玉米农田水热通量及能量变化研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.08.011

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 1642-1653.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.08.011

玉米农田水热通量及能量变化研究

邹旭东^*(), 蔡福, 李荣平, 米娜, 赵胡笳, 王笑影, 张云海, 汪宏宇, 贾庆宇

中国气象局沈阳大气环境研究所,辽宁沈阳 110166

收稿日期:2021-04-07 出版日期:2021-08-18 发布日期:2021-11-03
通讯作者: *
作者简介:邹旭东（1979年生）,男,副研究员,从事生态环境气象研究。E-mail: zouxd_163.com@163.com
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2020—2022);国家自然科学基金项目(41775110);国家自然科学基金项目(41975149);国家自然科学基金项目(41875157);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1506802);辽宁省“兴辽英才计划”项目(XLYC1807262)

Study on Water and Heat Flux and Energy Change of Maize Field

ZOU Xudong^*(), CAI Fu, LI Rongping, MI Na, ZHAO Hujia, WANG Xiaoying, ZHANG Yunhai, WANG Hongyu, JIA Qingyu

Institute of Atmospheric Environment, CMA, Shenyang 110166, China

Received:2021-04-07 Online:2021-08-18 Published:2021-11-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为揭示中国北方农田生态系统的水热通量动态特征及其对气象因子的变化响应和能量平衡过程特征,利用榆树市玉米农田生态系统观测站2015年、2018—2019年水热通量观测数据,分别对榆树市玉米农田水热通量的小时、日、月份、年际变化特征,潜热通量（F_l）、感热通量（F_s）受气温、降水、日照等气象因子的相关影响,土壤含水量、水热通量的季节变化和降水,各年份F_l、F_s和降水的分布情况进行了详细的分析,以得出各变量的季节分布和降水过程中的变化特征;还对净辐射、土壤热通量的日变化和季节变化,土壤热通量和土壤含水量的季节变化进行对比分析;最后对能量平衡中各项能量的季节变化、日变化,以及能量闭合情况进行分析。结果表明,水热通量的日变化呈单峰型二次曲线,峰值出现在正午,其中F_l为229.2 W∙m^-2,F_s为148.0 W∙m^-2。潜热年变化呈单峰型,显热年变化呈双峰型,F_l、F_s最高值分别为114.3、51.7 W∙m^-2。净辐射和土壤热通量的日变化和年变化都和水热通量相似,但是净辐射峰值出现的时间提前,土壤热通量峰值出现的时间滞后。F_l的年变化与气温、降水呈正相关,与气压呈负相关。F_l和F_s对降水过程都有显著的响应,F_l对降水的反应更加敏感,而连续的降水对F_s有阻碍作用。各种能量项的平衡分析呈现能量不闭合现象,同时能量不闭合情况表现有明显的日变化和年变化,夏季好于冬季,白天好于夜间。7月平均能量闭合比率达到83%,9月白天的能量闭合度达到89%以上。

关键词: 玉米农田, 潜热通量, 感热通量, 能量变化, 气象因子, 榆树市

Abstract:

In order to reveal the dynamic characteristics of water and heat flux, the response to meteorological factors and the characteristics of energy balance process of farmland ecosystem in northern China, based on the observation data of water and heat fluxes in 2015 and 2018-2019 of Yushu maize farmland ecosystem observation station, the characteristics of hourly, daily, monthly and interannual variation of water and heat fluxes in Yushu maize fields were analyzed, and the F_l (latent heat flux) and F_s (sensible heat flux) affected by temperature, precipitation, sunshine and other meteorological factors were analyzed. The seasonal changes of soil moisture content, water and heat flux and precipitation were compared, and the distribution of F_l, F_s and precipitation in each year was compared and analyzed in detail. In order to get the seasonal distribution of each variable and the variation characteristics of precipitation process, in addition, the diurnal and seasonal changes of net radiation and soil heat flux were analyzed, and the seasonal changes of soil heat flux and soil water content were compared. Finally, the seasonal and diurnal variations of the energy balance variables and the energy closure are analyzed. The results show that the diurnal variation of water and heat flux is a single peak quadratic curve, and the peak appears at noon (F_l: 229.2 W∙m^-2, F_s: 148.0 W∙m^-2). The annual variation of latent heat shows a single peak type, and the annual variation of sensible heat shows a double peak type, of which the highest values are, 114.3 W∙m^-2 (F_l), 51.7 W∙m^-2 (F_s). The diurnal and annual changes of net radiation and soil heat flux are similar to that of water and heat flux, but the peak of net radiation appears earlier and the peak of soil heat flux lags behind. The annual variation of F_l is positively correlated with temperature and precipitation, and negatively correlated with atmospheric pressure. Both F_l and F_s has significant responses to precipitation, and F_l is more sensitive to precipitation, but continuous precipitation has a hindrance to F_s. The equilibrium analysis of various energy terms shows energy unclosed phenomenon. At the same time, there are obvious diurnal and annual changes in the situation of energy unclosed. Summer is better than winter, and day is better than night. The average energy closure ratio reaches 83% in July and more than 89% in the daytime in September.

