贵阳市集中式饮用水源地重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (10): 2039-2047.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.10.012

贵阳市集中式饮用水源地重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

王海鹤¹(), 孙媛媛²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), 张帅⁵, 徐小蓉²^,³^,⁴, 商成梅²^,³^,⁴, 黎春想²^,³^,⁴

1.贵州省生态环境监测中心，贵州贵阳 550081
2.贵州师范大学/贵州省植物生理与发育调控重点实验室，贵州贵阳 550001
3.贵州师范大学/国家林业局西南喀斯特山地生物多样性保护重点实验室，贵州贵阳 550001
4.贵州师范大学生命科学学院，贵州贵阳 550001
5.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院，贵州贵阳 550001

收稿日期:2022-03-28 出版日期:2022-10-18 发布日期:2022-12-09
通讯作者: ^*孙媛媛（1985年生），副教授，博士。E-mail: sunyuanyuan@gznu.edu.cn
作者简介:王海鹤（1985年生），男，高级工程师，主要从事水环境监测及水体环境健康方面研究。E-mail: wanghaihe1985@163.com
基金资助:
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合基础[2020]1Y189);贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合LH字[2017]7345号);贵阳市科技计划项目(筑科合同[2019]2-8号)

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Source of Guiyang

WANG Haihe¹(), SUN Yuanyuan²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), ZhANG Shuai⁵, XU Xiaorong²^,³^,⁴, SHANG Chengmei²^,³^,⁴, LI Chunxiang²^,³^,⁴

1. Guizhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guiyang 550081, P. R. China
2. Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
3. Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
4. School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China
5. College of geography and environmental science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, P. R. China

Received:2022-03-28 Online:2022-10-18 Published:2022-12-09

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究贵阳市7个集中式饮用水源地的重金属空间分布特征及重金属之间的相关性，并探讨饮用水源地的重金属污染对不同人群健康的潜在风险，于2020年1月—12月对7个饮用水源地水体中的Cd、Cr(VI)、As、Co、Fe、Hg、Mo、Ba、Cu、Mn、V和Ni这12种重金属质量浓度进行监测分析，利用US EPA推荐的环境健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的潜在健康风险进行评价。分析结果表明，监测水体中重金属年平均质量浓度顺序为：Fe>Ba>Mo>Mn>Cr(VI)>Cu>V>Ni>As> Co>Cd>Hg，其平均质量浓度均未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749—2006）规定的标准限值，且符合《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅰ类水质标准。空间分布特征表明，Cr(VI)、Cd和在空间上无明显变化趋势；Co、V、Ba和Hg在空间上分布较为均匀；As和Cu变化规律为上游质量浓度高于下游质量浓度；Fe为下游高于上游；Mn是在猫跳河流域下游质量浓度高于上游；Mo和Ni的空间分布特征比较一致。相关性分析表明，Cr(VI)和Cd与其他重金属不存在相关性；Hg和Ba、Co和Ni之间可能分别具有相似的来源或经历相同的迁移转化过程；Cu与Fe却是有着不同来源；As、Mn、Mo和V之间相关度不高。健康风险评价结果表明，对于不同的人群，儿童是比成年人更加容易受到重金属危害的群体。致癌风险评价指标从大到小依次为Cr(VI)>As>Co>Cd；非致癌风险评价指标从大到小依次Mo>Cu>Fe>Ba>V>Hg>Mn>Ni；重金属致癌风险评价值远高于非致癌风险评价值，两者均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）的推荐值；Cr(VI)是研究区域水环境产生健康风险的主要监测指标，应作为风险管控的优先指标。

关键词: 贵阳市, 饮用水源地, 重金属, 健康风险, 空间分布

Abstract:

