热带岛屿不同水体溶解性有机质特征研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.05.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 770-783.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2026.05.010

热带岛屿不同水体溶解性有机质特征研究

符小坤¹(), 杜雨菲¹, 郑传洁¹, 贾文浩¹, 王旭程², 马旖旎¹, 黄开波¹^,^*()

¹ 海南大学环境科学与工程学院，海南海口 570228
² 中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所，海南海口 571101

收稿日期:2025-09-12 修回日期:2026-01-07 接受日期:2026-02-17 出版日期:2026-05-18 发布日期:2026-05-08
通讯作者: *E-mail: huangkaibo@hainanu.edu.cn
作者简介:符小坤（2000年生），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为新污染物环境行为。E-mail: 2533570783@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(4220739);海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(423RC433);海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2022SHFZ073)

Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Different Tropical Water Bodies

FU Xiaokun¹(), DU Yufei¹, ZHENG Chuanjie¹, JIA Wenhao¹, WANG Xucheng², MA Yini¹, HUANG Kaibo¹^,^*()

¹ School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
² Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Haikou 571101, P. R. China

Received:2025-09-12 Revised:2026-01-07 Accepted:2026-02-17 Online:2026-05-18 Published:2026-05-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为厘清人类活动与自然过程对热带岛屿水体溶解性有机质（DOM）特征的影响，选取典型水体（河流、湖泊、河口及近海），结合紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱和傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS），系统解析DOM的来源、组成及转化机制。结果表明，DOM组成在不同水体间具有差异：紫外光谱显示河流与湖泊DOM芳香性较高（SUVA₂₅₄为13.02－18.88 L∙mg⁻¹·m⁻¹），陆源特征显著；河口DOM芳香性异常升高（SUVA₂₅₄达148.29－228.31 L∙mg⁻¹·m⁻¹），三维荧光光谱显示类蛋白组分增多，体现陆海混合与污水输入的共同作用；近海DOM则以低芳香性（SUVA₂₅₄为7.85－14.63 L∙mg⁻¹·m⁻¹）、高自生源（FI为1.21－1.30）特征为主。而FT-ICR MS从分子层面表明：流域样品中异常荧光峰与高SUVA₂₅₄、低FI值（0.10）的组合，对应分子组成中高丰度稠环芳香结构，表明可能存在多环芳烃污染；河口区检出苯并噻唑等人工有机硫化物，且与CHOS类化合物同步富集，表明存在污水输入的迹象。分子转化路径分析进一步表明，河口DOM转化网络最为复杂，同时存在氧化、还原、甲基化等多种反应，体现该区域在陆海交互与人为干扰下的活跃转化特征。该研究使用光学指标与分子指纹相结合的方法，可有效揭示DOM组成规律并识别人类活动影响，结果可为热带岛屿水环境保护及碳循环研究提供了科学依据。

关键词: 溶解性有机质, 热带岛屿水体, 傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱, 分子组成, 化学转化

