土壤硝化N2O排放时空动态对退化热带森林恢复的响应

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.12.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12): 1879-1889.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.12.005

土壤硝化N₂O排放时空动态对退化热带森林恢复的响应

颜营林¹(), 李少辉¹, 王邵军¹^,²^,^*(), 曹子林¹, 曹乾斌¹, 左倩倩¹, 陈闽昆¹

1.西南林业大学/云南省高原湿地保护修复与生态服务重点实验室/国家高原湿地研究中心，云南昆明 650224
2.南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心，江苏南京 210037

收稿日期:2025-03-18 出版日期:2025-12-18 发布日期:2025-12-10
通讯作者: *E-mail：shaojunwang2009@163.com
作者简介:颜营林（2001年生），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为土壤生态学。E-mail: 1765133055@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(32271722);国家自然科学基金项目(32060281)

Response of Spatiotemporal Variation in Soil N₂O Emissions from Nitrification to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forests

YAN Yinglin¹(), LI Shaohui¹, WANG Shaojun¹^,²^,^*(), CAO Zilin¹, CAO Qianbin¹, ZUO Qianqian¹, CHEN Minkun¹

1. Southwest Forestry University/Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services/ National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, Kunming 650224, P. R. China
2. Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China

Received:2025-03-18 Online:2025-12-18 Published:2025-12-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 硝化作用是调控森林土壤氮素转变的关键微生物过程，并能产生氧化亚氮（N₂O）而影响全球气候变化进程。为探明土壤硝化N₂O排放动态对森林恢复的响应，选择西双版纳不同恢复阶段热带森林（初期的白背桐群落、中期的崖豆藤群落、后期的高檐蒲桃群落）为研究对象，采用“乙炔抑制土壤硝化作用”的室内连续培养方法，研究热带森林恢复过程中土壤硝化N₂O排放速率的干湿季和沿土层的变化动态及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明，1）热带森林恢复促进了土壤硝化的N₂O排放（p<0.01）。土壤硝化N₂O排放速率（以N计，下同）的大小顺序为：恢复后期[（90.8±2.2）μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]>中期[（87.7±2.3）μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]>初期[（57.5±2.5）μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]。2）不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤硝化N₂O排放速率均表现为：雨季[（120.9±2.7）μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]>干季[（69.8±1.5）μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]，其中，恢复中期土壤硝化N₂O排放速率季节变幅最大，变异系数为48.3%。3）不同恢复阶段热带森林土壤硝化的N₂O排放速率均沿土层加深而降低，其中，恢复后期变幅最大，且0－5 cm土层硝化N₂O排放均占0－15 cm土层的50.0%以上。4）土壤理化性质变化显著影响硝化N₂O排放。其中，土壤温度与水分变化分别解释硝化N₂O排放的52.0%－58.2%和60.7%－71.4%；相关性分析表明，硝化N₂O排放与土壤铵态氮呈极显著正相关，与土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、全氮、pH显著正相关，而与土壤容重呈显著负相关；结构方程结果显示，土壤氮组分、碳组分、容重分别解释了67.3%、53.4%和41.7%的通量变化。因此，热带森林恢复主要通过介导土壤氮组分特别是铵态氮含量变化而调控硝化N₂O的排放。

关键词: 森林恢复, 硝化作用, N₂O排放, 退化热带森林, 时空动态, 西双版纳

Abstract:

