Spatial Distribution and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Density in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Zhanjiang City

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.11.004

Ecology and Environmental Sciences ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11): 1705-1714.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.11.004

• Papers on Carbon Cycling and Carbon Emission Reduction • Previous Articles Next Articles

Spatial Distribution and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Density in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Zhanjiang City

WANG Zongyang(), ZENG Xuelan, ZHU Zhenchang, GUO Fen, LUO Lijuan, ZHANG Wuying, DU Qingping, ZHANG Yuan^*()

Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds/School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China

Received:2025-03-12 Online:2025-11-18 Published:2025-11-05

湛江市红树林植被及土壤碳密度空间分布及其驱动机制分析

王宗阳(), 曾雪兰, 祝振昌, 郭芬, 罗丽娟, 张武英, 杜青平, 张远^*()

广东工业大学生态环境与资源学院/广东省高等学校湾区生态安全与绿色发展基础研究卓越中心/广东省流域水环境治理与水生态修复重点实验室，广东广州 510006

通讯作者: *E-mail: zhang.yuan@gdut.edu.cn
作者简介:王宗阳（1994年生），男，博士研究生，主要从事红树林遥感监测。E-mail: 1112124007@mail2.gdut.edu.cn
基金资助:
广东省海洋经济发展（海洋六大产业）专项资金项目(粤自然资合[2023]43号);“珠江人才计划”引进创新创业团队项目(2021ZT090543)

Abstract

Abstract:

Mangrove vegetation and soil carbon pools have a remarkable capacity to absorb and sequester large amounts of carbon, making them crucial pathways for achieving “dual carbon” goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality). Understanding the differences between vegetation and soil carbon pools, as well as their respective key influencing factors, is essential for the effective conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems. However, current studies on mangrove carbon density and its main drivers tend to adopt a single-perspective approach, focusing either on vegetation or soil carbon stocks. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether landscape metrics influence mangrove carbon density, posing significant challenges in formulating conservation and restoration plans for these ecosystems. Taking the mangroves in Zhanjiang City as a case study, this study, based on in situ surveys of vegetation and soil carbon density, revealed notable interspecific differences between vegetation and soil carbon pools (Sonneratia apetala exhibited the highest vegetation carbon density but a relatively low soil carbon density) and distinct spatial distribution patterns (soil carbon pools exhibited a latitudinal gradient). Through Mantel tests and Pearson correlation analysis, we found that soil carbon density was influenced by species richness and seawater physicochemical factors, whereas vegetation carbon density was closely linked to patch integrity. In heavily fragmented protected areas, vegetation carbon density is significantly reduced. Additionally, patch connectivity and shape indices within the protected areas significantly affected mangrove species richness. This study systematically analyzed the spatial patterns of mangrove carbon density in Zhanjiang’s protected areas, highlighted the impact of patch fragmentation on carbon storage and biodiversity, and recommended strengthening the protection of mangrove patches and prioritizing the planting of native species to enhance soil carbon sequestration. These findings provide scientific support for achieving the dual carbon goals.

Key words: vegetation carbon density, soil carbon density, landscape pattern index, patch fragmentation, patch shape index

摘要：

红树林植被和土壤碳库能吸收和固定大量的碳，利用这种特性有助于实现“双碳”目标。明确植被与土壤碳库之间的差异以及影响植被和土壤碳库的主要影响因子对于红树林保护与修复工作十分重要。然而，红树林碳密度及主要影响因子的研究多集中于植被碳储量或土壤碳储量的单维度，且景观指数是否会影响红树林碳密度尚未可知，不利于红树林保护和修复计划的制定。该研究以湛江市红树林为例，基于红树林植被和土壤碳密度原位调查结果，发现植被碳库与土壤碳库之间存在明显的物种差异（无斑海桑植被碳密度最高，但土壤碳密度较低）和空间分布差异（土壤碳库呈现出纬度规律）。利用Mantel检验与Pearson相关性分析后发现，土壤碳密度受物种丰富度和海水理化因子的影响，而植被碳密度与斑块完整性密切相关，破碎化严重的保护区内红树林植被碳密度大大降低。此外，保护区内红树林斑块的连通性和形状指数显著影响红树林物种数。该研究系统地解析了湛江市保护区红树林碳密度的空间格局，揭示了斑块破碎化对碳储量和生物多样性的影响；认为应加强红树林斑块保护，优先种植本土树种，以提高土壤固碳潜力，为“双碳”目标的实现提供科学支撑。

关键词: 植被碳密度, 土壤碳密度, 景观格局指数, 斑块破碎度, 斑块形状指数

CLC Number:

X144
X171.1

WANG Zongyang, ZENG Xuelan, ZHU Zhenchang, GUO Fen, LUO Lijuan, ZHANG Wuying, DU Qingping, ZHANG Yuan. Spatial Distribution and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Density in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Zhanjiang City[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(11): 1705-1714.

