高程对盐沼湿地互花米草生长与扩散的影响

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.06.009

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1183-1191.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.06.009

高程对盐沼湿地互花米草生长与扩散的影响

闫振宁¹^,²(), 梅宝玲¹^,^*(), 张桂萍³, 韩广轩², 谢宝华²^,^*(), 张树岩⁴, 周英锋⁴, 刘展航²^,⁵

1.内蒙古大学生态与环境学院,内蒙古呼和浩特 010021
2.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所/中国科学院海岸带环境过程与生态修复重点实验室,山东烟台 264003
3.山东新汇建设集团有限公司,山东东营 257500
4.山东省黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区管理委员会,山东东营 257500
5.鲁东大学生命科学学院,山东烟台 264000

收稿日期:2021-01-02 出版日期:2021-06-18 发布日期:2021-09-10
通讯作者: 谢宝华,副研究员,研究方向为湿地生态学。E-mail: bhxie@yic.ac.cn
* 梅宝玲,副教授,研究方向为大气环境。E-mail: ndblmei@imu.edu.cn;
作者简介:闫振宁（1994年生）,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为湿地生态学。E-mail: 404052051@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U1906223);美丽中国生态文明建设科技工程专项(XDA23050202);中国科学院科技服务网络计划项目(KFJ-STS-ZDTP-023);山东省林业科技创新项目(LYCX07-2018-39)

Effects of Elevation on the Invasion and Expansion of Spartina alterniflora in A Salt Marsh

YAN Zhenning¹^,²(), MEI Baoling¹^,^*(), ZHANG Guiping³, HAN Guangxuan², XIE Baohua²^,^*(), ZHANG Shuyan⁴, ZHOU Yingfeng⁴, LIU Zhanhang²^,⁵

1. College of ecology and environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
2. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, CAS/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes/Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
3. Shandong Xinhui Construction Group Limited Company, Dongying 257500, China
4. Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Committee, Dongying 257500, China
5. College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264000, China

Received:2021-01-02 Online:2021-06-18 Published:2021-09-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

外来物种互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵中国后,对潮间带滨海湿地的生态环境危害巨大,对河口湿地生态、景观、经济等方面均有不同程度影响,研究其入侵机制对有效防治互花米草是不可或缺的。黄河三角洲是中国北方受互花米草侵害最严重的地区之一。该研究在黄河三角洲潮间带开展互花米草移栽试验,2019年6月,在由海向陆方向上,把互花米草实生苗（种子萌发苗）与克隆苗（根茎萌发苗）移栽至高程范围为65.5—114.7 cm的不同地点,定期调查移栽点互花米草生长状况,同时进行潮汐与土壤性质监测,揭示潮间带不同高程对互花米草幼苗生长与扩散的影响,确定互花米草存活的高程阈值。结果表明：（1）随着高程升高,黄河三角洲潮间带的潮汐淹水时长和淹水深度有显著差异;（2）在黄河三角洲,影响互花米草生长与繁殖的主要环境因素为高程和潮汐共同作用的平均淹水时间、平均淹水深度和土壤盐度;（3）总体而言,互花米草实生苗与克隆苗的生长状况随高程升高而变差,实生苗可在盐地碱蓬分布区存活,克隆苗可在高程更高的芦苇和柽柳分布区存活;（4）在由海向陆方向上,短期内互花米草可快速扩散至盐地碱蓬分布区,经过长期适应后,互花米草可能扩散至芦苇分布区甚至柽柳分布区。因此,中国北方互花米草防控刻不容缓,首先应有效控制互花米草种子的有性繁殖,限制或阻止其通过种子进行远距离扩散,其次,应加快互花米草控制步伐,否则,经过长期适应之后,互花米草很可能继续向陆地方向扩张,与本土植被芦苇和柽柳产生直接竞争,扩大其对潮间带生态系统的威胁。

关键词: 互花米草, 黄河三角洲, 潮间带, 有性繁殖, 无性繁殖

Abstract:

Spartina alterniflora, an alien species, has invaded and severely harmed the intertidal coast with different effects on the ecology, landscape and economy in China. Therefore, it is urgent to study the invasion mechanism of S. alterniflora to effectively control it. Yellow River Delta (YRD) is one of the most affected areas by S. alterniflora in North China. In this study, a transplanting experiment of S. alterniflora was carried out in the intertidal zone of YRD. In June 2019, the seedlings (seed germinated seedlings) and clonal ramets (rhizome germinated seedlings) of S. alterniflora were transplanted to different locations with elevations ranging from 65.5 cm to 114.7 cm. To detect the effect of different elevation on the growth and expansion of S. alterniflora seedlings in the intertidal zone and the elevation threshold for S. alterniflora survival, regular investigations of the growth status of S. alterniflora, tide and soil properties at the transplanting sites were conducted. The results showed that, (1) With the increase of elevation, there were significant differences in the duration and depth of tidal flooding in the intertidal zone of YRD. (2) In YRD, the main factors affecting the growth and reproduction of S. alterniflora were the average flooding time, average flooding depth and soil salinity resulting from the combined action of elevation and tide. (3) In general, the growth status of seedlings and clonal ramets of S. alterniflora became worse with the increasing elevation, the seedlings could survive in the Suaeda salsa dominant area, and clonal ramets could survive in areas dominated by Phragmites australis and Tamarix ramosissima at higher elevation. And (4) along the direction from sea to land, S. alterniflora could rapidly expand to the Suaeda salsa dominant area in a short time, and after a long term, S. alterniflora might invade to Phragmites australis or even Tamarix ramosima dominant zones. Therefore, the control of S. alterniflora in northern China is urgent. Firstly, the sexual reproduction of S. alterniflora seeds should be effectively controlled to limit or prevent its long-distance expansion by the seeds. Secondly, the control pace of S. alterniflora should be accelerated. Otherwise, after long-term adaptation, S. alterniflora is likely to expand further to the land, leading to direct competition with the native vegetation Phragmites australis and Tamarix ramosissima, and strengthening its threat to intertidal ecosystems.