Nitrification is a key microbial process that regulates the transformation of nitrogen nutrients in forest soils, from which nitrous oxide (N₂O) is produced, affecting global climate change. Three tropical forests (i.e., Mallotus paniculatus community at early restoration stage, Mellettia leptobotrya community at medium restoration stage, and Syzygium oblatum community at late restoration stage) were chosen to explore the impact of Xishuangbanna tropical forest restoration on N₂O emission dynamics from soil nitrification. We also identified the linkage of wet-dry seasonal and vertical variation in soil N₂O emissions from nitrification with environmental factors during tropical forest restoration, using an indoor continuous culture method of “acetylene inhibition of soil nitrification”. The results showed that: 1) Tropical forest restoration promoted N₂O emissions from soil nitrification (p<0.01). The order of soil nitrification N₂O emission rates in different restoration stages was as follows (taking N as an example): late recovery stage [(90.8±2.2) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]>medium recovery stage [(87.7±2.3) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]>early recovery stage [(57.5±2.5) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]. 2) Obvious seasonal variations were observed in N₂O emission rates during soil nitrification during tropical forest restoration. The N₂O emission rates were higher in wet season [(120.9±2.7) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹] than in the dry season [(69.8±1.52) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹]; they had the largest variation [(74.5±2.5-144.1±5.2) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹] in the medium recovery stage, with a variation coefficient of 48.30%. 3) N₂O emissions from nitrification decreased along the soil profile during tropical forest restoration. The greatest variation in N₂O emissions [(58.7-219.3) μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹] was observed in the later stages of recovery. The N₂O emissions from nitrification in the 0-5 cm soil layer accounted for more than 50.0% of the total emissions in the 0-15 cm soil layer. 4) Changes in soil physicochemical properties during tropical forest restoration significantly affected nitrification-derived N₂O emissions. Soil temperature, water content, and their interactions significantly affected the dynamics of N₂O emissions from nitrification, with soil temperature and water content accounting for 52.0%-58.2% and 60.7%-71.4% of the variation in N₂O emissions, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that N₂O emissions from nitrification were significantly positively correlated with soil ammonium nitrogen (r=0.822; p<0.01), soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total nitrogen, and pH (r=0.460-0.646; p<0.05), but negatively correlated with soil bulk density (r= −0.589; p<0.05). The results of the structural equation showed that the soil nitrogen component, carbon component, and bulk density explained 67.3%, 53.4%, and 41.7% of the changes in N₂O emissions, respectively. Therefore, the restoration of tropical forests can regulate N₂O emissions from nitrification, primarily by mediating changes in soil nitrogen components, particularly the ammonium nitrogen concentration.

Key words: forest restoration, nitrification, N₂O emissions, restored tropical forests, spatiotemporal dynamics, Xishuangbanna

中图分类号:

S154.2
X16

颜营林, 李少辉, 王邵军, 曹子林, 曹乾斌, 左倩倩, 陈闽昆. 土壤硝化N₂O排放时空动态对退化热带森林恢复的响应[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(12): 1879-1889.

YAN Yinglin, LI Shaohui, WANG Shaojun, CAO Zilin, CAO Qianbin, ZUO Qianqian, CHEN Minkun. Response of Spatiotemporal Variation in Soil N₂O Emissions from Nitrification to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forests[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(12): 1879-1889.