The characteristics of heavy metal pollution in drinking water source of Guiyang and its potential hazards on human health were investigated. The mass concentrations of 12 heavy metals (Cd, Cr (VI), As, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Ba, V) in drinking water sources were monitored and analyzed from January to December in 2020. The potential health risks of heavy metals in drinking water sources were evaluated by using the environmental health risk assessment model recommended by US EPA. The results indicated that the order of the average mass concentrations of heavy metals in the water samples was as follows: Fe > Ba > Mo > Mn > Cr (VI) > Cu > V > Ni > As > Co > Cd > Hg. No heavy metals exceeded the limit specified by the drinking water health standards in China (GB 5749—2006). The mass concentrations of all heavy metals were lower than the specified limit of Grade I level in the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB 3838—2002). The spatial distribution characteristics of Cr (VI) and Cd showed no significant difference. Co, V, Hg and Ba were evenly distributed in space. The spatial distribution of As and Cu was higher in upstream than in downstream. The spatial distribution of Fe was higher in the downstream than in the upstream. Mn was higher in the downstream than in the upstream of Maotiao River basin. The distribution of Mo and Ni was consistent. Pearson correlation analysis of the concentrations of metal elements indicated that Hg and Ba, Co and Ni might have similar sources. Cr (VI) and Cd had no correlation with other heavy metals. Fe and Cu might come from different sources. The correlation between As, Mn, Mo and V was not high. The results of the health risk assessment indicated that children were more susceptible to the threat of heavy metal pollution than adults. The evaluation indexes of carcinogenic risk showed that Cr (VI) > As > Co > Cd. In terms of the non-carcinogenic risk evaluation indexes ranked from high to low, Mo > Cu > Fe > Ba > V > Hg > Mn > Ni. The evaluation value of carcinogenic risk of heavy metals was much higher than that of non-carcinogenic risk, and both were lower than the value recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Cr (VI) was the main pollutant that causes health risk in the water environment in the study area, and should be taken as a priority index for risk control.

Key words: Guiyang, drinking water source, heavy metals, health risk, space distribution

中图分类号:

X52
X820.4

王海鹤, 孙媛媛, 张帅, 徐小蓉, 商成梅, 黎春想. 贵阳市集中式饮用水源地重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(10): 2039-2047.

WANG Haihe, SUN Yuanyuan, ZhANG Shuai, XU Xiaorong, SHANG Chengmei, LI Chunxiang. Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Source of Guiyang[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(10): 2039-2047.

图/表 8

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序号 Serial number	水源地 Water source	流域 Watershed	水源类型 Type of water source	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude
1	百花湖	猫跳河	湖库型	106.55	26.67
2	红枫湖	猫跳河	湖库型	106.44	26.51
3	南明河	南明河	河流型	106.68	26.50
4	花溪水库	南明河	湖库型	106.64	26.43
5	阿哈水库	南明河	湖库型	106.65	26.54
6	汪家大井	南明河	河流型	106.82	26.60
7	北郊水库	南明河	湖库型	106.73	26.73

序号 Serial number	水源地 Water source	流域 Watershed	水源类型 Type of water source	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude
1	百花湖	猫跳河	湖库型	106.55	26.67
2	红枫湖	猫跳河	湖库型	106.44	26.51
3	南明河	南明河	河流型	106.68	26.50
4	花溪水库	南明河	湖库型	106.64	26.43
5	阿哈水库	南明河	湖库型	106.65	26.54
6	汪家大井	南明河	河流型	106.82	26.60
7	北郊水库	南明河	湖库型	106.73	26.73

致癌重金属 Carcinogenicity heavy metals	致癌强度系数Q_i Carcinogenic Intensity coefficient/(kg·d·mg^-1)	非致癌重金属 Non-carcinogenicity heavy metals	参考剂量RFD_i Reference dose/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	非致癌重金属 Non-carcinogenicity heavy metals	参考剂量RFD_i Reference dose/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
Co	9.8	Ba	0.2	Cu	0.005
As	15	Hg	0.0003	Fe	0.3
Cr(VI)	41	V	0.007	Mn	0.14
Cd	6.1	Mo	0.005	Ni	0.02

致癌重金属 Carcinogenicity heavy metals	致癌强度系数Q_i Carcinogenic Intensity coefficient/(kg·d·mg^-1)	非致癌重金属 Non-carcinogenicity heavy metals	参考剂量RFD_i Reference dose/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)	非致癌重金属 Non-carcinogenicity heavy metals	参考剂量RFD_i Reference dose/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
Co	9.8	Ba	0.2	Cu	0.005
As	15	Hg	0.0003	Fe	0.3
Cr(VI)	41	V	0.007	Mn	0.14
Cd	6.1	Mo	0.005	Ni	0.02

