广州市典型小流域降雨时期农业面源污染特征分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.10.013

生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 1633-1643.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.10.013

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

广州市典型小流域降雨时期农业面源污染特征分析

王安侯¹(), 谢志宜¹, 陈多宏¹, 王博瑾¹, 黄莹², 逯颖³, 王玉³, 杨行健²^,^*(), 李永涛²^,^*()

1.广东省生态环境监测中心，广东广州 510308
2.华南农业大学资源环境学院，广东广州 510642
3.生态环境部卫星环境应用中心，北京 100094

收稿日期:2025-01-01 出版日期:2025-10-18 发布日期:2025-09-26
通讯作者: *E-mail: xjyang@scau.edu.cn；yongtao@scau.edu.cn
作者简介:王安侯（1992年生），男，工程师，硕士，从事生态环境监测工作。E-mail: wang92925@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901305);广东省重点研发项目(2023B0202030001)

Characterizing Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Representative Small Watershed of Guangzhou under Rainfall Conditions

WANG Anhou¹(), XIE Zhiyi¹, CHEN Duohong¹, WANG Bojin¹, HUANG Ying², LU Ying³, WANG Yu³, YANG Xingjian²^,^*(), LI Yongtao²^,^*()

1. Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, P. R. China
2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
3. Ministry of Ecology and Environment Center for Satellite Application on Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, P. R. China

Received:2025-01-01 Online:2025-10-18 Published:2025-09-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业面源污染监测对于保障水环境安全和推动农业可持续发展至关重要。以广州市增城区典型监测区为对象，系统分析了2023年降雨期间出入口水质的时空变化特征及潜在影响因素。结果表明，监测区水质主要为III类至V类，其中V类水质占比最大（37.9%），其次为IV类（31.0%）。监测区内水质指标呈现明显的逐月波动趋势。总磷、磷酸盐和可溶性磷酸盐浓度随月份逐渐降低，这可能与农业活动、降雨、气温和农村污水排放相关。总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮大致呈现波动下降而后逐渐上升趋势，这可能与降雨稀释以及较强的氮素迁移能力相关。相关性分析显示，总磷和磷酸盐的出入口月度降雨期间污染物平均瞬时通量差值与降雨量呈高度正相关（r=0.89-0.93，p=0.021-0.043），说明降雨径流对监测区水体磷素污染有显著影响。在降雨产流初期和中期，总磷、磷酸盐、可溶性磷酸盐与流量呈显著正相关（r=0.46-0.57，p=0.001-0.008），而在降雨产流后期，更多指标与流量产生相关性（r=0.43-0.68，p=0.001-0.012）。以上结果表明，初期降雨径流冲刷作用微弱，对水质影响较小，而中期大量污染物随降雨径流汇入，导致后期相关性增强。该研究为农业面源污染防控与区域水污染攻坚提供了科学依据。

关键词: 农业面源污染, 降雨, 污染物通量, 产流, 水质

Abstract:

Monitoring agricultural non-point source pollution is crucial for ensuring environmental water safety and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This study systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and potential influencing factors of water quality at the inlet and outlet of a typical monitoring area in the Zengcheng District ofGuangzhou City during the 2023 rainfall period. The results showed that the water quality indicators in the monitoring area were primarily classified as class III to V, with class V being the most prevalent (37.9%) and followed by class IV (31.0%). The water quality indicators exhibited significant fluctuations on a monthly basis. The concentrations of total phosphorus, phosphate, and soluble phosphate decreased over the months, which may be related to agricultural activities, rainfall, temperature, and rural sewage discharge. The concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally showed a fluctuating downward trend, followed by a gradual increase, possibly due to the dilution effect of rainfall and the high mobility of nitrogen. The monthly average instantaneous flux difference of total phosphorus and phosphate was highly positively correlated with rainfall (r=0.89-0.93, p=0.021-0.043), highlighting the significant impact of runoff on phosphorus pollution. In the early and middle stages of runoff generation, total phosphorus, phosphate, and soluble phosphate were significantly correlated with flow (r=0.46-0.57, p=0.001-0.008), whereas more indicators were correlated with flow in the later stages (r=0.43-0.68, p=0.001-0.012). These results indicate that the scouring effect of runoff was weak, having a minor impact on water quality, whereas a large amount of pollutants entered the water with rainfall runoff in the mid-stage, leading to stronger correlations in the later stages. This study provides scientific evidence for the control of agricultural non-point source pollution and the management of regional water pollution in China.

