雷州半岛土壤-农作物汞元素含量特征与健康风险分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.016

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 572-582.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.03.016

雷州半岛土壤-农作物汞元素含量特征与健康风险分析

陈碧珊(), 郑康慧, 王璟, 叶林海, 宋军霞^*()

岭南师范学院地理科学学院,广东湛江 524048

收稿日期:2020-09-15 出版日期:2022-03-18 发布日期:2022-05-25
通讯作者: *宋军霞,E-mail: qhbsjxqxy@126.com
作者简介:陈碧珊（1982年生）,女,副教授,博士,主要从事土壤地理学、环境演变与对策研究。E-mail: chenbishan2008@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41606053);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金青年基金项目(2019A1515110888);岭南师范学院教学质量与教学改革工程项目：《土壤地理学》线下一流课程

Content Characteristics and Health Risk Analysis of Mercury in Soil-crop System in Leizhou Peninsula

CHEN Bishan(), ZHENG Kanghui, WANG Jing, YE Linhai, SONG Junxia^*()

School of Geographical Sciences, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, P. R. China

Received:2020-09-15 Online:2022-03-18 Published:2022-05-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

汞是能在生态系统中完整循环的重金属元素。在工农业生产中,汞的广泛使用使汞污染愈发严重。随着大型工业企业入驻湛江,这些企业在生产过程中排放的重金属元素经过扩散、淋溶和下渗等方式,对土壤和农作物等造成污染。雷州半岛地势平坦,热量资源丰富,种植历史悠久,在广东省乃至全国都具有重要的农业战略地位。该研究旨在了解雷州半岛地区农业土壤和农作物中汞元素的分布情况,分析其对生态和人体健康的风险,为当地农作物的科学合理种植、土壤污染防治、土壤改良和农业生态建设与发展提供基础数据和科学理论依据。以水稻田、蔬菜地和果园地土壤3种典型的农业土壤类型及相应的农作物为研究对象,共采集了128份农业表层土壤样品和65份农作物可食用部分的样品,采用单因素方差方法及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法,分析了雷州半岛农业土壤及其农作物的汞元素的累积特征、潜在生态风险和对人体的健康风险。结果表明,雷州半岛农业土壤中汞的平均质量分数为0.121 mg∙kg^-1,超过研究区的背景值,呈现明显的累积效应。汞元素含量的空间分布不均匀,大致呈现西南多,东北少的特征。蔬菜的平均汞含量最大,为0.033 mg∙kg^-1;叶类蔬菜的富集能力最强。水果中菠萝的富集能力强,其余水果的富集能力较弱。研究区出现强潜在生态风险的采样点占43.75%,农业土壤中汞元素的整体生态风险较高。农业土壤以及农作物中的汞对人体造成的健康风险均在可接受范围内,但仍存在一定的风险,需继续关注。

关键词: 农业土壤, 农作物, 汞元素, 健康风险, 雷州半岛

Abstract:

Mercury is a heavy metal element that can be completely cycled in the ecosystem. With the development of industry and agriculture, the widespread use of mercury has made mercury pollution more and more serious. As large industrial enterprises settled in Zhanjiang, heavy metal elements discharged by these enterprises in the production process caused pollution to soil and crops through diffusion, leaching and infiltration. The Leizhou Peninsula has a flat terrain, rich heat resources, and a long history of cultivation. It has an important agricultural strategic position in Guangdong Province and even in China. The purpose of this paper is to understand the distribution characteristics of mercury in agricultural soil and crops in the Leizhou Peninsula, analyze its risks to ecology and human health, and provide data and scientific and theoretical bases for the scientific and rational cultivation of local crops, soil pollution prevention and control, soil improvement, and agroecological construction and development. In this study, 128 agricultural topsoil samples and 65 samples of edible parts of crops were collected from three typical agricultural soil types, namely, rice field, vegetable field, and orchard soil. The accumulation characteristics, potential ecological risks, and health risks of mercury in agricultural soils and crops in the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed using the one-way variance method and Hakanson's potential ecological hazard index method. The results showed that the average content of mercury in the agricultural soil of Leizhou Peninsula was 0.121 mg∙kg^-1, which exceeded the background value of the study area and showed a significant cumulative effect. The spatial distribution of mercury content was uneven, with more in the southwest and less in the northeast. The average mercury content of vegetables was the highest, amounting to 0.033 mg∙kg^-1, and leaf vegetables had the strongest bioconcentration capacity. Among fruits, pineapples showed a strong bioconcentration capacity, while the rest of fruits had weak bioconcentration capacity. Among the sampling sites, 43.75% had strong potential ecological risks in the study area. The overall ecological risk of mercury in agricultural soil was relatively high. The health risks to humans caused by mercury in agricultural soil and crops are within an acceptable range, but there are still certain risks that require continued attention.

