Distribution and Environmental Risk of Phthalate Esters in a Small Watershed Dominated with Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Hainan Island

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.07.003

Ecology and Environmental Sciences ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 1014-1024.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.07.003

• Papers on “Emerging Pollutants” • Previous Articles Next Articles

Distribution and Environmental Risk of Phthalate Esters in a Small Watershed Dominated with Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Hainan Island

Yang Shuai¹^,²(), Qian Yibin¹^,²^,^*(), He Shuhai³, Tian Jinfei⁴^,⁵, Chen Xi¹^,², Yan Pei¹^,², Sun Yu¹^,²

¹ Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 570105, P. R. China
² National Plot Zone for Ecological Conservation (Hainan) Research Center, Haikou 570105, P. R. China
³ Hainan Provincial Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Haikou 571126, P. R. China
⁴ School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
⁵ China IPPR International Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, P. R. China

Received:2025-12-03 Revised:2026-03-27 Accepted:2026-07-10 Online:2026-07-18 Published:2026-07-17

海南岛农业面源污染主导的典型小流域邻苯二甲酸酯赋存特征和环境风险

杨帅¹^,²(), 钱益斌¹^,²^,^*(), 何书海³, 田金霏⁴^,⁵, 陈曦¹^,², 严佩¹^,², 孙宇¹^,²

¹ 海南省环境科学研究院，海南海口 570105
² 国家生态文明试验区（海南）研究中心，海南海口 570105
³ 海南省生态环境监测中心，海南海口 571126
⁴ 北京师范大学环境学院，北京 100875
⁵ 中国中元国际工程有限公司，北京 100089

通讯作者: *钱益斌,qianyb123@126.com
作者简介:杨帅（1992年生），男，工程师，研究方向为污染场地调查评估与化学品环境管理。E-mail: 362830529@qq.com
基金资助:
海南省"南海新星"产业创新创业人才项目;国家自然科学基金项目(42267067)

Abstract

Abstract:

Phthalate esters (PAEs), the most widely used plasticizers, are extensively present in plastic products and agricultural ecosystems, posing substantial threats to regional ecological safety and human health. However, research on PAEs in small watersheds dominated by agricultural non-point source pollution under tropical climates remains scarce, leading to a critical knowledge gap regarding their environmental risks. To address this issue, PAEs were systematically analyzed in surface water, sediments, and agricultural soils within the Thirty-six-Bend Creek watershed, a typical “small watershed-polder” system in Haikou City. Their spatial distribution, intermedia transfer behaviors, and environmental risk were clarified with correlation analysis, fugacity modeling, and principal component analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ∑₁₆PAEs in agricultural soils, surface waters and sediments were (672.67±340.91) µg·kg⁻¹, (8.11±3.11) µg·L⁻¹ and (607.00±236.23) µg·kg⁻¹, respectively. The main PAEs are all bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Spatially, PAEs concentrations in surface waters and sediments increases from upstream to midstream and downstream sections. Fugacity analysis results indicated that dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), DIBP, and DBP tend to migrate from sediments into the aqueous phase, while DEHP was in the net adsorption state of sediments. A strong source homogeneity among soils, waters, and sediments were observed, suggesting agricultural activities as the predominant input source. The health risks of PAEs in the basin are at an acceptable level, but the ecological risks of DIBP, DEHP and dinonyl phthalate (DNP) in water need attention.

Key words: phthalate esters, Thirty-six Bend Creek watershed, distribution characteristics, migration patterns, risk assessment

摘要：

邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是最常见的增塑剂，广泛应用于塑料制品和农业生产中，对区域生态安全和人体健康构成极大风险。以海口市典型“小流域-圩田”系统为特点的三十六曲溪流域为研究对象，系统测定了流域内水体、沉积物及农用地土壤中16种PAEs的残留水平；结合相关性分析、逸度模型和主成分分析等方法，揭示了其空间分布特征、介质间迁移规律及环境风险。结果显示，农用地土壤、河流水体和沉积物中∑₁₆PAEs平均含量分别为（672.67±340.91）µg·kg⁻¹、（8.11±3.11）µg·L⁻¹和（607.00±236.23）µg·kg⁻¹，主要同系物均为邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）；水体和沉积物中PAEs浓度呈上游低、中下游高的空间分布趋势；逸度分析表明，邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、DIBP和DBP易从沉积物迁移至水体，而DEHP处于沉积物净吸附状态；主成分分析显示，农业活动为该流域PAEs主要输入源；该流域PAEs健康风险处于可接受水平，但水体中DIBP、DEHP和邻苯二甲酸二壬酯（DNP）的生态风险需引起关注。

关键词: 邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）, 三十六曲溪, 赋存特征, 迁移规律, 风险评估

CLC Number:

X592

Yang Shuai, Qian Yibin, He Shuhai, Tian Jinfei, Chen Xi, Yan Pei, Sun Yu. Distribution and Environmental Risk of Phthalate Esters in a Small Watershed Dominated with Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Hainan Island[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(7): 1014-1024.

