生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (12): 2358-2366.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.12.010
蒋斌1,3(
), 陈多宏2,*(), 张涛2, 袁鸾2, 周炎2, 沈劲2, 张春林1, 王伯光1,3
收稿日期:2022-08-18
出版日期:2022-12-18
发布日期:2023-02-15
通讯作者:
*陈多宏，男，博士，教授级高级工程师，研究方向为大气污染监测与预警预报。E-mail: 13710967699@139.com作者简介:蒋斌（1990年生），男，硕士，主要研究方向为大气环境化学与气候变迁。E-mail: jndxjiangbin@126.com
基金资助:
JIANG Bin1,3(), CHEN Duohong2,*(), ZHANG Tao2, YUAN Luan2, ZHOU Yan2, SHEN Jing2, ZHANG Chunlin1, WANG Boguang1,3
Received:2022-08-18
Online:2022-12-18
Published:2023-02-15
摘要：
近年来中国空气质量得到了明显改善，但PM2.5污染事件依旧频发，农作物秸秆焚烧是重要的诱发因素之一。为探讨华南地区水稻秸秆集中焚烧情形下的碳质气溶胶组分特征，于2014年夏秋水稻收割期在“中国广东大气超级站”开展了两期在线观测。结果显示，夏收期元素碳（EC）和有机碳（OC）的平均质量浓度分别为 (2.5±1.3) μg?m?3和 (6.6±2.5) μg?m?3；秋收期则是夏收期的两倍，分别为 (5.8±3.9) μg?m?3和 (13.6±8.5) μg?m?3。总碳（TC）平均占ρ(PM2.5)的30.9%±3.7%和26.8%±7.1%，是PM2.5的重要组成部分。夏收期ρ(EC)/ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(OC)/ρ(PM2.5)均随ρ(PM2.5)的增加而下降，占比之和从74.0%下降至18.3%，而ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)比值则随ρ(PM2.5)的增加从1.7逐渐增长至4.4。而秋收期在相对稳定的源排放和静稳的气象条件加持下，ρ(EC)/ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(OC)/ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)比值随ρ(PM2.5)的变化均维持相对稳定，ρ(EC)和ρ(OC)显著相关（r=0.91），且ρ(OC)无明显日变化特征。基于EC示踪法和K+质量平衡估算，夏收期OC受光化学反应影响显著，二次有机碳（SOC）的平均质量浓度为 (3.7±2.4) μg?m?3，占ρ(OC)的52.1%±22.2%；生物质燃烧排放的有机碳（OCbb）为 (0.8±0.4) μg?m?3，占ρ(OC)的12.4%±5.9%。受强生物质燃烧排放的影响，秋收期ρ(OCbb)平均为 (8.5±5.0) μg?m?3，对OC的贡献高达66.6%±18.7%；而ρ(SOC)仅为 (1.9±2.5) μg?m?3，ρ(SOC)/ρ(OC)比值降至14.5%±16.5%。与OC不同的是，化石燃料燃烧排放始终是华南地区EC的最大贡献源。秋收期生物质燃烧排放可显著提升PM2.5质量浓度，在不利气象条件下易引发污染事件，因此需重点加强对华南秋收期农作物秸秆集中焚烧的管控。
中图分类号:
蒋斌, 陈多宏, 张涛, 袁鸾, 周炎, 沈劲, 张春林, 王伯光. 华南水稻秸秆焚烧期碳质气溶胶组分特征及源贡献评估[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(12): 2358-2366.
JIANG Bin, CHEN Duohong, ZHANG Tao, YUAN Luan, ZHOU Yan, SHEN Jing, ZHANG Chunlin, WANG Boguang. Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosols during the Crop Straw Burning Seasons in Southern China[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(12): 2358-2366.
