广西露天铝土矿区复垦地土壤重金属空间分布特征及风险评价

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.014

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 2232-2243.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.014

广西露天铝土矿区复垦地土壤重金属空间分布特征及风险评价

崔丽蓉¹(), 叶丽丽¹, 陈永山², 闫超凡¹, 蒋金平¹^,³^,^*()

1.广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西桂林 541004
2.泉州师范学院资源与环境科学学院,福建泉州 362000
3.广西岩溶地区水污染控制用水安全保障协同创新中心,广西桂林 541004

收稿日期:2021-06-16 出版日期:2021-11-18 发布日期:2021-12-29
通讯作者: * 蒋金平（1972年生）,男,研究员,博士,主要从事土壤环境与污染修复研究工作。E-mail: jiangjinping74@163.com
作者简介:崔丽蓉（1996年生）,女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤环境与污染修复研究工作。E-mail: 296079239@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41661097);广西自然科学基金项目(2020GXNSFAA297124)

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Reclaimed Land of A Bauxite Mine Region in Guangxi

CUI Lirong¹(), YE Lili¹, CHEN Yongshan², YAN Chaofan¹, JIANG Jinping¹^,³^,^*()

1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2. School of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
3. Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin 541004, China

Received:2021-06-16 Online:2021-11-18 Published:2021-12-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有色金属矿开采后复垦土地污染状况评估对其安全利用具有重要意义。为了查明广西典型露天铝土矿复垦土壤的环境质量状况,对平果铝矿采空区不同时期复垦土壤（A区1998年复垦;B区2003年复垦;C区2013年复垦）的肥力因子、重金属含量、空间分布、污染程度及生态风险进行研究。结果表明,铝土矿区复垦土壤肥力较低,与C区土壤养分相比,A区和B区土壤有不同程度的提高。不同复垦区土壤Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、As平均含量均超过了广西土壤背景值,且Cd、As是农用地筛选值的6.67—16.03、2.42—4.10倍,重金属存在高度的空间变异。复垦土壤中Al含量较高,是广西背景值的1.51、1.65、1.36倍。活性Al质量分数最小,为4722.65 mg∙kg^-1,已超过部分植物的铝毒临界值,对植物产生了一定的影响。污染负荷指数结果表明,铝土矿复垦区土壤均属于重度污染。潜在生态风险评价结果显示,B区处于中等环境风险水平,而A区和C区仍处于较强生态风险水平。健康风险评价结果表明,通过摄食途径重金属对儿童健康危害程度比成人高;致癌重金属As对人群危害大于Cd。平果铝矿复垦土壤受到重金属的污染,对周边环境及人群产生一定的危害。因此,该铝土矿复垦地在安全利用的过程中,需要不断改良以降低复垦土壤的生态风险。

关键词: 复垦土壤, 铝土矿, 空间分布, 重金属, 风险评价

Abstract:

The assessment of pollution status of reclaimed land after non-ferrous metal mining is of great significance to its safe utilization. In order to find out the environmental quality of reclaimed soil of typical open-pit bauxite mines in Guangxi, the fertility factors, heavy metal content, spatial distribution, pollution degree and ecological risk of reclaimed soil in different periods in mined-out areas of Pingguo aluminum mine (area A: reclaimed in 1998; area B: reclaimed in 2003; area C: reclaimed in 2013) were studied. The results show that the soil fertility in reclamation area is low. Compared with the soil fertility in C area, the soil in area A and B has been improved to different extents. The average content of soil Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb and As in the reclaimed area exceeds the background values of Guangxi, and Cd and As are 6.67?16.03 times, 2.42-4.10 times of the screening values of agricultural land. There is a high degree of spatial variation of metals in the reclaimed soil. The content of Al in reclaimed soil is high, which is 1.51 times, 1.65 times and 1.36 times of the background value of Guangxi. The minimum content of active Al is 4722.65 mg∙kg^-1, which has exceeded the toxicity threshold of some plants and has a certain impact on plants. The pollution load index results show that the soil in bauxite reclamation area is heavy pollution. The potential ecological risk assessment shows that the area B belongs to medium environmental risk, while the area A and area C is still at a strong level of ecological risk. The results of health risk assessment show that heavy metals are more harmful to children’s health than adults through feeding, and carcinogenic heavy metal As is more harmful to people than Cd. The reclaimed soil of Pingguo aluminum mine is polluted by heavy metal, which causes some harm to the surrounding environment and people. Therefore, in the process of safe utilization, the bauxite reclamation land needs continuous improvement to reduce the ecological risk of the reclaimed soil.