Key words: agricultural non-point source pollution, rainfall, pollutant flux, runoff production, water quality

中图分类号:

王安侯, 谢志宜, 陈多宏, 王博瑾, 黄莹, 逯颖, 王玉, 杨行健, 李永涛. 广州市典型小流域降雨时期农业面源污染特征分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2025, 34(10): 1633-1643.

WANG Anhou, XIE Zhiyi, CHEN Duohong, WANG Bojin, HUANG Ying, LU Ying, WANG Yu, YANG Xingjian, LI Yongtao. Characterizing Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Representative Small Watershed of Guangzhou under Rainfall Conditions[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2025, 34(10): 1633-1643.

图/表 9

图1 广州市农业面源污染监测区

Figure 1 Monitoring area of agricultural non-point source pollution in Guangzhou City

表1 监测区出入口各指标统计结果

Table 1 Statistical results of various indicators at inlet and outlet of the monitoring area

点位	项目	总氮质量浓度/ （mg·L⁻¹）	氨氮质量浓度/ （mg·L⁻¹）	硝酸盐氮质量浓度/（mg·L⁻¹）	总磷质量浓度/ （mg·L⁻¹）	磷酸盐质量浓度/ （mg·L⁻¹）	可溶性磷酸盐质量浓度/（mg·L⁻¹）	化学需氧量/ （mg·L⁻¹）	流量/ （m³·s⁻¹）
i-01	最大值	4.12	2.93	2.04	0.54	0.27	0.254	38	0.12759
	最小值	1.07	0.170	0.19	0.12	0.09	0.040	ND	0.00953
	均值	2.37	1.16	0.61	0.27	0.15	0.113	17	0.04970
i-02	最大值	2.98	0.522	0.83	0.20	0.08	0.080	34	0.00679
	最小值	0.21	0.027	0.06	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00001
	均值	0.73	0.202	0.24	0.03	0.01	0.008	14	0.00163
o-01	最大值	4.49	1.79	1.62	0.61	0.52	0.372	36	0.31344
	最小值	0.36	0.185	0.09	ND	ND	ND	6	0.04392
	均值	1.88	0.702	0.59	0.21	0.14	0.096	21	0.10642
整体情况	最大值	4.49	2.93	2.04	0.61	0.52	0.372	38	0.31344
	最小值	0.21	0.027	0.06	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.00001
	均值	1.66	0.688	0.48	0.17	0.10	0.073	18	0.05258

图2 监测区总体水质情况统计

Figure 2 Statistics of the overall water quality in the monitoring area

图3 监测区各指标时间变化特征低于检出限数值以0计；n(7月)=6、n(8月)=21、n(9月)=15、n(10月)=36、n(12月)=9

Figure 3 Temporal variation characteristics of various indicators in the monitoring area

图4 监测区出入口不同指标间的相关性分析红色表示正相关，蓝色表示负相关，颜色深浅表示相关性强弱，*表示p<0.05

Figure 4 Correlation analysis of different indicators at the inlet and outlet of the monitoring area

图5 各河流断面的月度降雨期间污染物平均瞬时通量 n(7月)=2、n(8月)=7、n(9月)=5、n(10月)=12、n(12月)=3

Figure 5 Average monthly instantaneous pollutant flux of each river section

表2 降雨量和出口与入口月度污染物平均瞬时通量差值的相关性分析

Table 2 Correlation analysis of rainfall and difference of monthly average instantaneous flux of pollutants between export and import

指标	总氮	氨氮	硝酸盐氮	总磷	磷酸盐	可溶性磷酸盐	化学需氧量	降雨量
总氮	1
氨氮	0.865	1
硝酸盐氮	−0.497	−0.849	1
总磷	0.748	0.945*	−0.859	1
磷酸盐	0.816	0.965*	−0.831	0.994*	1
可溶性磷酸盐	0.902*	0.959*	−0.743	0.958*	0.983*	1
化学需氧量	−0.179	−0.243	0.219	0.038	0.007	0.010	1
降雨量	0.480	0.771	−0.803	0.932*	0.891*	0.809	0.261	1

图6 降雨不同产流阶段各指标变化情况 n(前)=33、n(中)=21、n(后)=33

Figure 6 Various indicators at different runoff generation stages

图7 降雨不同产流阶段各指标间的相关性分析椭圆越扁，表示相关系数的绝对值较大；椭圆长轴的方向表示相关系数的正负，右上-左下方向对应正值，左上-右下方向对应负值，*表示p<0.05

Figure 7 Correlation analysis of various indicators at different runoff generation stages

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广州市典型小流域降雨时期农业面源污染特征分析

Characterizing Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Representative Small Watershed of Guangzhou under Rainfall Conditions

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