图1 采样点位及MODIS（Terra+Aqua）火点分布 Source: ftp://fuoco.geog.umd.edu
Figure 1 Sampling site and distribution of MODIS (Terra+Aqua) fire counts
| 参数项 Parameters | 夏收期 Summer harvest season | 秋收期 Autumn harvest season |
|---|---|---|
| 温度 t/℃ | 30.0±3.3 | 24.9±2.8 |
| 相对湿度 Relative Humidity/% | 69.3±13.7 | 67.8±13.0 |
| 风速 v(wind)/(m∙s−1) | 1.8±1.1 | 1.1±0.6 |
| ρ(CO)/(mg∙m−3) | 0.7± 0.1 | 1.1±0.3 |
| ρ(NO2)/(μg∙m−3) | 11.9±7.3 | 38.4±22.0 |
| ρ(SO2)/(μg∙m−3) | 11.5±7.3 | 31.3±19.4 |
| ρ(O3)/(μg∙m−3) | 74.0±59.6 | 73.6±66.5 |
| ρ(PM2.5)/(μg∙m−3) | 33.1±10.6 | 71.2±39.0 |
| ρ(EC)/(μg∙m−3) | 2.5±1.3 | 5.8±3.9 |
| ρ(OC)/(μg∙m−3) | 6.6±2.5 | 13.6±8.5 |
| ρ(OC)/ρ(EC) | 3.0±1.7 | 2.5±0.8 |
| ρ(TC)/ρ(PM2.5) | 30.9%±3.7% | 26.8%±7.1% |
| ρ(K+)/ρ(PM2.5) | 1.2%±0.7% | 4.1%±2.2% |
表1 采样期间气象参数及污染物浓度
Table 1 Meteorological parameters and pollutants during the sampling periods
| 参数项 Parameters | 夏收期 Summer harvest season | 秋收期 Autumn harvest season |
|---|---|---|
| 温度 t/℃ | 30.0±3.3 | 24.9±2.8 |
| 相对湿度 Relative Humidity/% | 69.3±13.7 | 67.8±13.0 |
| 风速 v(wind)/(m∙s−1) | 1.8±1.1 | 1.1±0.6 |
| ρ(CO)/(mg∙m−3) | 0.7± 0.1 | 1.1±0.3 |
| ρ(NO2)/(μg∙m−3) | 11.9±7.3 | 38.4±22.0 |
| ρ(SO2)/(μg∙m−3) | 11.5±7.3 | 31.3±19.4 |
| ρ(O3)/(μg∙m−3) | 74.0±59.6 | 73.6±66.5 |
| ρ(PM2.5)/(μg∙m−3) | 33.1±10.6 | 71.2±39.0 |
| ρ(EC)/(μg∙m−3) | 2.5±1.3 | 5.8±3.9 |
| ρ(OC)/(μg∙m−3) | 6.6±2.5 | 13.6±8.5 |
| ρ(OC)/ρ(EC) | 3.0±1.7 | 2.5±0.8 |
| ρ(TC)/ρ(PM2.5) | 30.9%±3.7% | 26.8%±7.1% |
| ρ(K+)/ρ(PM2.5) | 1.2%±0.7% | 4.1%±2.2% |
| 采样点 Locations | 采样时间 Periods | ρ(OC)(by C)/(μg∙m−3) | ρ(OC)(by C)/(μg∙m−3) | ρ(TC)/ρ(PM2.5) | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2010年11月 | 31.85 | 6.67 | 41.6% | 丁晴等, |
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年7月 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 30.9% | This research |
| 2014年10月 | 13.4 | 5.8 | 26.8% | ||
| 广州 Guangzhou | 2012全年 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 20.8% | Wu et al., |
| 厦门 Xiamen | 2014年12月 | 9.8 | 1.9 | 15.6% | 胡起超等, |
| 成都 Chengdu | 2015年7月 | 7.4 | 2.5 | 21.9% | Wang et al., |
| 2014年10—11月 | 10.4 | 3.0 | 21.6% | ||
| 重庆 Chongqing | 2015年7月 | 9.7 | 3.8 | 24.0% | Wang et al., |
| 2014年10—11月 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 22.5% | ||
| 上海 Shanghai | 2012年夏季 | 6.2 | 1.4 | 14.7% | Zhao et al., |
| 2012年秋季 | 12.8 | 2.4 | 18.5% | ||
| 南京 Nanjing | 2013年夏季 | 15.8 | 7.1 | 29.4% | Li et al., |