王宗阳, 曾雪兰, 祝振昌, 郭芬, 罗丽娟, 张武英, 杜青平, 张远. 湛江市红树林植被及土壤碳密度空间分布及其驱动机制分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(11): 1705-1714.

Figures/Tables 11

Figure 1 The plot survey of mangrove

Table 1 The overview of survey plots

样方区域	土壤采集样方数量	植被样方调查数量	土壤样方编号	土壤样方编号	植被类型	群落类型
麻章区太平镇S1	3	3	S1-1	S1-1	无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）	无斑海桑
			S1-2	S1-2	桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）	桐花树
			S1-3	S1-3	桐花树	桐花树
雷州市河北港S2	3	3	S2-1	S2-1	无瓣海桑	无瓣海桑
			S2-2	S2-2	白骨壤（Avicennia marina）	白骨壤
			S2-3	S2-3	白骨壤	白骨壤
东海岛S3	2	3	S3-1	S3-1	秋茄（Kandelia obovata）、白骨壤	白骨壤
			S3-2	S3-2	无瓣海桑	无瓣海桑
				S3-3	无瓣海桑	无瓣海桑
徐闻县金鸡村S4	3	3	S4-1	S4-1	白骨壤	白骨壤
			S4-2	S4-2	白骨壤	白骨壤
			S4-3	S4-3	白骨壤	白骨壤
徐闻县笃头村S5	3	3	S5-1	S5-1	无瓣海桑	无瓣海桑
			S5-2	S5-2	白骨壤	白骨壤
			S5-3	S5-3	秋茄	秋茄
雷州市流沙湾S6	4	4	S6-1	S6-1	白骨壤	白骨壤
			S6-2	S6-2	白骨壤、桐花树、红海榄（Rhizophora stylosa）	桐花树
			S6-3	S6-3	白骨壤	白骨壤
			S6-4	S6-4	白骨壤、桐花树、红海榄	白骨壤
雷州市企水镇S7	2	4	S7-1	S7-1	白骨壤、红海榄	白骨壤
				S7-2	白骨壤、红海榄、木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）	白骨壤
			S7-3	S7-3	红海榄	红海榄
				S7-4	红海榄	红海榄
遂溪县斗仑S8	4	3	S8-1	S8-1	无瓣海桑、桐花树	无瓣海桑
			S8-2	S8-2	无瓣海桑、桐花树	无瓣海桑
			S8-3	S8-3	白骨壤、桐花树	白骨壤
廉江市高桥S9	3	4	S9-1	S9-1	秋茄、红海榄	红海榄
			S9-2	S9-2	木榄	木榄
			S9-3	S9-3	秋茄、桐花树、白骨壤、木榄	木榄
				S9-4	木榄、红海榄	木榄
霞山区特呈岛S10	2	3	S10-1	S10-1	木榄、红海榄、白骨壤	白骨壤
			S10-2	S10-2	红海榄、白骨壤	红海榄
				S10-3	红海榄、白骨壤	红海榄

Figure 2 The pictures of sampling

Table 2 Allometric growth equations of different mangrove vegetation types

物种	异速生长方程
桐花树	B_above=31.34×(d²×h)^0.465 （1）
	B_below=9.33×(d²×h)^0.303 （2）
白骨壤	B_above=0.308×d^2.11 （3）
	B_below=1.28×d^1.17 （4）
木榄	B_above=0.186×d^2.31 （5）
	B_below=0.4697×d^1.5543 （6）
秋茄	B_above=0.187×d^1.855+0.267×d^1.906 （7）
	B_below=4.6×d^1.136 （8）
无瓣海桑	B_above=0.258×d^2.287 （9）
	B_below=0.045×d^2.320 （10）
红海榄	B_above=0.2206×d^2.4292 （11）
	B_below=0.261×d^1.86 （12）

Table 3 Mangrove landscape pattern index

指标	指标含义	公式
面积	斑块面积
回转半径	斑块内像元到其质心的距离和	$E = ∑ i = 1 M r$ （13）式中：E——回转半径（m）；r——像元到斑块质心的距离（m）；i——指标的像元个数，i=1, 2,..., M
形状指数	形状复杂度，正方形为1（最小值）	$H = 0.25 P A （14）$ 式中：H——形状指数；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
分形维数	周长的卷曲程度，正方形为1，边界复杂的值无限趋近2	$C = 2 ln (0.25 P) ln A （15）$ 式中：C——分形维数；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
周长面积比	简单的形状复杂性量，同面积下斑块细长（即周长变大）值升高	$R = P A （16）$ 式中：R——周长面积比；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
近圆形形状指数	圆形斑块的圆形接近0，细长线形斑块的圆形接近1	$L =1 − A A S （17）$ 式中：L——近圆形形状指数；A——面积（m²）；A^S——最小外接圆面积（m²）
邻近指数	连通性指数评价空间连通性	$G = ∑ i = 1 M C A * V − 1 （18）$ 式中：G——邻近指数；A^——斑块内像元总面积（m²）；i——指标的像元个数，i=1, 2,..., M； C——斑块中所有像元的联通性；A——斑块内像元总面积（m²）；V——斑块中3×3窗口个数总和