采样点Sampling site	元素 Elements	As	Cd	Cr(VI)	Co	Ni	Hg	Fe	Mn	Mo	Ba	V	Cu
百花湖 Baihua Lake	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	1.05	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	1.00	0.05L	4L	0.10	0.89	0.06	207	44.40	59.60	37.80	0.98	3.97
	平均值	0.30	0.05L	4L	0.06	0.45	0.02	45.32	6.22	6.63	24.88	0.51	0.77
红枫湖 Hongfeng Lake	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	0.36	0.80	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	1.10	0.05L	4L	0.11	0.79	0.04	229	3.13	13.30	31.80	1.67	4.65
	平均值	0.37	0.05L	4L	0.06	0.27	0.02	39.83	1.19	3.39	19.11	0.72	1.03
南明河 Nanming River	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	0.64	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	1.00	0.05L	4L	0.14	0.73	0.05	272	10.40	15.10	31.10	1.14	6.83
	平均值	0.29	0.05L	4L	0.06	0.30	0.02	55.67	1.64	2.77	19.12	0.62	1.00
花溪水库 Huaxi Reservoir	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	0.71	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	0.90	0.05L	4L	0.15	0.79	0.05	293	4.78	59.90	28.80	1.39	13.30
	平均值	0.29	0.05L	4L	0.05	0.18	0.02	51.46	1.21	7.56	19.30	0.52	1.30
阿哈水库 Aha Reservoir	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	0.40	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	1.10	0.05L	4L	0.18	1.21	0.05	285	6.86	17.70	37.00	1.27	11.6
	平均值	0.27	0.05L	4L	0.08	0.56	0.02	35.29	2.13	3.87	21.80	0.59	1.51
汪家大井 Wangjia Dajing	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	0.82L	0.12L	0.09	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	0.40	0.05L	4L	0.32	1.04	0.06	263	6.20	43.00	44.10	3.53	1.62
	平均值	0.19	0.05L	4L	0.08	0.32	0.02	72.03	1.37	4.74	24.78	0.91	0.43
北郊水库 Beijiao Reservoir	最小值	0.3L	0.05L	4L	0.03L	0.06L	0.04L	2.65	0.12L	0.11	0.2L	0.08L	0.08L
	最大值	0.50	0.05L	4L	0.16	1.25	0.05	282	19.00	24.80	31.00	1.81	2.48
	平均值	0.20	0.05L	4L	0.07	0.46	0.02	59.37	3.31	2.80	19.76	0.41	0.55
总体 All	标准差	0.061	0	0	0.011	0.13	0.0005	12.50	1.82	1.89	2.62	0.16	0.39
总体 All	变异系数/%	22.49	0	0	16.97	35.77	2.54	24.38	74.93	41.70	12.32	26.91	41.06
I类标准限值* Standard limit values		50	1	10	1000	20	0.05	300	100	70	700	50	10

贵阳市集中式饮用水源地重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Source of Guiyang

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相关系数 Correlation coefficient (r)	Cr(VI)**	Cu	As	Hg	Fe	Mn	Mo	Co	Ni	Ba	V
Cd**
Cr(VI)**	0
Cu	0	1
As	0	0.293	1
Hg	0	-0.467	-0.359	1
Fe	0	-0.714*	-0.586	0.35	1
Mn	0	-0.143	-0.195	0.467	0.048	1
Mo	0	0.143	0	0.35	-0.048	-0.048	1
Co	0	-0.524	-0.586	0.467	0.238	0.238	-0.048	1
Ni	0	-0.238	-0.293	0.233	-0.048	0.524	-0.143	0.714*	1
Ba	0	-0.238	-0.39	0.816*	0.143	0.524	0.429	0.524	0.429	1
V	0	0.048	0	-0.117	0.048	-0.524	-0.048	0.048	-0.238	-0.238	1

