国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2020.02.024

生态环境学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 411-420.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2020.02.024

国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况

靳拓¹^,³(), 薛颖昊¹^,²^,^*(), 张明明⁴, 周涛⁵, 刘宏金⁶, 张凯⁷, 习斌¹

1.农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站,北京 100125
2.沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,辽宁沈阳 110866
3.湖南农业大学资源环境学院,湖南长沙 410128
4.山东农业大学水利土木工程学院,山东泰安 271018
5.甘肃省农业生态与资源保护技术推广总站,甘肃兰州 730000
6.内蒙古自治区农业技术推广站,内蒙古呼和浩特 010011
7.山东省农业环境保护和农村能源总站,山东济南 250100

收稿日期:2019-12-24 出版日期:2020-02-18 发布日期:2020-04-01
通讯作者: * 薛颖昊（1984年生）,男,副研究员,主要从事农业生态环境保护工作。E-mail: xueyhmoa@163.com
作者简介:靳拓（1989年生）,男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事农业环保工作。E-mail: jintuo273@126.com
基金资助:
农业农村部农业生态环境保护专项(2110402);山东省自然科学基金培养基金项目(ZR2019PC008)

Research Advances in Regulations, Standards and Recovery of Mulch Film

JIN Tuo¹^,³(), XUE Yinghao¹^,²^,^*(), ZHANG Mingming⁴, ZHOU Tao⁵, LIU Hongjin⁶, ZHANG Kai⁷, XI Bin¹

1. Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
2. College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
3. College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
4. College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
5. Agricultural ecology and resource protection technology extension station of Gansu province, Lanzhou 730000, China
6. Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China
7. Shandong Agricultural Environmental Protection and Rural Energy Station, Jinan 250100, China

Received:2019-12-24 Online:2020-02-18 Published:2020-04-01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农用地膜覆盖技术具有良好的增温、保墒、除草等作用,已成为中国农业生产上不可或缺的农艺措施,为作物增产增收和保障中国粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。由于长期重使用、轻回收,随着农用地膜的用量和覆膜年限增加,废旧地膜在土壤中的残留量逐年增多,残膜污染已严重影响农业生产和自然环境,成为影响中国农业可持续发展的突出问题。中国的农用地膜污染防治工作总体起步较晚,虽然取得了一定成效,但还面临着政策不健全,监管有难度,执行不到位,回收、替代技术不成熟等困难和问题,防治任务依然艰巨。文章通过深入分析欧美与日本发达国家农用地膜推广使用方面的相关政策及标准,总结归纳了国内外农用地膜管理和回收经验,为今后制定出台适应中国国情的农用地膜管理政策提供参考。建议：（1）推进全程监管,出台相关法律规章,明确生产、流通、使用等各环节的监管责任,建立全程监管体系,从源头上杜绝脱标地膜进入市场、铺进农田;（2）推进源头减量,开展地膜覆盖技术适宜性评价,强化地膜使用控制,对水热资源条件较好的地区,减少地膜覆盖或不再使用地膜,对资源禀赋较差的地区,提高地膜使用效率,降低使用强度;（3）推进回收利用,推动完善政府扶持、市场主导的农膜回收利用体系,探索农膜回收利用长效机制,推动建立区域性绿色补贴政策;（4）推进技术创新,依托科技平台,加大新产品、新设备的研发力度,加强可降解地膜产品和技术跟踪,制定完善评价标准体系。

关键词: 农用地膜, 使用政策, 执行标准, 回收状况

Abstract:

Mulch films have been used to limit moisture loss, adjust soli temperature, and to suppress weed growth. The technique is indispensable in Chinese agriculture production. Besides, it also has made great contribution to the rise of yield as well as Chinses food security. In China, however, plastic films are often heavily used without proper recycling. Residual plastic in the soil accumulated progressively and became a threat to sustainable crop production and natural environment. Currently, we made some improvements to control plastic film pollution, but we are still facing formidable challenges, such as unclarity regulations, tenuity supervision, incapacity execution, lacking eco-friendly alternative techniques and the shortage of practical recycling methods. To overcome these challenges, we analyzed the regulation rules and standards about mulch films which are applied in developed countries and concluded some management experiences and solutions. Here, we propose the firstly, establishing supervision system to keep substandard products away from market and field. This can be achieved by clarifying the regulatory departments responsibility during the whole process of mulch films production, circulation and installation. Secondly, limiting the usage of mulch films from the source. Suitability assessments should be made before mulch films are applied. For example, in wet subtropical areas, the usage of films should be limited or prohibited. For areas with poor resource, the mulch films should be installed more efficiently in order to reduce the film usage. Thirdly, promoting the mulch films recycling. Supporting policies need to be introduced by the government, like regional green products subsidies plan. The announced supporting plans should coordinate together with the market in developing a sustainable recycling flow. Last but not least, more investments should be applied in green technology research projects and degradable film development, which will be also helpful for us to improve our assessment criteria for the film products.