Key words: maize farmland, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, meteorological factors, energy change, Yushu City

中图分类号:

邹旭东, 蔡福, 李荣平, 米娜, 赵胡笳, 王笑影, 张云海, 汪宏宇, 贾庆宇. 玉米农田水热通量及能量变化研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(8): 1642-1653.

ZOU Xudong, CAI Fu, LI Rongping, MI Na, ZHAO Hujia, WANG Xiaoying, ZHANG Yunhai, WANG Hongyu, JIA Qingyu. Study on Water and Heat Flux and Energy Change of Maize Field[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(8): 1642-1653.

图/表 14

图1 榆树观测站地理位置（风玫瑰图：2017—2019年）

Fig. 1 Location of Yushu observation station (wind rose: 2017-2019)

图2 2015、2018—2019年水热通量年动态、月动态,2015年日动态（潜热通量Fl, 显热通量Fs）

Fig. 2 Annual variations of water and heat flux in 2015 and 2018-2019, monthly variations, and diurnal variations in 2015 (Fl: latent heat flux; Fs: sensible heat flux)

图3 2015、2018—2019年大气压强（图a）、空气温度（图b）和饱和水汽压差（图c）的季节变化

Fig. 3 Seasonal variations of Atmospheric pressure (Fig. a), Air temperature (Fig. b) and Vapor pressure deficit (Fig. c) in 2015, 2018-2019

表1 年气温、降水量和日照时数

Table 1 Annual air temperature, precipitation and sunshine hours

年份 Year	最高月均温度 Max-t (Monthly average)/℃	最低月均温度 Min-t (Monthly average)/℃	平均温度 t (Annual averege)/ ℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/mm	日照 Sunlight/h	生长季节降水量所占比例 Ratio of precipitation in growing season/%	水热通量均值 Annual vapor water and heat flux/(W∙m^-2)
2015	28.3 (Jul.)	-21.1 (Jan.)	5.5	597.5	2524.9	83.3	55.0
2016	Nan	Nan	Nan	474.9	Nan	91.1	Nan
2017	28.9 (Jul.)	-21.6 (Dec.)	4.9	514.1	Nan	92.1	Nan
2018	29.2 (Jul.)	-24.4 (Jan.)	5.4	519.5	Nan	83.6	52.0
2019	28.5 (Jul.)	-19.3 (Dec.)	6.2	801.4	Nan	91.1	58.8

图4 2015、2018—2020年气温、降水和日照月变化

Fig. 4 Monthly variations of air temperature, precipitation and sunshine in 2015, 2018-2020

图5 不同深度土壤含水量季节变化（2015年）

Fig. 5 Seasonal variations of soil moisture at different depths (2015)

图6 2015、2018—2019年潜热通量和降水日变化

Fig. 6 Daily variations of Latent heat flux and precipitation in 2015, 2018-2019

图7 2015、2018—2019年显热通量和降水日变化

Fig. 7 Daily variations of Sensible heat flux and precipitation in 2015, 2018-2019

图8 净辐射（Rn）的日、年变化（a）2015年6月4日;（b）2015年。下同

Fig. 8 Diurnal and annual variations of net radiation (Rn) (a) June 4, 2015; (b) 2015. The same below

图9 土壤热通量动态

Fig. 9 Diurnal and annual variations of soil heat flux

图10 土壤热通量与土壤含水量（2015年）

Fig. 10 Relationship between soil heat flux and soil moisture (2015)

图11 2015年各项能量过程的日变化（a：3月;b：5月;c：7月;d：9月）、月动态（e）

Fig. 11 Diurnal variations (a: March; b: May; c: July; d: September) and monthly variations (e) of energy balance in 2015

图12 2015年能量闭合情况（a）全年统计对比;（b）小时平均值

Fig. 12 Energy closure in 2015 (a) Annual statistical comparison; (b) Hourly average

图13 2015年不同月份地表能量平衡日变化特征其中Ea1、Eb1是考虑地表热通量和垂直感热平流通量的可供能量和支出能量,Ea2、Eb2是没考虑S和Hadv的可供能量和支出能量

Fig. 13 Diurnal variation characteristics of land surface energy balance in different months of 2015 Among them, Ea1 and Eb1 is available energy and expenditure energy considering surface heat flux and vertical sensible heat advection flux, while Ea2 and Eb2 is available energy and expenditure energy not considered

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玉米农田水热通量及能量变化研究

Study on Water and Heat Flux and Energy Change of Maize Field

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