Key words: agricultural soil, crops, mercury, health risks, Leizhou Peninsula

中图分类号:

陈碧珊, 郑康慧, 王璟, 叶林海, 宋军霞. 雷州半岛土壤-农作物汞元素含量特征与健康风险分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(3): 572-582.

CHEN Bishan, ZHENG Kanghui, WANG Jing, YE Linhai, SONG Junxia. Content Characteristics and Health Risk Analysis of Mercury in Soil-crop System in Leizhou Peninsula[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(3): 572-582.

图/表 13

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参数 Parameter	定义 Definition	单位 Unit	参考值 Reference value		文献来源 Literature sources
参数 Parameter	定义 Definition	单位 Unit	儿童 Children	成人 Adult	文献来源 Literature sources
C_soil	土壤汞质量分数	mg∙kg^-1			本研究
IngR	经口摄入量	mg∙d^-1	200	100	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
EF	暴露频率	d∙a^-1	350	350	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
ED	持续暴露时间	a	6	24	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
BW	体重	kg	15.9	56.8	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
AT	平均暴露时间	d	365ED	365ED	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
InhR	土壤吸入量	m³∙d^-1	7.5	14.5	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
PEF	颗粒物排放因子	m³∙kg^-1	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
SA	皮肤接触表面积	cm²	2800	5700	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
AF	皮肤对土壤粘附系数	mg∙cm^-2	0.2	0.07	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
ABS	皮肤对汞吸收系数	无量纲	0.001	0.001	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014

参数 Parameter	定义 Definition	单位 Unit	参考值 Reference value		文献来源 Literature sources
参数 Parameter	定义 Definition	单位 Unit	儿童 Children	成人 Adult	文献来源 Literature sources
C_soil	土壤汞质量分数	mg∙kg^-1			本研究
IngR	经口摄入量	mg∙d^-1	200	100	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
EF	暴露频率	d∙a^-1	350	350	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
ED	持续暴露时间	a	6	24	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
BW	体重	kg	15.9	56.8	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
AT	平均暴露时间	d	365ED	365ED	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
InhR	土壤吸入量	m³∙d^-1	7.5	14.5	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
PEF	颗粒物排放因子	m³∙kg^-1	1.36×10⁹	1.36×10⁹	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014
SA	皮肤接触表面积	cm²	2800	5700	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
AF	皮肤对土壤粘附系数	mg∙cm^-2	0.2	0.07	赵秀阁等, 2014; 段雯娟, 2014
ABS	皮肤对汞吸收系数	无量纲	0.001	0.001	中华人民共和国环保部, 2014

参数 Parameter	单位 Unit	参考值 Reference value										文献来源 Literature sources
		2-5岁		6-17岁		18-44岁		45-59岁		≥60岁
		男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女
R_IR	g∙d^-1	87.5	110	242	194	261	197	219	198	228	208	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_rice	μg∙g^-1											本研究
V_IR	g∙d^-1	163	110	132	176	224	234	245	239	416	319	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_veg	μg∙g^-1											本研究
F_IR	g∙d^-1	93.8	75.5	127	109	94	114	84.4	131	118	130	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_fruit	μg∙g^-1											本研究

参数 Parameter	单位 Unit	参考值 Reference value										文献来源 Literature sources
		2-5岁		6-17岁		18-44岁		45-59岁		≥60岁
		男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女
R_IR	g∙d^-1	87.5	110	242	194	261	197	219	198	228	208	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_rice	μg∙g^-1											本研究
V_IR	g∙d^-1	163	110	132	176	224	234	245	239	416	319	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_veg	μg∙g^-1											本研究
F_IR	g∙d^-1	93.8	75.5	127	109	94	114	84.4	131	118	130	唐洪磊等, 2009
C_fruit	μg∙g^-1											本研究

