水动力作用下河道底泥氨氮释放特性分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.06.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 931-940.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.06.010

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

水动力作用下河道底泥氨氮释放特性分析

任宸剑¹(), 郝瑞霞¹^,³, 张杨², 韩丽娟¹^,³^,^*(), 魏煜星¹, 柴璐¹

1.太原理工大学水利科学与工程学院，山西太原 030000
2.山西省水利发展中心，山西太原 030000
3.流域水资源协同利用山西省重点实验室，山西太原 030000

收稿日期:2024-10-20 出版日期:2025-06-18 发布日期:2025-06-11
通讯作者: * 韩丽娟, E-mail: hanlijuan@tyut.edu.cn
作者简介:任宸剑（1999年生），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水力学及河流动力学研究。E-mail: 972909938@qq.com
基金资助:
山西省基础研究项目(202103021223079);长江科学院开放基金项目(CKWV2021869/KY);山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2021-051);山西省水利科学技术研究与推广项目(2022GM017);国家自然科学基金项目(52109099)

The Release Characteristics of Ammonia Nitrogen from River Sediments Driven by Hydrodynamic Forces

REN Chenjian¹(), HAO Ruixia¹^,³, ZHANG Yang², HAN Lijuan¹^,³^,^*(), WEI Yuxing¹, CHAI Lu¹

1. College of Water Conservancy Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030000, P. R. China
2. Shanxi Water Conservancy Development Center, Taiyuan 030002, P. R. China
3. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Collaborative Utilization of River Basin Water Resources, Taiyuan 030000, P. R. China

Received:2024-10-20 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-06-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氨氮是引起河道富营养化的重要原因，了解水动力条件下河道底泥中氨氮的释放特性对了解河流水质的动态至关重要。为探究水动力作用对河道底泥起动与氨氮释放规律的影响，于汾河太原段下游取样开展室内实验，研究恒定和变化水动力条件下底泥再悬浮与氨氮浓度的时空变化以及释放速率等，构建不同强度水动力作用下近底切应力与底泥起动、上覆水浊度、氨氮浓度的相关关系。结果表明，水动力条件变化引起的近底切应力变化是影响上覆水浊度和氨氮浓度的关键因素。当近底切应力为1.07 N·m⁻²时，中值粒径d₅₀=0.020 mm的底泥达到“普遍动”的起动状态，底泥向上覆水中大量悬浮；氨氮在扰动初期释放速率最快，前60 min氨氮释放量占总释放量的60.4%；当近底切应力小于0.260 N·m⁻²时，氨氮浓度在实验初期释放存在分层现象，底部氨氮浓度处于较高的水平，随着转速的增加和时间的推移（180 min后）垂向上氨氮浓度趋于一致；上覆水浊度和氨氮浓度随底泥面切应力的增加而增加，越强的水动力条件越有助于提高上覆水中氨氮浓度的阈值上限，该研究中氨氮质量浓度和释放速率最大值分别为0.569 mg·L⁻¹、249 mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹；近底切应力与底泥向上覆水释放的氨氮浓度呈线性增加关系，与水体浊度呈近似指数增加关系。

关键词: 底泥再悬浮, 水力扰动, 氨氮浓度, 内源污染, 河道水质治理

Abstract:

