Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Flows in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the Past 30 Years and Influencing Factors

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.06.005

Ecology and Environmental Sciences ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 876-887.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.06.005

• Research Article [Ecology] • Previous Articles Next Articles

Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Flows in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the Past 30 Years and Influencing Factors

ZHOU Ruijiao¹^,²(), ZHANG Hong¹^,²^,^*(), QIAN Min¹^,²

1. School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
2. Chongqing Key Laboratory of GIS Application, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China

Received:2024-12-11 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-06-11

近30年三峡库区生态系统服务流时空演变与影响因素研究

周瑞娇¹^,²(), 张虹¹^,²^,^*(), 钱敏¹^,²

1.重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院，重庆 401331
2.地理信息系统应用研究重庆市高校重点实验室，重庆 401331

通讯作者: * 张虹, E-mail: zh_angh@cqnu.edu.cn
作者简介:周瑞娇（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为资源环境遥感应用。E-mail: 1732391765@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42071217);重庆师范大学校级项目(22XLB002)

Abstract

Abstract:

Ecosystem service flow is an important characterization of an ecosystem's sustainable provisioning capacity and an important ecological barrier in the Yangtze River Basin. The construction of the Three Gorges Project has led to changes in land use and large-scale population movement, which have affected the ecosystem service flow and flow direction. Based on the InVEST model and the functional value method, we calculated the ecosystem service value of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1990 to 2022, quantified the regional ecosystem service flows using the fracture point formula and the field strength model to determine the service flow transmission paths and flow rates, and analyzed the spatial and temporal change characteristics of the ecosystem service flows. The results showed that 1) the value of all types of ecological services increased from 1990 to 2022, with a total service increase of 12.2%. The values of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration services accounted for approximately 63.1%, 23.4%, and 13.5% of the value of ecosystem services, respectively, with high-value areas concentrated in the northeastern part of the reservoir and low-value areas concentrated in the southwestern part of the reservoir. 2) The flow of ecosystem services in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1990 to 2022 first rose and then declined, but overall showed an increase from 8.07×10⁹ yuan to 8.54×10⁹ yuan, with an increase in flow of 5.8%. 3) High-value areas of ecosystem service provision are concentrated in the northeastern part of the region, which is rich in natural resources, and low-value areas are concentrated in the western part of the region, which has a high level of urbanization and development. Ecosystem services flow between neighboring regions, with the dominant direction flowing from high to low-value areas. 4) The main factors influencing the value of ecosystem services in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area are topographic factors, such as elevation and slope, and the explanatory power q-values are 0.835 and 0.815, respectively. This study aimed to clarify the direction and intensity of regional ecosystem service flows and provide a scientific basis for protection and ecological compensation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

Key words: Three Gorges Reservoir Area, breaking point model, ecosystem service value, service flow, human activities

摘要：

生态系统服务流是生态系统持续供给能力的重要表征，三峡库区是长江流域重要生态屏障，三峡工程建设使得土地利用变化，人口大规模流动，影响生态系统服务流量和流向。基于InVEST模型和功能价值法，计算1990－2022年三峡库区生态系统服务价值，并运用断裂点公式和场强模型量化区域生态服务流，确定服务流传输路径、流量，分析生态服务流的时空变化特征。结果表明，1）1990－2022年各类生态服务价值均增加，综合服务价值增幅为12.2%。水源涵养、土壤保持及固碳服务价值分别占生态系统服务价值63.1%、23.4%和13.5%左右，高值区集中在库区东北部，低值区集中在库区西南部。2）1990－2022年三峡库区生态系统服务流量先上升后下降，但整体流量增加，由8.07×10⁹元增长至8.54×10⁹元，流量增幅为5.8%。3）生态系统服务供给高值区集中在自然资源丰富的东北部，低值区集中在城市化发展水平高的西部地区。生态系统服务在相邻区域间流动，主导方向由高价值区流向低价值区。4）三峡库区生态系统服务价值的主要影响因素为高程、坡度等地形因子，可解释力q值分别为0.835、0.815。该研究旨在厘清区域生态系统服务流动方向和强度，为三峡库区生态保护与生态补偿提供科学依据。

关键词: 三峡库区, 断裂点公式, 生态系统服务价值, 服务流, 人类活动

CLC Number:

X196
X171.1

ZHOU Ruijiao, ZHANG Hong, QIAN Min. Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Flows in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the Past 30 Years and Influencing Factors[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(6): 876-887.