Key words: reclamation land, bauxite, spatial differentiation, heavy metal, risk assessment

中图分类号:

X53
X820.4

崔丽蓉, 叶丽丽, 陈永山, 闫超凡, 蒋金平. 广西露天铝土矿区复垦地土壤重金属空间分布特征及风险评价[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(11): 2232-2243.

CUI Lirong, YE Lili, CHEN Yongshan, YAN Chaofan, JIANG Jinping. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Reclaimed Land of A Bauxite Mine Region in Guangxi[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(11): 2232-2243.

图/表 15

表1 污染负荷指数分级标准

Table 1 Classification standard of pollution load index

重金属i的污染指数 Individual pollution index (F_i)	污染负荷指数 Pollution load index ( I_PL )	污染等级 Pollution degree
F_i≤0.7	I_PL ≤0.7	无污染 Clean (Safety)
0.7<F_i≤1	0.7< I_PL ≤1	轻微污染 Non-pollution (Security limit)
1<F_i≤2	1< I_PL ≤2	轻度污染 Slight pollution
2<F_i≤3	2< I_PL ≤3	中度污染 Moderate pollution
F_i>3	I_PL >3	重度污染 Heavy pollution

表2 潜在生态风险指数和分级标准

Table 2 Ecological risk index and classification of risk intensity

单项潜在生态风险指数 ( $E j i$ ) The single potential ecological risk index ( $E j i$ )	综合潜在生态风险指数 (I_R_j) The potential ecological risk index (I_R_j)	潜在生态风险等级 Potential ecological risk degree
$E j i$ ≤40	I_R_j≤150	轻微风险 Slight pollution
40< $E j i$ ≤80	150<I_R_j≤300	中等风险 Medium pollution
80< $E j i$ ≤160	300<I_R_j≤600	较强风险 Strong pollution
160< $E j i$ ≤320	600<I_R_j≤1200	很强风险 Very strong pollution
$E j i$ >320	I_R_j>1200	极强风险 Fortissimo pollution

表2 潜在生态风险指数和分级标准

Table 2 Ecological risk index and classification of risk intensity

单项潜在生态风险指数 ( $E j i$ ) The single potential ecological risk index ( $E j i$ )	综合潜在生态风险指数 (I_R_j) The potential ecological risk index (I_R_j)	潜在生态风险等级 Potential ecological risk degree
$E j i$ ≤40	I_R_j≤150	轻微风险 Slight pollution
40< $E j i$ ≤80	150<I_R_j≤300	中等风险 Medium pollution
80< $E j i$ ≤160	300<I_R_j≤600	较强风险 Strong pollution
160< $E j i$ ≤320	600<I_R_j≤1200	很强风险 Very strong pollution
$E j i$ >320	I_R_j>1200	极强风险 Fortissimo pollution

表3 各金属健康风险评价风险参考剂量及斜率系数

Table 3 Reference dose and slope factor value for each heavy metal element in soil

Element	Hg	As	Pb	Cr	Cd
D_rf	0.0003		0.0035	0.003
F_s		1.5			6.1

表4 健康风险评价暴露参数

Table 4 Exposure parameter values of health risk assessment

暴露参数 Exposure parameter values	摄取速率 R_i/(mg∙d^-1)	暴露频率 F_e/(d∙a^-1)	暴露时间 D_e/a	体质量 m_b/kg	平均接触时间（致癌） t_a (carcinogenic)/d	平均接触时间（非致癌） t_a (non-carcinogenic)/d
成人 Adults	100	365	30	62.5	70 $×$ 65	30 $×$ 365
儿童 Children	200	365	10	16	70 $×$ 65	10 $×$ 365

表4 健康风险评价暴露参数

Table 4 Exposure parameter values of health risk assessment

暴露参数 Exposure parameter values	摄取速率 R_i/(mg∙d^-1)	暴露频率 F_e/(d∙a^-1)	暴露时间 D_e/a	体质量 m_b/kg	平均接触时间（致癌） t_a (carcinogenic)/d	平均接触时间（非致癌） t_a (non-carcinogenic)/d
成人 Adults	100	365	30	62.5	70 $×$ 65	30 $×$ 365
儿童 Children	200	365	10	16	70 $×$ 65	10 $×$ 365