图/表 7

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土壤性质	土层深度/cm	白背桐群落		崖豆藤群落		高檐蒲桃群落
土壤性质	土层深度/cm	干季	湿季	干季	湿季	干季	湿季
土壤有机碳质量分数/ (g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	36.61	40.54	36.37	41.68	37.73	45.19
	5－10	31.95	40.25	33.69	39.32	34.59	40.50
	10－15	31.78	36.49	32.70	38.55	32.68	39.39
易氧化有机碳质量分数/ (g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	6.37	11.25	6.71	11.14	7.37	11.78
	5－10	6.74	10.53	6.55	10.57	7.21	10.77
	10－15	6.91	9.87	6.05	10.39	7.85	10.14
微生物生物量碳质量分数/(g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	1.14	3.03	2.02	3.76	2.17	4.55
	5－10	1.08	2.54	1.76	3.38	1.93	3.64
	10－15	0.93	2.32	1.54	2.46	1.70	3.15
全氮质量分数/(g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	0.78	1.38	0.80	1.16	0.79	1.50
	5－10	0.71	1.50	0.82	1.37	0.76	1.45
	10－15	0.78	1.03	0.65	1.35	0.77	1.15
铵态氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	10.31	10.73	10.61	10.12	10.39	9.47
	5－10	10.97	11.12	9.64	8.48	11.16	10.26
	10－15	9.89	9.76	10.90	10.99	9.86	10.24
硝态氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	1.48	2.21	1.77	2.32	1.48	2.80
	5－10	1.39	2.35	1.42	2.33	1.61	2.12
	10－15	1.42	2.38	1.25	2.37	1.22	2.12
水解氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	110.53	109.11	69.51	117.18	103.88	117.04
	5－10	50.26	81.2	48.58	81.76	93.45	84.07
	10－15	103.04	63.71	231.63	84.00	99.96	76.44
pH	0－5	3.95	3.73	3.86	3.68	3.86	3.69
	5－10	3.97	3.72	3.87	3.74	3.93	3.69
	10－15	3.95	3.70	3.94	3.70	3.93	3.66
容重/(g·cm⁻³)	0－5	1.31	1.23	1.33	1.20	1.30	1.18
	5－10	1.36	1.25	1.42	1.14	1.30	1.22
	10－15	1.28	1.24	1.40	1.20	1.30	1.23
温度/ ℃	0－5	18.88	25.84	19.16	26.54	18.91	27.60
	5－10	19.19	25.76	19.34	25.49	20.64	27.42
	10－15	19.37	25.34	19.52	25.24	20.43	26.92
含水率/ %	0－5	15.98	31.79	20.43	31.88	18.33	33.54
	5－10	15.24	29.82	20.38	28.80	18.23	29.94
	10－15	11.84	27.78	18.82	27.34	17.90	26.64

土壤性质	土层深度/cm	白背桐群落		崖豆藤群落		高檐蒲桃群落
土壤性质	土层深度/cm	干季	湿季	干季	湿季	干季	湿季
土壤有机碳质量分数/ (g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	36.61	40.54	36.37	41.68	37.73	45.19
	5－10	31.95	40.25	33.69	39.32	34.59	40.50
	10－15	31.78	36.49	32.70	38.55	32.68	39.39
易氧化有机碳质量分数/ (g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	6.37	11.25	6.71	11.14	7.37	11.78
	5－10	6.74	10.53	6.55	10.57	7.21	10.77
	10－15	6.91	9.87	6.05	10.39	7.85	10.14
微生物生物量碳质量分数/(g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	1.14	3.03	2.02	3.76	2.17	4.55
	5－10	1.08	2.54	1.76	3.38	1.93	3.64
	10－15	0.93	2.32	1.54	2.46	1.70	3.15
全氮质量分数/(g·kg⁻¹)	0－5	0.78	1.38	0.80	1.16	0.79	1.50
	5－10	0.71	1.50	0.82	1.37	0.76	1.45
	10－15	0.78	1.03	0.65	1.35	0.77	1.15
铵态氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	10.31	10.73	10.61	10.12	10.39	9.47
	5－10	10.97	11.12	9.64	8.48	11.16	10.26
	10－15	9.89	9.76	10.90	10.99	9.86	10.24
硝态氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	1.48	2.21	1.77	2.32	1.48	2.80
	5－10	1.39	2.35	1.42	2.33	1.61	2.12
	10－15	1.42	2.38	1.25	2.37	1.22	2.12
水解氮质量分数/ (mg·kg⁻¹)	0－5	110.53	109.11	69.51	117.18	103.88	117.04
	5－10	50.26	81.2	48.58	81.76	93.45	84.07
	10－15	103.04	63.71	231.63	84.00	99.96	76.44
pH	0－5	3.95	3.73	3.86	3.68	3.86	3.69
	5－10	3.97	3.72	3.87	3.74	3.93	3.69
	10－15	3.95	3.70	3.94	3.70	3.93	3.66
容重/(g·cm⁻³)	0－5	1.31	1.23	1.33	1.20	1.30	1.18
	5－10	1.36	1.25	1.42	1.14	1.30	1.22
	10－15	1.28	1.24	1.40	1.20	1.30	1.23
温度/ ℃	0－5	18.88	25.84	19.16	26.54	18.91	27.60
	5－10	19.19	25.76	19.34	25.49	20.64	27.42
	10－15	19.37	25.34	19.52	25.24	20.43	26.92
含水率/ %	0－5	15.98	31.79	20.43	31.88	18.33	33.54
	5－10	15.24	29.82	20.38	28.80	18.23	29.94
	10－15	11.84	27.78	18.82	27.34	17.90	26.64