周瑞娇, 张虹, 钱敏. 近30年三峡库区生态系统服务流时空演变与影响因素研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(6): 876-887.

Figures/Tables 11

Figure 1 Location of the studied area

Table 1 Names and sources of datasets

数据名称	来源	空间分辨率
土地利用数据	国家冰川冻土沙漠科学数据中心（http://www.ncdc.ac.cn)	30 m
潜在蒸散发数据集	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）	1 km
中国土壤数据集(v1.1)	国家青藏高原数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）	1 km
GDP空间分布公里网格数据	资源环境科学数据平台（https://www.resdc.cn）	1 km
人口密度数据	LandScan数据集（https://landscan.ornl.gov）	1 km
NPP数据	美国国家航空航天局（https://lpdaac.usgs.gov）	500 m
DEM高程数据	地理空间数据云（https://www.gscloud.cn）	30 m
NDVI数据	MOD13A3数据集（https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov）	1 km
降水数据	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）	1 km
温度数据	国家青藏高原科学数据中心（https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/）	1 km

Table 2 Ecosystem services quality and valuation methodology

生态服务类型	物质量计算公式	价值量计算公式
水源涵养服务	$W x = 1- A x / P x × P x$ $R =min(1, 249/ V e)×min(1, 0.9× T /3)×min(1, K /300)× W x$ $R$ ：水源涵养量（mm）； $P x ：$ 栅格 $x$ 的年降水量（mm）； $A x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的实际蒸散发量（mm）； $V e$ ：流速系数； $T$ ：地形指数； $K$ ：土壤饱和导水率； $W x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的产水量（mm）	影子工程法： $E v1 = aR$ $E v1$ ：水源涵养价值量； $a$ ：单位面积的水库成本，参考（DB11/T 1099—2014）《林业生态工程生态效益评价技术规程》， $a$ 为6.1107 yuan∙m⁻³
土壤保持服务	$A x = R × K × L × S × 1- C × P$ $A x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的土壤保持量（t∙hm⁻²）；R：降水侵蚀性因子； $K$ ：土壤可侵蚀性因子； $L$ 和 $S$ ：坡度坡长因子， $C$ ：植被覆盖和作物管理因子， $P$ ：水土保持措施因子	替代成本法： $E v2 =∑ A c C i P i +0.24 A c c / p$ $E v2$ ：土壤保持服务价值量； $A c$ ：土壤保持总量（t）； $C i$ ：为土壤中氮、磷等营养物质的纯含量（%），分别取0.37%,、0.108%； $P i$ 为处理成本，氮、磷环境降解成本分别为875、2800 yuan∙t⁻¹； $c$ ：单位水库清淤工程费用（yuan∙m⁻³），参考《水利建筑工程预算定额》及《国务院排污费征收标准管理办法》单位水库清淤工程费用17.63 yuan∙m⁻³； $p$ ：为土壤容重（t∙m⁻³），参考《陆地生态系统生产总值核算技术指南》取1.24
固碳服务	$C x = C a + C b + C s + C d$ $C x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的碳储量（t∙hm⁻²）； $C a$ ：地上碳储量； $C b$ ：地下碳储量； $C s$ ：土壤碳储量； $C d$ ：死亡有机质碳储量	市场价值法： $E v3 = V c C$ $E v3$ ：固碳服务价值量； $V c$ ：碳市场价格，根据中国碳市场年报（2022年）， $V c$ 为55 yuan∙t⁻¹； $C$ ：总碳储量（t）
综合服务		$E = E v1 + E v2 + E v3$ $E$ ：综合服务价值量； $E v1$ ：水源涵养价值量； $E v2$ ：土壤保持价值量； $E v3$ ：固碳服务价值量