| 2013年秋季 | 46.0 | 14.2 | 22.7% | ||
| 新乡 Xinxiang | 2013年10—11月 | 29.3 | 4.8 | 14.0% | 申铠君等, |
| 石家庄 Shijiazhuang | 2013年10月 | 23.5 | 7.3 | 16.6% | 常青, |
| 西安 Xi’an | 2012年夏季 | 18.9 | 8.0 | 28.4% | 王帆等, |
| 2012年秋季 | 29.8 | 8.4 | 30.0% | ||
| 北京 Beijing | 2014年7—8月 | 9.3 | 3.1 | 20.0% | Gao et al., |
| 名古屋, 日本 Nagoya, Japan | 2018全年 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 32.5% | Makiko et al., |
| 洛杉矶, 美国 Los Angeles, America | 2010全年 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 33.8% | Abdulmlik et al., |
| 塞萨洛尼基, 希腊 Thessaloniki, Greece | 2011全年 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 44.0% | Constantimi et al., |
| 波尔图, 葡萄牙 Oporto, Portugal | 2013年夏季 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 33.5% | Danilo et al., |
表2 国内外环境空气PM2.5中ρ(EC)和ρ(OC)
Table 2 ρ(EC) and ρ(OC) in PM2.5 at home and abroad
| 采样点 Locations | 采样时间 Periods | ρ(OC)(by C)/(μg∙m−3) | ρ(OC)(by C)/(μg∙m−3) | ρ(TC)/ρ(PM2.5) | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2010年11月 | 31.85 | 6.67 | 41.6% | 丁晴等, |
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年7月 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 30.9% | This research |
| 2014年10月 | 13.4 | 5.8 | 26.8% | ||
| 广州 Guangzhou | 2012全年 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 20.8% | Wu et al., |
| 厦门 Xiamen | 2014年12月 | 9.8 | 1.9 | 15.6% | 胡起超等, |
| 成都 Chengdu | 2015年7月 | 7.4 | 2.5 | 21.9% | Wang et al., |
| 2014年10—11月 | 10.4 | 3.0 | 21.6% | ||
| 重庆 Chongqing | 2015年7月 | 9.7 | 3.8 | 24.0% | Wang et al., |
| 2014年10—11月 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 22.5% | ||
| 上海 Shanghai | 2012年夏季 | 6.2 | 1.4 | 14.7% | Zhao et al., |
| 2012年秋季 | 12.8 | 2.4 | 18.5% | ||
| 南京 Nanjing | 2013年夏季 | 15.8 | 7.1 | 29.4% | Li et al., |
| 2013年秋季 | 46.0 | 14.2 | 22.7% | ||
| 新乡 Xinxiang | 2013年10—11月 | 29.3 | 4.8 | 14.0% | 申铠君等, |
| 石家庄 Shijiazhuang | 2013年10月 | 23.5 | 7.3 | 16.6% | 常青, |
| 西安 Xi’an | 2012年夏季 | 18.9 | 8.0 | 28.4% | 王帆等, |
| 2012年秋季 | 29.8 | 8.4 | 30.0% | ||
| 北京 Beijing | 2014年7—8月 | 9.3 | 3.1 | 20.0% | Gao et al., |
| 名古屋, 日本 Nagoya, Japan | 2018全年 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 32.5% | Makiko et al., |
| 洛杉矶, 美国 Los Angeles, America | 2010全年 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 33.8% | Abdulmlik et al., |
| 塞萨洛尼基, 希腊 Thessaloniki, Greece | 2011全年 | 8.4 | 5.3 | 44.0% | Constantimi et al., |