土层深度/ cm	N₂O排放速率/(μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹)
	白背桐		崖豆藤		高檐蒲桃
	干季	雨季	干季	雨季	干季	雨季
0－5	95.52± 8.65	281.95± 20.05	132.89± 4.56	387.54± 11.17	152.32± 9.56	419.66±18.07
5－10	54.05± 5.51	108.35± 9.66	77.62± 9.85	139.93± 16.42	82.42± 2.97	141.98±5.56
10－15	37.65± 3.68	56.40± 6.09	46.42± 3.14	68.72± 6.24	51.65± 5.74	78.06± 6.60

土层深度/ cm	N₂O排放速率/(μg∙kg⁻¹∙h⁻¹)
	白背桐		崖豆藤		高檐蒲桃
	干季	雨季	干季	雨季	干季	雨季
0－5	95.52± 8.65	281.95± 20.05	132.89± 4.56	387.54± 11.17	152.32± 9.56	419.66±18.07
5－10	54.05± 5.51	108.35± 9.66	77.62± 9.85	139.93± 16.42	82.42± 2.97	141.98±5.56
10－15	37.65± 3.68	56.40± 6.09	46.42± 3.14	68.72± 6.24	51.65± 5.74	78.06± 6.60

处理	df	F	p
恢复阶段	2	89	0.010
土层	2	148	0.006
季节	1	3793	0.000
恢复阶段×土层	4	28	0.017
恢复阶段×季节	2	362	0.000
土层×季节	2	138	0.001
恢复阶段×土层×季节	4	187	0.004

土壤硝化N₂O排放时空动态对退化热带森林恢复的响应

Response of Spatiotemporal Variation in Soil N₂O Emissions from Nitrification to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forests

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森林类型	硝化N₂O排放速率：R=a+b×t+c×w+d×t×w	R²	p
白背桐群落	R=346.995−1.520×t−171.412×w+ 6.426×t×w	0.748	<0.01
崖豆藤群落	R=2108.513−83.486×t−273.485×w+ 11.508×t×w	0.890	<0.01
高檐蒲桃群落	R=945.270−35.923×t−168.671×w+ 7.258×t×w	0.894	<0.01

指标	土壤硝化N₂O排放速率（R）	土壤有机碳（SOC）质量分数	易氧化有机碳（EOC）质量分数	微生物量碳（MBC）质量分数	全氮（TN）质量分数	水解氮（HN）质量分数	硝态氮（NO₃⁻-N）质量分数	铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）质量分数	pH	容重（BD）
R	1
SOC质量分数	0.582^{* 1)}	1
EOC质量分数	0.481	0.896^**	1
MBC质量分数	0.646^*	0.817^**	0.845^**	1
TN质量分数	0.543^*	0.848^**	0.871^**	0.737^**	1
HN质量分数	0.490	0.752^**	0.723^**	0.469	0.692^*	1
NO₃⁻-N质量分数	0.460	0.833^**	0.818^**	0.582^*	0.833^**	0.876^**	1
NH₄⁺-N质量分数	0.822^{** 2)}	0.789^**	0,765^**	0.517	0.752^**	0.896^**	0.891^**	1
pH	0.541^*	0.510	0.490	0.547^*	0.789^**	0.889^**	0.897^**	0.898^**	1
BD	−0.589^*	0.383	0.408	0.435	0.157	0.023	0.065	0.040	0.051	1

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