土壤类型 Soil type	样本数 Number of samples	指标 Index/(mg∙kg^-1)			高于背景值 Above background value		偏度系数 Skewness coefficient	峰度系数 Kurtosis coefficient	变异系数 Coefficient of variation
土壤类型 Soil type	样本数 Number of samples	范围 Range	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation	样本数 Number of samples	百分率 Percentage/%	偏度系数 Skewness coefficient	峰度系数 Kurtosis coefficient	变异系数 Coefficient of variation
全部 Total	128	0.022-0.947	0.121	0.117	126	98.4	7.787	20.510	0.967
水稻田土壤 Paddy soil	35	0.038-0.947	0.140	0.157	35	100	4.318	21.381	1.121
蔬菜地土壤 Vegetable soil	38	0.030-0.523	0.161	0.131	37	97.4	1.270	0.744	0.814
果园地土壤 Orchard soil	55	0.022-0.230	0.083	0.043	54	98.2	1.400	2.177	0.518

雷州半岛土壤-农作物汞元素含量特征与健康风险分析

Content Characteristics and Health Risk Analysis of Mercury in Soil-crop System in Leizhou Peninsula

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研究区 Study area	雷州半岛 Leizhou Peninsula	南宁市 Nanning City	成都平原西部 Western Chengdu Plain	开封市 Kaifeng City	朝阳市 Chaoyang City	日照市 Rizhao City
w_(Hg)/(mg∙kg^-1)	0.121	0.1	0.153	0.37	0.04	0.03
样本数 Number of samples	128	367	75	259	402	1089
数据来源 Data source	本研究	罗启清等, 2018	王英英等, 2012	王小莉等, 2018	王中阳, 2018	段友春等, 2020

土壤类型 Soil type	潜在生态风险指数 Potential ecological risk index (E_i)		污染分布比例 Proportion of pollution distribution/%
	范围 Range	平均值 Average	轻微 Slight	中等 Medium	强 Strong	很强 Very strong	极强 Pole-strength
	范围 Range	平均值 Average	E_i<40	40≤E_i<80	80≤E_i<160	160≤E_i<320	E_i≥320
全部 Total	29.333-1262.667	161.927	0.78	25.78	43.75	20.31	9.38
水稻田土壤 Paddy soil	50.667-1262.667	186.286	0	14.29	51.43	25.71	8.57
蔬菜地土壤 Vegetable soil	40-697.333	214.140	0	26.32	26.32	23.68	23.68
果园地土壤 Orchard soil	29.333-306.667	110.352	1.82	32.73	50.91	14.55	0

作物品种 Crop varieties	样品数 Number of samples	指标 Index/(mg∙kg^-1)				偏度系数 Skewness coefficient	峰度系数 Kurtosis coefficient	变异系数 Coefficient of variation
作物品种 Crop varieties	样品数 Number of samples	范围 Range	标准差 Standard deviation	中值 Median	平均值 Average value	偏度系数 Skewness coefficient	峰度系数 Kurtosis coefficient	变异系数 Coefficient of variation
全部 Total	65	0.001-0.172	0.029	0.005	0.015	3.819	15.806	1.933
稻谷 Paddy	30	0.001-0.014	0.003	0.004	0.005	1.335	1.809	0.600
蔬菜 Vegetable	21	0.002-0.172	0.045	0.016	0.033	2.133	4.053	1.364
水果 Fruit	14	0.002-0.062	0.016	0.005	0.010	3.038	9.525	1.600