| 波尔图, 葡萄牙 Oporto, Portugal | 2013年夏季 | 7.1 | 4.7 | 33.5% | Danilo et al., |
图2 PM2.5中碳质气溶胶质量占比、ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)和ρ(O3)随ρ(PM2.5)浓度的变化特征
Figure 2 The carbonaceous aerosol mass fractions of PM2.5, ρ(OC)/ρ(EC) ratio and ρ(O3), classified by ρ(PM2.5)
图3 夏秋水稻收割期ρ(EC)、ρ(OC)和ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)日变化
Figure 3 Diurnal variations of ρ(EC), ρ(OC) and ρ(OC)/ρ(EC) ratio in summer and autumn harvest seasons
图4 夏秋水稻收割期ρ(CO)、ρ(K+)和ρ(NOx)日变化
Figure 4 Diurnal variations of ρ(CO), ρ(K+) and ρ(NOx) during the summer and autumn harvest seasons
图5 夏秋水稻收割期ρ(OC)与ρ(EC)的相关性
Figure 5 The correlation relationships between ρ(OC) and ρ(EC) in summer and autumn harvest seasons
| 采样点 Locations | 采样时间 Periods | 生物质燃烧对 有机碳的贡献 ρ(OCbb)/ρ(OC) | 生物质燃烧对 元素碳的贡献 ρ(ECbb)/ρ(EC) | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年7月, 水稻收割期 | 12.4% | 12.1% | This research |
| 成都 Chengdu | 2012年5月—2013年7月 | 30.8% | — | Chen et al., |
| 北京 Beijing | 2013全年 | 18.4% | — | Ji et al., |
| 虞城 Yucheng | 2013年6月, 生物质燃烧事件 | 44.5% | 50.8% | Yao et al., |
| 上海 Shanghai | 2011年5月—6月, 农作物收割期 | 69% | 68% | Cheng et al., |
| 南京 Nanjing | 2014年6月, 农作物收割期 | 51% | 16% | Chen et al., |
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年10月, 水稻收割期 | 66.6% | 39.5% | This research |
| 广州 Guangzhou | 2013年冬季, 霾污染事件 | 58% | 32% | Zhang et al., |
| 大田市, 韩国 Daejeon, Korea | 2012年10月—11月, 水稻收割期 | 45.0% | 12.0% | Jung et al., |
| 布达佩斯, 匈牙利 Budapest, Hungary | 2017年10月 | 36.0% | 43.0% | Salma et al., |
表3 国内外生物质燃烧对碳质组分贡献对比
Table 3 Comparison of biomass burning contribution to carbon components
| 采样点 Locations | 采样时间 Periods | 生物质燃烧对 有机碳的贡献 ρ(OCbb)/ρ(OC) | 生物质燃烧对 元素碳的贡献 ρ(ECbb)/ρ(EC) | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年7月, 水稻收割期 | 12.4% | 12.1% | This research |
| 成都 Chengdu | 2012年5月—2013年7月 | 30.8% | — | Chen et al., |
| 北京 Beijing | 2013全年 | 18.4% | — | Ji et al., |
| 虞城 Yucheng | 2013年6月, 生物质燃烧事件 | 44.5% | 50.8% | Yao et al., |
| 上海 Shanghai | 2011年5月—6月, 农作物收割期 | 69% | 68% | Cheng et al., |
| 南京 Nanjing | 2014年6月, 农作物收割期 | 51% | 16% | Chen et al., |
| 鹤山 Heshan | 2014年10月, 水稻收割期 | 66.6% | 39.5% | This research |
| 广州 Guangzhou | 2013年冬季, 霾污染事件 | 58% | 32% | Zhang et al., |
| 大田市, 韩国 Daejeon, Korea | 2012年10月—11月, 水稻收割期 | 45.0% | 12.0% | Jung et al., |
| 布达佩斯, 匈牙利 Budapest, Hungary | 2017年10月 | 36.0% | 43.0% | Salma et al., |
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