表5 土壤养分含量特征

Table 5 Characteristics of soil nutrients

复垦区 Reclaimed land	pH	w_(OM)/ (g·kg^-1)	w_(TN)/ (g·kg^-1)	w_(TP)/ (g·kg^-1)	w_(TK)/ (g·kg^-1)
A	6.89±0.76A	27.14±5.16A	1.75±0.65A	0.83±0.42A	0.97±0.29A
B	6.95±0.38A	11.98±0.65B	2.97±0.53B	2.95±1.52B	1.21±0.25A
C	6.78±0.79A	11.84±2.18B	0.67±0.34C	1.49±0.22B	1.18±0.39A

表6 不同复垦区土壤重金属质量分数统计

Table 6 Statistics of heavy metal quality score in different reclamation areas soil

复垦区 Reclaimed land	项目 Items	Hg	As	Pb	Cr	Cd
A	范围 Range/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.75‒2.08	88.5‒173.66	31.21‒103.73	87.82‒267.16	0.42‒7.18
	均值 Mean/(mg∙kg^-1)	1.27	122.96	46.90	179.12	2.80
	标准差 Standard deviation/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.32	17.25	11.14	42.11	1.18
	变异系数 Variable coefficient	0.25	0.14	0.24	0.24	0.42
B	范围 Range/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.61‒1.69	82.32‒151.34	20.2‒85.09	82.53‒243.51	0.99‒3.37
	均值 Mean/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.90	116.60	46.01	161.02	2.00
	标准差 Standard deviation/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.26	15.55	13.66	37.86	0.64
	变异系数 Variable coefficient	0.29	0.13	0.30	0.24	0.32
C	范围 Range/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.48‒3.87	51.66‒97.24	26.46‒65.01	12.89‒262.30	0.66‒11.58
	均值 Mean/(mg∙kg^-1)	1.42	72.80	42.73	152.17	4.81
	标准差 Standard deviation/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.71	11.37	8.06	39.15	2.84
	变异系数 Variable coefficient	0.50	0.16	0.19	0.26	0.59
背景值 Background value/(mg∙kg^-1)		0.152	20.5	24	82.1	0.27
标准值 Standard value/(mg∙kg^-1)		2.4	30	120	200	0.3

表7 不同复垦区土壤Al总量及活性铝形态含量表

Table 7 Total amount and speciation content of soil Al in different reclamation areas

项目 Item	单位 Unit	复垦区 Reclaimed land
项目 Item	单位 Unit	A	B	C
Al总量 Total Al (T-Al)	%	9.85	10.80	8.87
交换铝 Exchangeable aluminum (E-Al)	mg∙kg^-1	1.77	14.85	2.18
单聚体羟基铝 Sorbed inorganic aluminum (S-Al)	mg∙kg^-1	106.21	66.32	99.90
酸溶无机铝 Hydrous oxide and hydroxide (Hy-Al)	mg∙kg^-1	1225.11	2374.60	1114.73
腐殖酸铝 Humic acid aluminum (H-Al)	mg∙kg^-1	3389.56	5462.45	5644.75
活性铝 Total active aluminum	mg∙kg^-1	4722.65	7917.22	6861.56

图1 A区土壤金属空间分布

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of soil metals in area a

图2 B区土壤金属空间分布

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of soil metals in area b

图3 C区金属空间分布

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of soil metals in area c

表8 土壤金属元素之间的相关系数

Table 8 Correlation analysis between metals in soil

Element	As	Hg	Pb	Cd	Cr	Al
As	1.00
Hg	-0.08	1.00
Pb	0.18	0.25^**	1.00
Cd	-0.55^**	-0.06	-0.07	1.00
Cr	0.16	0.05	0.33^**	0.00	1.00
Al	0.21^*	-0.05	0.63^**	-0.11	0.52^**	1.00

