°13′04″E	3158	III-3
27	42°53′06″N, 82°02′15″E	2424	II-2	54	43°56′38″N, 83°15′01″E	3187	III-3

西天山北坡草甸群落表土花粉组合及其生态指示意义

The Assemblages of Surface Pollen and Their Ecological Significance from Major Meadow Communities Along the North Slope of Tianshan

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