杨帅, 钱益斌, 何书海, 田金霏, 陈曦, 严佩, 孙宇. 海南岛农业面源污染主导的典型小流域邻苯二甲酸酯赋存特征和环境风险[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(7): 1014-1024.

Figures/Tables 13

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化合物	预测无效应质量浓度/ (µg·L⁻¹)	化合物	预测无效应质量浓度/ (µg·L⁻¹)
DMP	192	DHXP	0.019
DEP	73	BBP	5.2
DIBP	1.11	DBEP	1.14
DBP	10	DCHP	1.04
DMEP	24.9	DEHP	1.3
BMPP	－	DPHP	0.15
DEEP	13.1	DNOP	0.0061
DPP	0.088	DNP	0.0056

化合物	预测无效应质量浓度/ (µg·L⁻¹)	化合物	预测无效应质量浓度/ (µg·L⁻¹)
DMP	192	DHXP	0.019
DEP	73	BBP	5.2
DIBP	1.11	DBEP	1.14
DBP	10	DCHP	1.04
DMEP	24.9	DEHP	1.3
BMPP	－	DPHP	0.15
DEEP	13.1	DNOP	0.0061
DPP	0.088	DNP	0.0056

参数		推荐值
参数		成人	儿童
IR_S/(mg·d⁻¹)		100	200
EF/(d·a⁻¹)		350
ED/a		24	6
BW/kg		58.6	15
CF(无量纲)		10⁻⁶
AT/d	致癌效应	25550
AT/d	非致癌效应	365×ED
SA/(cm²·d⁻¹)		5700	2800
AF/(mg·cm⁻²)		0.07	0.2
ABSgi(无量纲)		1
PEF/(m³·kg⁻¹)		1.36×10⁹
SF_o/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	BBP	1.90×10⁻³
SF_o/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.40×10⁻²
SF_d/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.02×10⁻²
SF_i/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	BBP	1.90×10⁻³
SF_i/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.40×10⁻²
RfDo/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DMP	1.00×10¹
	DEP	8.00×10⁻¹
	DBP	1.00×10⁻¹
	BBP	2.00×10⁻¹
	DEHP	2.00×10⁻²
	DNOP	1.00×10⁻²

参数		推荐值
参数		成人	儿童
IR_S/(mg·d⁻¹)		100	200
EF/(d·a⁻¹)		350
ED/a		24	6
BW/kg		58.6	15
CF(无量纲)		10⁻⁶
AT/d	致癌效应	25550
AT/d	非致癌效应	365×ED
SA/(cm²·d⁻¹)		5700	2800
AF/(mg·cm⁻²)		0.07	0.2
ABSgi(无量纲)		1
PEF/(m³·kg⁻¹)		1.36×10⁹
SF_o/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	BBP	1.90×10⁻³
SF_o/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.40×10⁻²
SF_d/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.02×10⁻²
SF_i/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	BBP	1.90×10⁻³
SF_i/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DEHP	1.40×10⁻²
RfDo/[mg·(kg·d)⁻¹]⁻¹	DMP	1.00×10¹
	DEP	8.00×10⁻¹
	DBP	1.00×10⁻¹
	BBP	2.00×10⁻¹
	DEHP	2.00×10⁻²
	DNOP	1.00×10⁻²

化合物	土壤PAEs质量分数/(µg·kg⁻¹)		水体PAEs质量浓度/(µg·L⁻¹)		沉积物PAEs质量分数/(µg·kg⁻¹)		检出率/%
化合物	范围	均值±标准差	范围	均值±标准差	范围	均值±标准差	土壤	水体	沉积物
DMP	11.8－71.0	27.1±16.8	ND－1.61	0.53±0.52	4.75－44.9	17.3±12.4	100	70.0	100
DEP	ND－40.6	17.3±7.4	ND－0.39	0.14±0.12	ND－41.4	6.23±12.6	95.7	90.0	60.0
DIBP	8.18－472	82.8±96.8	0.47－3.32	1.72±1.04	15.7－117	66.8±31.7	100	100	100
DBP	21.4－804	202±166	1.03－4.19	2.18±0.98	30.2－349	193±104	100	100	100
DMEP	ND－66.8	3.12±13.9	ND	ND	ND	ND	8.70	0.00	0.00
BMPP	ND－24.3	1.06±5.07	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.35	0.00	0.00
DEEP	ND－30.6	8.67±13.4	ND	ND	ND－20.9	9.39±8.38	30.4	0.00	60.0
DPP	ND－19.9	0.87±4.16	ND	ND	ND	ND	4.35	0.00	0.00
DHXP	ND－21.2	2.02±6.00	ND－0.09	0.02±0.04	ND－15.2	1.52±4.79	13.0	20.0	10.0
BBP	ND－31.6	2.48±8.27	ND－0.15	0.04±0.06	ND－0.50	0.05±0.16	8.70	30.0	10.0
DBEP	ND－30.2	1.87±6.73	ND－0.12	0.04±0.06	ND－20.0	3.97±8.37	8.70	40.0	20.0
DCHP	ND－49.0	5.88±13.1	ND	ND	ND－32.0	13.4±12.8	21.7	0.00	60.0
DEHP	102－679	309±163	1.32－5.12	3.40±1.41	165－442	280±89.4	100	100	100
DPHP	ND－27.0	5.17±10.1	ND－0.14	0.02±0.05	ND－10.4	1.04±3.28	21.7	20.0	10.0
DNOP	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND－34.3	10.6±10.3	0.00	0.00	70.0
DNP	ND－21.1	3.06±6.17	ND－0.14	0.03±0.06	ND－15.9	3.22±5.19	21.7	20.0	40.0
∑₁₆PAEs	209－1605	673±341	3.10－13.3	8.13±3.12	228－991	607±236	100	100	100