Key words: mulch film, regulation rule, standard, recovery situation

中图分类号:

靳拓, 薛颖昊, 张明明, 周涛, 刘宏金, 张凯, 习斌. 国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况[J]. 生态环境学报, 2020, 29(2): 411-420.

JIN Tuo, XUE Yinghao, ZHANG Mingming, ZHOU Tao, LIU Hongjin, ZHANG Kai, XI Bin. Research Advances in Regulations, Standards and Recovery of Mulch Film[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2020, 29(2): 411-420.

图/表 3

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材料 Materials	原料 Raw material	合成方式 Compound method	预估降解率 Estimated degradation rate
Cellulose	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High
PBAT	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PBS	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PBSA	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PCL	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中 Middle
PHA	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	中高 Higher middle
PLA	生物基 Biology base	生物合成和化学合成 Biosynthesis and chemosynthesis	低 Low
Sucrose	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High
TPS/Starch	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High

材料 Materials	原料 Raw material	合成方式 Compound method	预估降解率 Estimated degradation rate
Cellulose	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High
PBAT	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PBS	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PBSA	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中低 Lower middle
PCL	烃类 Hydrocarbon	化学合成 Chemosynthesis	中 Middle
PHA	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	中高 Higher middle
PLA	生物基 Biology base	生物合成和化学合成 Biosynthesis and chemosynthesis	低 Low
Sucrose	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High
TPS/Starch	生物基 Biology base	生物合成 Biosynthesis	高 High

标准号 Standard number	机构 Institution	名称 Name	评估目标 Assessment objectives
ISO 16929	ISO	Plastics-Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale test	Determine the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pilot-scale aerobic composting test under defined conditions
ASTM D6400-12	ASTM	Standard specification for labelling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities	Determine if plastics will compost satisfactorily, and establish requirements for identifying items made from plastics or polymers, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities”
ASTM D5338-15	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, incorporating thermophilic temperatures	Determines the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials on exposure to a controlled-composting environment under laboratory conditions, at thermophilic temperatures
ASTM D6868-19	ASTM	Standard specification for labelling of end items that incorporate plastics and polymers as coatings or additives with paper and other substrates designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities	Determine if end items (including packaging) which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of plastic biodegradation must not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons
ASTM D6954-18	ASTM	Standard guide for exposing and testing plastics that degrade in the environment by a combination of oxidation and biodegradation	Compare and rank the controlled laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications and disposal environments after degradation
ASTM D5988-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in soil	Under laboratory conditions, determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials, including formulation additives, in contact with soil
ASTM D5526-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated landfill conditions	Determine the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated-landfill test environment
ASTM D7475-11	ASTM	Standard test method for determining the aerobic degradation and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated bioreactor landfill conditions	Determine the degree and rate of aerobic degradation (as indicated by loss of tensile strength, molecular weight, possibly resulting in disintegration and fragmentation) and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated bioreactor landfill test environment
ASTM D6691-17	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in the marine environment by a defined microbial consortium or natural sea water Inoculum	Under controlled laboratory conditions, assess the rate and degree of aerobic biodegradation of plastics exposed to marine microorganisms
ASTM D5511-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under high-solids anaerobic-digestion conditions	Determine the rate and degree of anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in a high-solids anaerobic digester
ASTM D7444-18a	ASTM	Standard practice for heat and humidity aging of oxidatively degradable plastics	Test the oxidative degradation characteristics of plastics that degrade in the environment under atmospheric pressure and thermal and humidity simulations
ASTM WK41850	ASTM	New Test Method for Determining the rate and extent of plastics biodegradation in an anaerobic laboratory environment under accelerated conditions	Laboratory assessment of the extent and rate of biodegradation of plastics in a simulated landfill environment