作物品种 Crop varieties	样品数 Number of samples	富集系数 Bioconcentration factor
作物品种 Crop varieties	样品数 Number of samples	范围 Range	中值 Median	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation
全部 Total	65	0.004-0.880	0.063	0.130	0.187
稻谷 Paddy	30	0.004-0.197	0.045	0.054	0.042
叶菜类蔬菜 Leafy vegetables	15	0.052-0.880	0.140	0.291	0.283
根茎类蔬菜 Root vegetables	2	0.013-0.207	0.110	0.110	0.137
瓜果类蔬菜 Melon and fruit vegetables	3	0.036-0.467	0.095	0.199	0.234
豆类蔬菜 Legume vege	1	—	—	0.123	—
番石榴 Guava	2	0.011-0.044	0.027	0.027	0.023
红橙 Blood orange	3	0.029-0.060	0.033	0.041	0.017
草莓 Strawberry	2	0.060-0.087	0.073	0.073	0.019
菠萝 Pineapple	2	0.193-0.653	0.423	0.423	0.325
香蕉 Banana	3	0.031-0.129	0.068	0.076	0.050
芒果 Mango	2	0.063-0.070	0.066	0.066	0.005

土壤类型 Soil type	统计指标Index	HQ_ing					HQ_der		HI
土壤类型 Soil type	统计指标Index	儿童 Children	成人 Adult	儿童 Children	成人 Adult	儿童 Children	成人 Adult	儿童 Children	成人 Adult
水稻田土壤 Paddy soil	最小值	1.53×10^-3	2.14×10^-4	1.47×10^-13	7.98×10^-14	6.11×10^-5	3.05×10^-6	1.59×10^-3	2.17×10^-4
	最大值	3.81×10^-2	5.33×10^-3	3.68×10^-12	1.99×10^-12	1.52×10^-3	7.59×10^-6	3.96×10^-2	5.41×10^-3
	平均值	5.62×10^-3	7.86×10^-4	5.42×10^-13	2.93×10^-13	2.25×10^-4	1.12×10^-5	5.84×10^-3	7.97×10^-4
	标准差	6.32×10^-3	8.85×10^-4	6.10×10^-13	3.30×10^-13	2.53×10^-4	1.26×10^-5	6.58×10^-3	8.98×10^-4
蔬菜地土壤 Vegetable soil	最小值	1.21×10^-3	1.69×10^-4	1.16×10^-13	6.30×10^-14	4.82×10^-5	2.41×10^-6	1.25×10^-3	1.71×10^-4
	最大值	2.10×10^-2	2.94×10^-3	2.03×10^-12	1.10×10^-12	8.41×10^-4	4.19×10^-5	2.19×10^-2	2.99×10^-3
	平均值	6.46×10^-3	9.04×10^-4	6.13×10^-13	3.37×10^-13	2.58×10^-4	1.29×10^-5	6.72×10^-3	9.17×10^-4
	标准差	5.28×10^-3	7.39×10^-4	5.10×10^-13	2.76×10^-13	2.11×10^-4	1.05×10^-5	5.49×10^-3	7.5×10^-4
果园地土壤 Orchard soil	最小值	8.85×10^-4	1.24×10^-4	8.54×10^-14	4.62×10^-14	3.54×10^-5	1.76×10^-6	9.20×10^-4	1.26×10^-4
	最大值	9.25×10^-3	1.29×10^-3	8.93×10^-13	4.83×10^-13	3.7×10^-4	1.84×10^-5	9.62×10^-3	1.31×10^-3
	平均值	3.33×10^-3	4.66×10^-4	3.21×10^-13	1.74×10^-13	1.33×10^-4	6.64×10^-6	3.46×10^-3	4.72×10^-4
	标准差	1.73×10^-3	2.43×10^-4	1.67×10^-13	9.06×10^-14	6.94×10^-5	3.46×10^-6	1.80×10^-3	2.46×10^-4

日摄入量 Daily intake	单位 Unit	2—5岁 2-5 aged		6—17岁 6-17 aged		18—44岁 18-44 aged		45—49岁 45-49 aged		≥60岁 ≥60 aged
日摄入量 Daily intake	单位 Unit	男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女	男	女
DI_rice	μg∙d^-1	0.44	0.55	1.21	0.97	1.31	0.99	1.10	0.99	1.14	1.04
DI_veg	μg∙d^-1	5.38	3.63	4.36	5.81	7.39	7.72	8.09	7.89	13.73	10.53
DI_fruit	μg∙d^-1	0.94	0.76	1.27	1.09	0.94	1.14	0.84	1.31	1.18	1.30
合计Total	μg∙d^-1	6.76	4.94	6.84	7.87	9.64	9.85	10.03	10.19	16.05	12.87

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