Abstract:

The development and utilization of nuclear energy as an efficient new energy source has resulted in numerous environmental issues. Therefore, it is important to establish safe mechanisms for the supervision of radioactive pollutants. Despite the existence of international regulations and policies concerning radioactive pollution, such as the explicit requirements by the International Atomic Energy Agency and different countries for banning the release of radionuclide-containing water into the ocean, the relevant laws and supervision in certain countries are still not sufficiently clear because of their benefits. This poses a sustained threat to marine environment and human health. This study examine the issue of marine radioactive pollution using the discharge from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in 2023 as a case study. This study evaluated the problems and shortcomings of Japan’s nuclear radiation pollution regulatory mechanism in terms of the structure of official institutions, such as the completeness of laws, risk assessment, environmental evaluation, the public’s right to participate, and the ability to monitor pollution. It also serves as a reference by listing disposal methods, related policies, and regulatory mechanisms for radioactive pollution in China and discussing the problems that may exist, such as a complex regulatory system, insufficient public awareness and education, insufficient skills training for nuclear energy development and utilization personnel, and insufficient research and development investment. It provides corresponding improvement measures and suggestions such as improving the relatively independent regulatory system, popularizing radioactive pollution knowledge from a perspective that is closer to people’s lives, strengthening the examination and emergency response ability of personnel engaged in the industry, and increasing research and development investment. The purpose of this study is to promote the healthy development of China’s nuclear energy industry, to build China’s nuclear energy industry safely and efficiently, and to improve our regulatory system and mechanism construction to provide references.

Key words: radionuclides, radioactive wastewater discharge into the sea, ecological threat, disposal of radioactive contamination, supervision

摘要：

核能作为一种高效新能源，在被开发利用的同时带来许多环境问题。因此，建立完善的放射性污染的安全监管机制是十分重要的。尽管目前各国对于放射性污染都有具体的监管政策，例如国际原子能机构对于放射性核污水排海有明确的要求，但是某些国家可能出于其自身利益考虑，监管机制仍然不完善，给海洋生态环境和人类健康造成持续长久的威胁。基于海洋放射性污染的问题，以2023年福岛核电站排海问题为例，综述了福岛放射性污染水排海后的海洋生态污染情况以及监管机制方面存在的不足和问题。从官方机构的结构、法律完整度、风险评估与环境评价、民众参与权以及污染监测能力等方面详细列举了日本的放射性污染监管机制存在的问题与不足。以此为鉴，该文论述了中国对于放射性污染的处置方式以及相关政策及监管机制，并讨论了其中可能存在的一些问题，例如监管体系机构冗杂，对公众的认知教育普及还不够完善，对从事核能开发和利用的工作人员的技能培训及科研投入仍有不足等。建议完善相对独立的监管体系，以更加贴近百姓生活的视角普及放射性污染的知识，加强对从业人员应急能力的考核并加大对科学研发的投入。该文旨在促进中国核能事业的健康发展，为安全、高效地建设中国核能事业，完善相关监管体系与机制建设提供参考。

关键词: 放射性核素, 放射性废水排海问题, 生态环境威胁, 放射性污染处置, 监管机制