标准号 Standard number	机构 Institution	名称 Name	评估目标 Assessment objectives
ISO 16929	ISO	Plastics-Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under defined composting conditions in a pilot-scale test	Determine the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pilot-scale aerobic composting test under defined conditions
ASTM D6400-12	ASTM	Standard specification for labelling of plastics designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities	Determine if plastics will compost satisfactorily, and establish requirements for identifying items made from plastics or polymers, as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities”
ASTM D5338-15	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions, incorporating thermophilic temperatures	Determines the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials on exposure to a controlled-composting environment under laboratory conditions, at thermophilic temperatures
ASTM D6868-19	ASTM	Standard specification for labelling of end items that incorporate plastics and polymers as coatings or additives with paper and other substrates designed to be aerobically composted in municipal or industrial facilities	Determine if end items (including packaging) which use plastics and polymers as coatings or binders will compost satisfactorily, in large scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of plastic biodegradation must not be visible to the end user for aesthetic reasons
ASTM D6954-18	ASTM	Standard guide for exposing and testing plastics that degrade in the environment by a combination of oxidation and biodegradation	Compare and rank the controlled laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications and disposal environments after degradation
ASTM D5988-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in soil	Under laboratory conditions, determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials, including formulation additives, in contact with soil
ASTM D5526-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated landfill conditions	Determine the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated-landfill test environment
ASTM D7475-11	ASTM	Standard test method for determining the aerobic degradation and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under accelerated bioreactor landfill conditions	Determine the degree and rate of aerobic degradation (as indicated by loss of tensile strength, molecular weight, possibly resulting in disintegration and fragmentation) and anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an accelerated bioreactor landfill test environment
ASTM D6691-17	ASTM	Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in the marine environment by a defined microbial consortium or natural sea water Inoculum	Under controlled laboratory conditions, assess the rate and degree of aerobic biodegradation of plastics exposed to marine microorganisms
ASTM D5511-18	ASTM	Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under high-solids anaerobic-digestion conditions	Determine the rate and degree of anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in a high-solids anaerobic digester
ASTM D7444-18a	ASTM	Standard practice for heat and humidity aging of oxidatively degradable plastics	Test the oxidative degradation characteristics of plastics that degrade in the environment under atmospheric pressure and thermal and humidity simulations
ASTM WK41850	ASTM	New Test Method for Determining the rate and extent of plastics biodegradation in an anaerobic laboratory environment under accelerated conditions	Laboratory assessment of the extent and rate of biodegradation of plastics in a simulated landfill environment

标准号 Standard number	机构 Institution	名称 Name	评估目标 Assessment objectives
EN 13432	CEN	Packaging-Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation-Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging	Determine the compostability and anaerobic treatability of packaging and packaging materials
EN 14995	CEN	Plastics-Evaluation of compostability-Test scheme and specifications	Determine the compostability or anaerobic treatability of plastic materials by addressing four characteristics: (1) Biodegradability, (2) Disintegration during biological treatment, (3) Effect on the biological treatment process and (4) effect on the quality of the resulting compost
EN/ISO 20200	CEN/ISO	Plastics-Determination of the degree of disintegration of plastic materials under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory-scale test	Determine the degree of disintegration of plastic materials in a pilot-scale aerobic composting test under defined conditions
EN 14045	CEN	Packaging-Evaluation of the disintegration of packaging materials in practical oriented tests under defined composting conditions	Measure the biodegradability of packaging materials that are mixed with biowaste and spontaneously composted for 12 weeks in practical oriented composting conditions
EN 14046	CEN	Packaging-Evaluation of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of packaging materials under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of released carbon dioxide	Evaluate the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of packaging materials based on organic compounds under controlled composting conditions by measurement of released carbon dioxide at the end of the test
EN/ISO 14855-1	CEN/ISO	Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions- Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide-Part 1: General method	Determine the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastics, based on organic compounds, under controlled composting conditions by measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide evolved and the degree of disintegration of the plastic at the end of the test. The test method is designed to yield the percentage conversion of the carbon in the test material to evolved carbon dioxide as well as the rate of conversion
EN/ISO 14855-2	CEN/ISO	Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions- Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide-Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale test	Determine the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions. The method is designed to yield an optimum rate of biodegradation by adjusting the humidity, aeration and temperature of the composting vessel
EN 17033	CEN	Plastics Biodegradable mulch films for use in agriculture and horticulture Requirements and test methods	The latest standard to evaluate the biodegradability of biodegradable mulch films

国内外农用地膜使用政策、执行标准与回收状况

Research Advances in Regulations, Standards and Recovery of Mulch Film

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