Table 3 Mangrove landscape pattern index

指标	指标含义	公式
面积	斑块面积
回转半径	斑块内像元到其质心的距离和	$E = ∑ i = 1 M r$ （13）式中：E——回转半径（m）；r——像元到斑块质心的距离（m）；i——指标的像元个数，i=1, 2,..., M
形状指数	形状复杂度，正方形为1（最小值）	$H = 0.25 P A （14）$ 式中：H——形状指数；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
分形维数	周长的卷曲程度，正方形为1，边界复杂的值无限趋近2	$C = 2 ln (0.25 P) ln A （15）$ 式中：C——分形维数；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
周长面积比	简单的形状复杂性量，同面积下斑块细长（即周长变大）值升高	$R = P A （16）$ 式中：R——周长面积比；P——周长（m）；A——面积（m²）
近圆形形状指数	圆形斑块的圆形接近0，细长线形斑块的圆形接近1	$L =1 − A A S （17）$ 式中：L——近圆形形状指数；A——面积（m²）；A^S——最小外接圆面积（m²）
邻近指数	连通性指数评价空间连通性	$G = ∑ i = 1 M C A * V − 1 （18）$ 式中：G——邻近指数；A^——斑块内像元总面积（m²）；i——指标的像元个数，i=1, 2,..., M； C——斑块中所有像元的联通性；A——斑块内像元总面积（m²）；V——斑块中3×3窗口个数总和

Table 4 Average carbon storage density of different community type

植被类型	碳储量密度（以C计）/（Mg∙hm⁻²）
植被类型	红树林植被碳密度	红树林土壤碳密度	红树林碳密度
白骨壤	22.01±6.04 ¹⁾	81.29±33.81	103.3±39.85
红海榄	17.29±4.77	198.71±54.41	216±59.18
木榄	7.21±2.98	251.2±44.16	258.41±47.14
秋茄	13.6±4.32	233.23±42.65	246.83±46.97
桐花树	25.26±1.93	133.6±6.72	158.86±8.65
无瓣海桑	46.77±27.64	102.61±72.1	149.38±99.74

Figure 3 Spatial distribution of vegetation and soil carbon density in Zhanjiang City

Figure 4 Soil carbon density at different depths in Zhanjiang City

Table 5 Correlation coefficients between mangrove vegetation, soil carbon density, species number, and landscape pattern index

景观格局指标	地上植被碳密度	地下植被碳密度	植被碳密度	物种数	土壤碳密度
面积平均值	0.023	−0.006	0.014	−0.570	−0.479
面积中值	0.803 ¹⁾	0.818	0.838	0.173	0.375
面积变异系数	−0.158	−0.219	−0.185	0.691	0.492
回转半径平均值	0.137	0.087	0.125	−0.539	−0.455
回转半径中值	0.767	0.809	0.810	0.248	0.410
回转半径变异系数	−0.431	−0.447	−0.453	0.210	0.055
形状指数平均值	0.377	0.319	0.371	−0.385	−0.392
形状指数中值	0.638	0.653	0.667	0.511	0.491
形状指数变异系数	−0.122	−0.217	−0.159	−0.400	−0.594
分形维数平均值	0.585	0.427	0.554	0.284	0.106
分形维数中值	0.529	0.577	0.565	0.679	0.520
分形维数变异系数	0.070	−0.008	0.046	−0.428	−0.570
周长面积比平均值	−0.545	−0.657	−0.603	−0.232	−0.340
周长面积比中值	−0.464	−0.608	−0.530	−0.352	−0.428
周长面积比变异系数	0.559	0.695	0.626	−0.159	0.117
近圆形形状指数平均值	0.482	0.338	0.451	0.348	0.182
近圆形形状指数中值	0.635	0.451	0.597	0.096	0.010
近圆形形状指数变异系数	−0.249	−0.120	−0.215	−0.698	−0.488
邻近指数平均值	0.590	0.711	0.653	0.197	0.318
邻近指数中值	0.486	0.608	0.545	0.354	0.406
邻近指数变异系数	−0.414	−0.380	−0.418	−0.683	−0.424

Figure 5 Factors affecting mangrove vegetation and soil carbon storage in Zhanjiang City

Figure 6 Distribution of mangroves at some sampling points on the east and west coasts

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Spatial Distribution and Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation and Soil Carbon Density in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Zhanjiang City

湛江市红树林植被及土壤碳密度空间分布及其驱动机制分析

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