Ammonia nitrogen is a pivotal contributor to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the release mechanisms of ammonia nitrogen from river sediments under varying hydrodynamic conditions is essential for effective management of water quality. This study investigated the effects of hydrodynamic forces on sediment resuspension and the release dynamics of ammonia nitrogen by using sediment samples collected from the downstream section of the Fenhe River in Taiyuan. Laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in sediment resuspension and ammonia nitrogen concentration under steady and dynamic hydrodynamic conditions as well as the associated release rates. Correlations were established between near-bottom shear stress, sediment resuspension, overlying water turbidity, and ammonia nitrogen concentration under different intensities of hydrodynamic disturbance. The results revealed that the near-bottom shear stress is a key determinant of turbidity and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the overlying water. When the near-bottom shear stress reached 1.065 N·m⁻², sediment with a median particle size (d₅₀) of 0.020 mm transitioned into a state of “general motion,” resulting in significant sediment resuspension. The release rate of ammonia nitrogen was highest during the initial disturbance phase, with 60.4% of the total ammonia nitrogen released within the first 60 min. When the near-bottom shear stress was below 0.260 N·m⁻², the ammonia-nitrogen concentration exhibited stratification during the initial phase of the experiment, with higher concentrations near the sediment layer. However, the vertical concentration became more uniform after 180 min. Both turbidity and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the overlying water increased with increasing shear stress on the sediment surface. Stronger hydrodynamic conditions facilitated higher thresholds of ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in the overlying water. The maximum ammonia nitrogen concentration and release rate observed in this study were 0.569 mg·L⁻¹ and 249.19 mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between the near-bottom shear stress and ammonia nitrogen concentration released into the overlying water, whereas turbidity exhibited an approximately exponential increase with increasing shear stress.

Key words: sediment resuspension, hydrodynamic disturbance, ammonia nitrogen concentration, internal pollution, river water quality management

中图分类号:

X522
TV131.2

任宸剑, 郝瑞霞, 张杨, 韩丽娟, 魏煜星, 柴璐. 水动力作用下河道底泥氨氮释放特性分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(6): 931-940.

REN Chenjian, HAO Ruixia, ZHANG Yang, HAN Lijuan, WEI Yuxing, CHAI Lu. The Release Characteristics of Ammonia Nitrogen from River Sediments Driven by Hydrodynamic Forces[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(6): 931-940.

图/表 18

图1 底泥采样点位置基于地理空间数据云DEM数据及国家地理信息公共服务平台GS（2024）0650号标准地图制作；底图边界无修改

Figure 1 Location of sediment sampling site

图2 底泥的粒径分布 n=3。下同

Figure 2 Particle size distribution of the sediment samples

表1 底泥中不同形态氮的质量分数

Table 1 Mass fraction of different forms of nitrogen in the sediment

底泥深度/ cm	总氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	氨氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	硝酸盐氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	亚硝酸盐氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)
0－5	699±37.0	45.0±2.00	32.0±2.00	27.0±1.00
5－10	713±28.0	39.0±4.00	36.0±2.00	24.0±1.00

图3 实验装置示意图

Figure 3 Schematic representation of the experimental apparatus

表2 恒定水动力条件下氨氮释放工况（A1－A5）

Table 2 Experimental conditions for ammonia nitrogen release under steady hydrodynamic conditions (A1-A5)

工况	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5
转速R_s/(rad·min⁻¹)	0	150	250	350	450

表3 变化水动力条件下氨氮释放工况（A6）

Table 3 Experimental conditions for ammonia nitrogen release under variable hydrodynamic conditions (A6)

阶段	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9
转速R_s/(rad·min⁻¹)	0	150	250	350	450	350	250	150	0

图4 不同扰动强度下流速分布

Figure 4 Flow velocity profiles under varying disturbance intensities

图5 氨氮质量浓度垂向分布随时间变化

Figure 5 Temporal changes in the vertical distribution of ammonia nitrogen mass concentration

图6 上覆水中氨氮质量浓度随时间变化

Figure 6 Temporal variation in ammonia nitrogen mass concentration in the overlying water

图7 监测实验周期内各时间段氨氮释放的贡献比

Figure 7 Contribution ratios of ammonia nitrogen release during different phases of the monitoring experiment

表4 上覆水中氨氮的释放速率

Table 4 Release rates of ammonia nitrogen in overlying water

工况	释放速率/(mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹)		累计释放速率/ (mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹)
工况	0－60 min	60－540 min	累计释放速率/ (mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹)
A1	280	57.8	76.8
A2	633	64.3	119
A3	1.04×10³	69.5	164
A4	1.58×10³	95.1	249
A5	1.13×10³	148	240