Distribution and Environmental Risk of Phthalate Esters in a Small Watershed Dominated with Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Hainan Island

海南岛农业面源污染主导的典型小流域邻苯二甲酸酯赋存特征和环境风险

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研究对象	季节	质量浓度/(µg·L⁻¹)		主要PAEs	参考文献
研究对象	季节	范围	平均值	主要PAEs	参考文献
长三角	－	∑₉PAEs：2.23－6.30	4.11	DBP	Zhu et al.,2022
杭州湾	夏	∑₁₀PAEs：7.3－22.86	15.57	DEHP、DNBP、DIBP	Wang et al.,2021b
杭州湾	秋	∑₁₀PAEs：8.1－33.33	17.88	DEHP、DNBP、DIBP	Wang et al.,2021b
长江	夏、秋、冬	Σ₁₅PAEs：1.59－5.16	2.43	DEHP、DBP、DIBP	Xu et al.,2022
长江	春	Σ₁₆PAEs：0.437－20.5	1.93	DEHP、DBP、DIBP	Ren et al.,2023
观澜河	春	Σ₂₀PAEs：0.03－9.76	2.55	DEHP	董艳冉等,2025
观澜河	夏	Σ₂₀PAEs：0.36－27.25	5.26	DIBP	董艳冉等,2025
北云江	夏	∑₆PAEs：0.41－1.15	0.77	DEHP、DBP	Yang et al.,2024
汉江	夏、冬	∑₆PAEs：0.59－2.75	1.47	DEHP、DBP	Dong et al.,2022
黄河	春	Σ₁₆PAEs：0.20－14.28	8.48	DBP	龚雄虎等,2025
墨西哥阿托亚克河	春季	∑9PAEs：25.5－96	47.2	DEHP、DNHP	Jaime et al.,2024
越南清化省河口	春季	∑₁₀PAEs：1.27－4.78	2.75	DEHP、DBP、DIBP	Nguyen et al.,2025
越南清化省河口	秋季	∑₁₀PAEs：0.66－3.51	1.49	DEHP、DBP、DIBP	Nguyen et al.,2025
伊朗托尔哈贝河	夏季	∑6PAEs：ND－17.48	11.03	DEHP	Hosseini and Bonyadi,2025
三十六曲溪	夏	Σ16PAEs：3.10－13.3	8.11	DEHP、DBP、DIBP	本研究

类别		健康风险评估结果
类别		成人	儿童
致癌风险	BBP	0－3.65×10⁻¹¹ （平均值2.87×10⁻¹²）	0－6.58×10⁻¹¹ （平均值5.17×10⁻¹²）
致癌风险	DEHP	1.03×10⁻⁹－6.89×10⁻⁹ （平均值3.13×10⁻⁹）	2.21×10⁻⁹－1.47×10⁻⁸ （平均值6.71×10⁻⁹）
非致癌风险	DMP	2.69×10⁻⁹－1.63×10⁻⁸ （平均值6.21×10⁻⁹）	1.16×10⁻⁷－1.09×10⁻⁶ （平均值3.89×10^-7）
	DEP	0－1.16×10⁻⁷ （平均值4.96×10⁻⁸）	0－5.19×10⁻⁶ （平均值2.15×10⁻⁶）
	DBP	4.90×10⁻⁷－1.84×10⁻⁵ （平均值4.63×10⁻⁶）	2.73×10⁻⁶－1.03×10⁻⁴ （平均值2.62×10⁻⁵）
	BBP	0－3.62×10⁻⁷ （平均值2.84×10⁻⁸）	0－2.02×10⁻⁶ （平均值1.59×10⁻⁷）
	DEHP	1.67×10⁻⁵－7.78×10⁻⁴ （平均值3.54×10⁻⁵）	6.52×10⁻⁵－4.51×10⁻⁴ （平均值2.07×10⁻⁴）
	DNOP	0	0

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