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to investigate the composition, origin, and transformation mechanisms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in various water bodies of tropical islands. The research focused on the Nandu River basin, estuary, adjacent sea area, and Hongcheng Lake in Haikou City. A total of 15 sampling points were established: four sites within the Nandu River basin (LY-1 to LY-4), four sites in the estuarine region (HK-1 to HK-4), four sites offshore (HY-1 to HY-4), and three sites at Hongcheng Lake (HP-1 to HP-3). Surface water samples of 3L each were collected using clean glass bottles, filtered through a 0.45 μm microporous filter membrane, and stored at 4 ℃ in darkness to ensure that all analytical tests were conducted within 48 hours. The DOM was analyzed utilizing a combination of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The results showed that DOM composition showed obvious spatial differences along the land-sea continuum, with the highest DOC concentration at HP-2 site in Hongchenghu Lake (58.77 mg∙L⁻¹, calculated by C) and the lowest at HK-3 site in the estuary (3.37 mg∙L⁻¹, by C). The SUVA₂₅₄ values of all samples were higher than the typical values of open ocean water (<2.0 L∙mg⁻¹∙m⁻¹), indicating that the DOM in the study area was generally affected by strong territorial input. The aromaticity of river and reservoir DOM was higher (SUVA₂₅₄: 13.02‒18.88 L∙mg⁻¹∙m⁻¹), while the aromaticity of estuary DOM was abnormally increased (SUVA₂₅₄:228.31 L∙mg⁻¹∙m⁻¹) and protein-like components increased, which revealed the co-shaping effect of land-sea mixing and biological activities. The offshore DOM showed low aromaticity (SUVA₂₅₄: 10.53 L∙mg⁻¹∙m⁻¹) and high autogeny (FI: 1.30), which were consistent with the characteristics of photodegradation and microbial degradation. 3D fluorescence spectra further revealed the strong influence of human activities: the combination of abnormally low FI values (0.07‒0.08) and high HIX values in Hongcheng Lake samples, which seriously deviated from the typical freshwater range. The BIX value of HK-3 samples in estuary was abnormally high (8.16), which was far beyond the typical threshold. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity of HY-4 (−8.0×10⁶ R.U.) in the ocean samples adjacent to the harbor is 2‒8 times that of other samples. In addition, the lack of a significant negative correlation between the spectral slopes S_275‒295 and SUVA₂₅₄ suggests that the highly aromatic DOM in this region may have a unique molecular structure different from that of conventional humus. FT-ICR MS analysis systematically reveals the spatial differentiation characteristics of DOM composition and its influencing factors from the molecular level. van Krevelen plot analysis showed that the molecular composition of all samples was mainly concentrated in lignin/CRAM-like structures and protein regions, showing common features of terrigenous inputs and microbial metabolites. The results of principal component analysis showed that there were significant differences in DOM molecular composition among different water types, and the estuary samples were different from other samples in PC1 axis (contribution rate of 58.9%) due to the influence of aromaticity index and double bond equivalent. The relative abundance of nitrogen compounds (CHON) in estuarine samples was 27.71%, significantly higher than 17.90% in river samples, reflecting the unique nitrogen cycling process in estuarine regions. At the same time, sulfur compounds also showed significant differences among different water types (p < 0.05), and the relative abundance of CHOS compounds was the highest in the estuary area (4.01%), indicating that there may be an active sulfur cycling process in this area. In addition, the analysis of molecular structure parameters showed that the relative abundance of the lake samples in the high condensation region with DBE>10 was 22.6%‒28.4%, which was significantly higher than that of the ocean samples (12.4%‒18.9%), reflecting the significant difference in the condensation degree of DOM molecules in different water environments. In addition, the study found human activity markers. The combination of low FI value (0.10) and high SUVA₂₅₄ at the Nandu River basin site (LY-1) corresponds to the molecular formula of the identified polycyclic aromatic structure, indicating that there may be signs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination. At the same time, benzothiazoles were detected in the estuary area, and were enriched synchronously with CHOS compounds (relative abundance of 4.01%), indicating the presence of sewage input. The combination of very low FI (0.07 to 0.08) and high HIX in Hongcheng Lake indicates that the DOM composition of Hongcheng Lake is strongly affected by urban activities, and also indicates from the molecular level that human activities play an important role in the formation of DOM composition characteristics in the study area. Molecular transformation pathway analysis showed that methylation and demethylation reactions were dominant in all water bodies, and the reaction proportion was stable between 12.39% and 13.72%. The dominant reaction pathways of different water bodies showed significant differences: reducing reactions (such as hydrogenation/dehydration) were dominant in lake environment, while oxidation reactions accounted for a higher proportion in Marine environment. The estuary region showed the most complex transformation characteristics, and its molecular transformation network had the highest number of nodes (2045) and edges (12832), and the network density (0.0041) was significantly higher than that of other water bodies. For example, for compound C15H9O8, multiple transformation pathways such as dehydrogenesis, oxidation and reduction were simultaneously present in the estuary region, while only a single methylation pathway was observed in the lake. Sulfur-containing compound C13H17O5S forms a sulfur-methylation cycle with both methylation and demethylation in the estuary samples, which is related to the active sulfur cycling process in the estuary region. Molecular network analysis further showed that there were multiple biogeochemical processes such as aerobic and anoxic microenvironments, photochemical and microbial processes, and the synergistic effects of these processes jointly shaped the unique DOM transformation pattern in the estuary. The results reveal the different characteristics of DOM transformation pathways in different water environments at the molecular level. This study demonstrates that the characteristics of DOM in tropical island water bodies result from both their sources and transformation processes. The integration of optical indicators with molecular fingerprints effectively identifies DOM sources while distinguishing human activity influences. These findings provide a scientific foundation for understanding carbon cycling and managing water environments in this region.