Key words: Spartina alterniflora, Yellow River Delta, intertidal zone, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction

中图分类号:

Q948
X17

闫振宁, 梅宝玲, 张桂萍, 韩广轩, 谢宝华, 张树岩, 周英锋, 刘展航. 高程对盐沼湿地互花米草生长与扩散的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(6): 1183-1191.

YAN Zhenning, MEI Baoling, ZHANG Guiping, HAN Guangxuan, XIE Baohua, ZHANG Shuyan, ZHOU Yingfeng, LIU Zhanhang. Effects of Elevation on the Invasion and Expansion of Spartina alterniflora in A Salt Marsh[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(6): 1183-1191.

图/表 11

图1 研究区域

Fig. 1 Map of the study area

图2 各移栽点（TP1—TP6）的高程及移栽点与对照点（CK）之间的距离

Fig. 2 Elevation of each transplanting site (TP) and the distance between transplanting sites and control site (CK)

表1 不同移栽点的环境因子

Table 1 Environment factors at different transplanting site

移栽点Transplanting site	植被 Vegetation	平均淹水深度 Average depth of flooding/(cm∙d^-1)	淹水频率 Foodding frequency/%	淹水时长 Duration of flooding/h	最大淹水深度 Maximum depth of flooding/cm	电导率^# Conductivity/ (ms∙cm^-1)	温度^# Temperature/ ℃
CK	互花米草 S. alterniflora	14.56±0.001a	100	270.53±15.8a	132.83	10.03±0.4a	25.27±1b
TP1	光滩 Bare flat	7.80±0.001b	94	160.08±12.2b	112.43	10.00±0.4a	24.85±1.1b
TP2	光滩+盐地碱蓬 Bare flat+S. salsa	5.64±0.001c	89	128.22±9.9c	102.63	11.22±0.4a	25.66±1.1b
TP3	盐地碱蓬 S. salsa	4.27±0.001d	85	107.92±8.2c	95.13	10.82±0.4a	26.68±1ab
TP4	盐地碱蓬+芦苇 S. salsa+P. australis	2.78±0.001e	78	81.00±6.1d	84.83	11.29±0.4a	26.54±1.1ab
TP5	芦苇P. australis	1.78±0.001f	67	59.81±4.3de	75.63	10.32±0.5a	28.06±1.1ab
TP6	柽柳 T. chinensis	1.19±0.149g	67	43.61±3.2e	68.32	10.57±0.5a	29.19±1.1a

图3 不同高程处互花米草实生苗密度（a）与株高（c）、克隆苗密度（b）与株高（d）

Fig. 3 Density (a) and plant height (c) of seedlings, and density (b) and plant height (d) of clonal ramets of S. alterniflora at different elevations

图4 生长季末期互花米草克隆分株的基径（a）、叶宽（b）和叶长（c）

Fig. 4 Stem basal diameter (a), leaf width (b) and leaf length (c) of clonal ramets of S. alterniflora at the end of growing season

图5 不同高程处互花米草结穗率（a）和穗密度（b）

Fig. 5 Ear rate (a) and ear density (b) of S. alterniflora at different elevations

图6 2020年互花米草幼苗密度

Fig. 6 Seedling density of S. alterniflora in 2020

图7 不同高程处互花米草种群增长率

Fig. 7 Population growth rate of S.alterniflora at different elevations

表2 环境因子与排序轴的相关关系

Table 2 Correlation of environmental factors with the axes

环境因子 Environmental factors	第Ⅰ轴 Axis Ⅰ	第Ⅱ轴 Axis Ⅱ
高程 Elevation	0.720	-0.276
平均淹水深度 Average depth of flooding	-0.678	0.088
最大淹水深度 Maximum depth of flooding	-0.410	0.089
淹水时长 Total duration of flooding	-0.699	-0.209
淹水频率 The flood frequency	-0.649	0. 287
温度 Temperature	0.559	0.457
电导率 Conductivity	-0.125	-0.450

图8 互花米草克隆苗植物特征与环境因子关系的冗余分析排序图 A 温度 Temperature;B 高程 Elevation;C 电导率 Conductivity;D 淹水时长 Total duration of flooding;E 平均淹水深度 Average depth of flooding;F 最大淹水深度 Maximum depth of flooding;G 淹水频率 The flood frequency;a 叶长 Leaf length;b 叶宽 Leaf width;c 基径Stem basal diameter;d 株高 Height;e 密度 Density

Fig. 8 Biplot of the two axes of RDA(redundancy analysis) for environmental factor with growth characteristics of clonal ramets of S. alterniflora

表3 环境因子变量解释的重要性排序和显著性检验结果

Table 3 Importance and signification level of environmental factors

环境因子 Environmental factors	重要性排序 Importance rank	环境因子所占解释量 Variance explains of Environmental factors	F	P
高程 Elevation	1	50.4	33.593	0.002
淹水时长 Total duration of flooding	2	47.5	29.893	0.002
平均淹水深度 Average depth of flooding	3	44.6	26.555	0.002
淹水频率 The flood frequency	4	41.0	22.950	0.002
温度 Temperature	5	30.8	14.715	0.002
最大淹水深度 Maximum depth of flooding	6	16.3	6.438	0.020
电导率 Conductivity	7	2.10	0.696	0.412

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高程对盐沼湿地互花米草生长与扩散的影响

Effects of Elevation on the Invasion and Expansion of Spartina alterniflora in A Salt Marsh

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