图8 变化水动力条件下（A6）上覆水中氨氮质量浓度随时间变化

Figure 8 Temporal variation in Ammonium nitrogen mass concentration in the overlaying water under variable hydrodynamic conditions (A6)

表5 变化水动力条件下（A6）氨氮质量浓度变化与释放速率计算结果

Table 5 Calculated results of ammonia nitrogen mass concentration changes and release rates (A6)

阶段	转速R_s/ (rad·min⁻¹)	氨氮平均质量浓度变化∆/(mg·L⁻¹)	释放速率/ (mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹)	累计释放速率/ (mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹)
B1	0	6.00×10⁻³	43.1	25.1
B1	0	5.00×10⁻³	35.8	28.7
B2	150	0.119	851	235
B2	150	2.10×10⁻²	150	218
B3	250	−2.30×10⁻²	−137	154
B3	250	−1.50×10⁻²	−106	117
B4	350	3.50×10⁻²	248	134
B4	350	3.80×10⁻²	268	149
B5	450	3.80×10⁻²	268	162
B5	450	3.10×10⁻²	218	167
B6	350	4.00×10⁻³	28.1	156
B6	350	8.00×10⁻³	56.0	148
B7	250	−2.30×10⁻²	−161	125
B7	250	−3.30×10⁻²	−230	102
B8	150	6.00×10⁻³	41.7	97.9
B8	150	−2.00×10⁻³	−13.9	90.5
B9	0	1.00×10⁻²	69.1	87.9
B9	0	−2.50×10⁻²	−172	75.8

表6 实验装置内的近底切应力

Table 6 Near-bottom shear stress in the experimental setup

工况	转速R_s/ (rad·min⁻¹)	底泥起动状态	近底流速u_b/ (m·s⁻¹)	近底处黏滞切应力τ₁/ (N·m⁻²)	近底处附加切应力τ₂/ (N·m⁻²)	近底处切应力τ/(N·m⁻²)
工况	转速R_s/ (rad·min⁻¹)	底泥起动状态	近底流速u_b/ (m·s⁻¹)	近底处黏滞切应力τ₁/ (N·m⁻²)	近底处附加切应力τ₂/ (N·m⁻²)	本文	李一平
A1	0	未动	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	－
A2	150	个别动	2.00×10⁻²	2.00×10⁻³	6.60×10⁻²	6.80×10⁻²	－
A3	250	个别动	4.00×10⁻²	4.00×10⁻³	0.256	0.260	0.428
A4	350	少量动	6.00×10⁻²	6.00×10⁻³	0.578	0.584	0.636
A5	450	普遍动	8.10×10⁻²	9.00×10⁻³	1.06	1.07	1.04

图9 转速与近底切应力的拟合关系

Figure 9 Fitted relationship between rotational speed and near-bottom shear stresses

表7 A1－A5工况浊度

Table 7 Turbidity levels under steady hydrodynamic conditions (A1-A5)

工况	A1	A2	A3	A4	A5
上覆水浊度/ FNU	10.1±0.730	12.1±2.63	26.2±2.54	53.2±5.38	115±10.3

图10 氨氮质量浓度、浊度和近底切应力的相关关系

Figure 10 Correlations between ammonia nitrogen mass concentration, turbidity, and near-bottom shear stress

表8 变化水动力条件下（A6）浊度变化过程

Table 8 Turbidity variation process under variable hydrodynamic conditions (A6)

时段	各阶段上覆水的浊度/FNU
时段	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9
第1小时	3.17±0.210	4.17±0.530	10.1±2.75	30.8±2.46	110±9.56	87.4±7.94	74.3±8.77	52.8±3.93	33.6±1.74
第2小时	3.09±0.920	4.03±1.89	9.53±1.61	29.4±5.09	92.6±5.90	82.7±8.84	69.3±4.20	45.8±5.39	29.9±1.86

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水动力作用下河道底泥氨氮释放特性分析

The Release Characteristics of Ammonia Nitrogen from River Sediments Driven by Hydrodynamic Forces

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