Key words: dissolved organic matter, tropical island water bodies, fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, molecular composition, chemical transformation

中图分类号:

S153
X144

符小坤, 杜雨菲, 郑传洁, 贾文浩, 王旭程, 马旖旎, 黄开波. 热带岛屿不同水体溶解性有机质特征研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2026, 35(5): 770-783.

FU Xiaokun, DU Yufei, ZHENG Chuanjie, JIA Wenhao, WANG Xucheng, MA Yini, HUANG Kaibo. Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Different Tropical Water Bodies[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2026, 35(5): 770-783.

图/表 10

图1 南渡江流域－河口－延伸海域及红城湖采样点分布图其中HP代表湖泊；LY代表流域；HK代表河口；HY代表海洋

Figure 1 Distribution map of sampling points in the Nandu River Basin-estuary-extended sea area and Hongcheng Lake

图2 不同水体DOM的三维荧光光谱特征图中已去除拉曼散射及瑞利散射干扰；等高线表示荧光强度（R.U.）

Figure 2 Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of DOM in different water bodies

表1 研究区部分水体DOM浓度及紫外-可见光谱及荧光光谱特征参数

Table 1 The DOM concentration of some water bodies in the study area and the characteristic parameters of ultraviolet-visible spectra and fluorescence spectra

参数指标	单位	采样点位
参数指标	单位	HP1	HP2	LY1	LY3	HK2	HK3	HY2	HY3
C_DOC(by C)	mg·L⁻¹	3.286	58.772	15.074	29.754	7.977	3.374	13.399	34.920
SUVA₂₅₄	L∙mg⁻¹·m⁻¹	141.651	10.527	18.876	13.025	148.288	228.311	7.845	14.630
E₂₅₄/E₃₆₅	-	5.134	4.652	5.571	3.405	3.984	5.333	2.599	2.791
E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅	-	-	2.587	-	1.509	2.240	3.391	1.517	2.341
S_275－295	nm⁻¹	0.017	0.016	0.019	0.016	0.016	0.018	0.012	0.009
BIX	-	1.838	2.111	3.302	1.071	3.954	8.161	1.170	1.196
HIX	-	1.583	1.866	1.767	1.143	0.702	1.807	1.220	1.123
FI	-	0.070	0.085	0.102	1.014	0.409	0.253	1.207

图3 基于FT-ICR MS的不同水体DOM分子Van Krevelen图背景区域表示不同分子类别：脂质（Lipids，H/C：1.5－2.0；O/C：0－0.3）；蛋白质/脂肪族（Aliphatic/proteins，H/C：1.5－2.2；O/C：0.3－0.67）；碳水化合物（Carbohydrates，H/C：1.5－2.0；O/C：0.67－1.0）；木质素/CRAM-like结构（Lignins/CRAM-like structures，H/C：0.7－1.5；O/C：0.1－0.67）；单宁（Tannins，H/C：0.6－1.2；O/C：0.5－0.9）；芳香结构（Aromatic structures，H/C：0.3－0.7；O/C：0.1－0.67）。每个点代表一个独特的分子式

Figure 3 The VK diagrams of DOM molecules in different water bodies based on FT-ICR MS

图4 不同水体DOM中含氮化合物（CHON2）的相对丰度

Figure 4 The relative abundance of nitrogen-containing compounds (CHON2) in DOM of different water bodies

图5 不同水体中组分差异

Figure 5 Percentage changes of components in different water bodies

图6 DOM分子结构特征不同水体间差异

Figure 6 Differences in DOM molecular structure characteristics among different water bodies

图7 不同水体DOM分子转化路径相对占比雷达图

Figure 7 Radar chart of the relative proportion of DOM molecular transformation pathways in different water bodies

表2 各采样点分子转化网络定量参数

Table 2 Quantitative parameters of molecular transformation networks at sampling points

点位	HP1	HP2	HP3	LY1	LY2	LY3	LY4	HK1	HK2	HK3	HK4	HY1	HY2	HY3	HY4
节点数	2014	1761	1997	203	1732	1918	1749	1410	2045	2062	2032	1455	636	1400	1380
边数	12580	11208	12898	1035	8614	11945	10851	8301	12832	12808	10630	8639	3336	8339	8208
网络密度	0.003	0.004	0.003	0.025	0.003	0.003	0.004	0.004	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.004	0.008	0.004	0.004

图8 不同水体DOM的分子转化网络

Figure 8 Molecular transformation networks of DOM in different water bodies

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热带岛屿不同水体溶解性有机质特征研究

Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Different Tropical Water Bodies

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