Table 2 Ecosystem services quality and valuation methodology

生态服务类型	物质量计算公式	价值量计算公式
水源涵养服务	$W x = 1- A x / P x × P x$ $R =min(1, 249/ V e)×min(1, 0.9× T /3)×min(1, K /300)× W x$ $R$ ：水源涵养量（mm）； $P x ：$ 栅格 $x$ 的年降水量（mm）； $A x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的实际蒸散发量（mm）； $V e$ ：流速系数； $T$ ：地形指数； $K$ ：土壤饱和导水率； $W x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的产水量（mm）	影子工程法： $E v1 = aR$ $E v1$ ：水源涵养价值量； $a$ ：单位面积的水库成本，参考（DB11/T 1099—2014）《林业生态工程生态效益评价技术规程》， $a$ 为6.1107 yuan∙m⁻³
土壤保持服务	$A x = R × K × L × S × 1- C × P$ $A x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的土壤保持量（t∙hm⁻²）；R：降水侵蚀性因子； $K$ ：土壤可侵蚀性因子； $L$ 和 $S$ ：坡度坡长因子， $C$ ：植被覆盖和作物管理因子， $P$ ：水土保持措施因子	替代成本法： $E v2 =∑ A c C i P i +0.24 A c c / p$ $E v2$ ：土壤保持服务价值量； $A c$ ：土壤保持总量（t）； $C i$ ：为土壤中氮、磷等营养物质的纯含量（%），分别取0.37%,、0.108%； $P i$ 为处理成本，氮、磷环境降解成本分别为875、2800 yuan∙t⁻¹； $c$ ：单位水库清淤工程费用（yuan∙m⁻³），参考《水利建筑工程预算定额》及《国务院排污费征收标准管理办法》单位水库清淤工程费用17.63 yuan∙m⁻³； $p$ ：为土壤容重（t∙m⁻³），参考《陆地生态系统生产总值核算技术指南》取1.24
固碳服务	$C x = C a + C b + C s + C d$ $C x$ ：栅格 $x$ 的碳储量（t∙hm⁻²）； $C a$ ：地上碳储量； $C b$ ：地下碳储量； $C s$ ：土壤碳储量； $C d$ ：死亡有机质碳储量	市场价值法： $E v3 = V c C$ $E v3$ ：固碳服务价值量； $V c$ ：碳市场价格，根据中国碳市场年报（2022年）， $V c$ 为55 yuan∙t⁻¹； $C$ ：总碳储量（t）
综合服务		$E = E v1 + E v2 + E v3$ $E$ ：综合服务价值量； $E v1$ ：水源涵养价值量； $E v2$ ：土壤保持价值量； $E v3$ ：固碳服务价值量

Figure 2 Quality distribution of ecosystem services in the TGRA

Table 3 Value of various types of ecological services in the TGRA

生态服务分类	1990年	2003年	2013年	2022年
水源涵养服务价值/10⁸元	1316.04	1736.6	1511.41	1528.41
土壤保持服务价值/10⁸元	505.09	648.6	560.34	545.99
固碳服务价值/10⁸元	319.3	323.47	322.81	326.45
综合服务价值/10⁸元	2140.43	2708.66	2394.56	2400.86

Figure 3 Distribution of water conservation service flows in the TGRA

Figure 4 Distribution of soil conservation service flows in the TGRA

Figure 5 Distribution of car bon sequestration service flows in the TGRA

Figure 6 Distribution of integrated ecosystem service flows in the TGRA

Table 4 Analysis of influencing factors

影响因子	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆	X₇	X₈
水源涵养（q值)	0.563	0.804	0.803	0.825	0.834	0.777	0.72	0.745
土壤保持（q值）	0.513	0.711	0.765	0.763	0.798	0.726	0.643	0.723
固碳服务（q值）	0.622	0.811	0.829	0.812	0.859	0.783	0.787	0.733
综合服务（q值）	0.561	0.791	0.803	0.815	0.835	0.772	0.716	0.745

Figure 7 Influence factor interaction detection results

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Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Service Flows in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in the Past 30 Years and Influencing Factors

近30年三峡库区生态系统服务流时空演变与影响因素研究

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