饮用水源地 Drinking water sources	人群 Group	致癌风险 Carcinogenic risk (R)
饮用水源地 Drinking water sources	人群 Group	R_(As)/ (10^-6/a)	R_(Cd)/ (10^-8/a)	R_(Cr(VI))/ (10^-5/a)	R_(Co)/ (10^-7/a)	R_c/ (10^-5/a)
百花湖 Baihua Lake	成人	1.48	5.09	2.73	2.10	2.91
百花湖 Baihua Lake	儿童	2.36	8.09	4.35	3.34	4.62
红枫湖 Hongfeng Lake	成人	1.85	5.09	2.73	1.87	2.94
红枫湖 Hongfeng Lake	儿童	2.95	8.09	4.35	2.97	4.68
南明河 Nanming Rvier	成人	1.44	5.09	2.73	2.08	2.90
南明河 Nanming Rvier	儿童	2.29	8.09	4.35	3.32	4.62
花溪水库 Huaxi Reservoir	成人	1.44	5.09	2.73	1.62	2.90
花溪水库 Huaxi Reservoir	儿童	2.29	8.09	4.35	2.58	4.61
阿哈水库 Aha Reservoir	成人	1.35	5.09	2.73	2.46	2.90
阿哈水库 Aha Reservoir	儿童	2.16	8.09	4.35	3.92	4.61
汪家大井 Wangjia Dajing	成人	0.96	5.09	2.73	2.72	2.86
汪家大井 Wangjia Dajing	儿童	1.53	8.09	4.35	4.33	4.55
北郊水库 Beijiao Reservoir	成人	1.00	5.09	2.73	2.19	2.86
北郊水库 Beijiao Reservoir	儿童	1.59	8.09	4.35	3.49	4.55

饮用水源地 Drinking water sources	人群 Group	致癌风险Carcinogenic risk (R)
饮用水源地 Drinking water sources	人群 Group	R_(Ni)/ (10^-11/a)	R_(Hg)/ (10^-10/a)	R_(Fe)/ (10^-10/a)	R_(Mn)/ (10^-11/a)	R_(Mo)/ (10^-9/a)	R_(Ba)/ (10^-10/a)	R_(V)/ (10^-10/a)	R_(Cu)/ (10^-10/a)	R_n/ (10^-9/a)
百花湖 Baihua Lake	成人	4.49	1.56	3.02	8.89	2.65	2.49	1.46	3.09	3.95
百花湖 Baihua Lake	儿童	7.15	2.48	4.81	1.42	4.22	3.96	2.32	4.92	6.28
红枫湖 Hongfeng Lake	成人	2.73	1.45	2.66	1.70	1.36	1.91	2.06	4.14	2.62
红枫湖 Hongfeng Lake	儿童	4.35	2.30	4.23	2.71	2.16	3.04	3.28	6.59	4.17
南明河 Nanming Rvier	成人	3.04	1.50	3.71	2.34	1.11	1.91	1.77	4.01	2.45
南明河 Nanming Rvier	儿童	4.84	2.39	5.91	3.72	1.76	3.04	2.81	6.39	3.90
花溪水库 Huaxi Reservoir	成人	1.83	1.50	3.43	1.73	3.03	1.93	1.47	5.20	4.42
花溪水库 Huaxi Reservoir	儿童	2.92	2.39	5.46	2.75	4.82	3.07	2.35	8.28	7.03
阿哈水库 Aha Reservoir	成人	5.61	1.50	2.35	3.04	1.55	2.18	1.69	6.04	3.01
阿哈水库 Aha Reservoir	儿童	8.93	2.39	3.75	4.83	2.46	3.47	2.68	9.61	4.79
汪家大井 Wangjia Dajing	成人	3.20	1.56	4.80	1.96	1.90	2.48	2.59	1.73	3.26
汪家大井 Wangjia Dajing	儿童	5.10	2.48	7.65	3.11	3.02	3.95	4.13	2.75	5.19
北郊水库 Beijiao Reservoir	成人	4.64	1.50	3.96	4.74	1.12	1.98	1.16	2.22	2.30
北郊水库 Beijiao Reservoir	儿童	7.38	2.39	6.30	7.54	1.78	3.15	1.85	3.53	3.66

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