表9 铝矿区土壤金属主成分分析

Table 9 Principle component analysis of soil metal in Aluminum Mining Area

元素 Element	主成分 Principle Component
元素 Element	PC1	PC2	PC3
Hg	0.14	0.21	0.94
As	0.52	-0.71	-0.05
Pb	0.77	0.30	0.22
Cr	0.66	0.30	-0.23
Cd	-0.38	0.79	-0.21
Al	0.84	0.25	-0.24
特征根 Characteristic root	2.16	1.42	1.08
方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate/%	36.07	23.61	17.97
累积贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate/%	36.07	59.68	77.65

表10 铝矿区重金属污染负荷指数和潜在生态风险指数评价指数

Table 10 Evaluation index of heavy metal pollution load index and potential ecological risk index in aluminum mining area

复垦区 Reclaimed land	Hg	Cr	As	Cd	Pb		污染等级 Class of pollution
复垦区 Reclaimed land	F_i					I_PL	污染等级 Class of pollution
A	8.38	2.18	6.00	10.35	1.95	4.55	重度污染 Heavy pollution
B	5.90	1.96	5.69	7.42	1.92	3.84	重度污染 Heavy pollution
C	9.36	1.85	3.55	17.80	1.78	4.29	重度污染 Heavy pollution
	$E j i$					$I R j$
A	21.23	1.79	40.99	279.56	1.95	304.54	较强风险 Strong pollution
B	14.96	1.61	38.87	200.39	1.92	218.88	中等风险 Medium pollution
C	23.72	1.52	24.27	480.59	1.78	531.87	较强风险 Strong pollution

表10 铝矿区重金属污染负荷指数和潜在生态风险指数评价指数

Table 10 Evaluation index of heavy metal pollution load index and potential ecological risk index in aluminum mining area

复垦区 Reclaimed land	Hg	Cr	As	Cd	Pb		污染等级 Class of pollution
复垦区 Reclaimed land	F_i					I_PL	污染等级 Class of pollution
A	8.38	2.18	6.00	10.35	1.95	4.55	重度污染 Heavy pollution
B	5.90	1.96	5.69	7.42	1.92	3.84	重度污染 Heavy pollution
C	9.36	1.85	3.55	17.80	1.78	4.29	重度污染 Heavy pollution
	$E j i$					$I R j$
A	21.23	1.79	40.99	279.56	1.95	304.54	较强风险 Strong pollution
B	14.96	1.61	38.87	200.39	1.92	218.88	中等风险 Medium pollution
C	23.72	1.52	24.27	480.59	1.78	531.87	较强风险 Strong pollution

表11 铝矿区土壤重金属对成人健康危害的平均年风险

Table 11 Average annual risk values of heavy metals for adults in aluminum mining area (a-1)

复垦区 Reclaimed land	Cd	As	致癌风险指数 Carcinogenic risk index (R_c)	Hg	Pb	Cr	非致癌风险指数 Non-carcinogenic risk index (R)
A	1.17×10^-5	1.26×10^-4	1.38×10^-4	6.77×10^-9	1.34×10^-8	5.97×10^-8	7.99×10^-8
B	0.84×10^-5	1.20×10^-4	1.28×10^-4	4.80×10^-9	1.31×10^-8	5.37×10^-8	7.16×0^-8
C	2.01×10^-5	0.75×10^-4	0.95×10^-4	7.57×10^-9	1.22×10^-8	5.07×10^-8	7.05×10^-8

表12 铝矿区土壤重金属对儿童健康危害的平均年风险

Table 12 Average annual risk values of heavy metals for children in aluminum mining area (a-1)

复垦区 Reclaimed land	Cd	As	致癌风险指数 Carcinogenic risk index ( R_c )	Hg	Pb	Cr	非致癌风险指数 Non-carcinogenic risk index (R)
A	3.05×10^-5	3.29×10^-4	3.60×10^-4	5.29×10^-8	1.68×10^-7	7.46×10^-7	9.67×10^-7
B	2.18×10^-5	3.12×10^-4	3.34×10^-4	3.75×10^-8	1.64×10^-7	6.71×10^-7	8.73×10^-7
C	5.24×10^-5	1.95×10^-4	2.47×10^-4	5.92×10^-8	1.53×10^-7	6.34×10^-7	8.46×10^-7

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广西露天铝土矿区复垦地土壤重金属空间分布特征及风险评价

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals in Reclaimed Land of A Bauxite Mine Region in Guangxi

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