生态环境学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 819-830.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2025.05.015

• 综述 • 上一篇    

广东省农村生活污水处理现状及建议

王弋1(), 严茂泽1, 肖倩1, 张思毅2, 郝贝贝2,*()   

  1. 1.华北电力大学水利与水电工程学院,北京 102206
    2.广东省科学院生态环境与土壤研究所/华南土壤污染控制与修复国家地方联合工程研究中心,广东 广州 510650
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14 出版日期:2025-05-18 发布日期:2025-05-16
  • 通讯作者: *郝贝贝。E-mail: bbhao@soil.gd.cn
  • 作者简介:王弋(1977年生),女,教授,博士,主要研究方向为水生态和水环境。E-mail: wangyi28@ncepu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2023B0202030001);广东省科学院发展专项资金项目(2023GDASZH-2023010103);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2024A1515012435)

Current Status and Recommendations for Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment in Guangdong Province

WANG Yi1(), YAN Maoze1, XIAO Qian1, ZHANG Siyi2, HAO Beibei2,*()   

  1. 1. School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
    2. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management/National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
  • Received:2024-11-14 Online:2025-05-18 Published:2025-05-16

摘要:

农村生活污水治理是改善人居环境和实施乡村振兴战略的重要环节,分析农村生活污水处理设施的出水水质,对于解析污水处理现状和提高设施处理水平非常必要。收集了广东省2021-2023年期间农村生活污水处理设施出水的水质数据,并使用水质单因子评价法、双因素方差分析法和层次分析法对广东省不同地区和不同处理技术下污水处理设施的处理效果和影响进行了综合性分析与评价,为农村生活污水的处理和生态环境保护提供科学支撑。结果表明,1)广东省农村生活污水的主要污染物为氨氮、化学需氧量、悬浮物和总磷;粤西和粤北地区农村生活污水的污染情况总体上比珠三角和粤东地区更严重,其中粤西地区的水质指标平均浓度最高,粤东地区的主要污染物平均超标倍数最大,超标倍数最大的污染物为氨氮;处理技术上,使用厌氧池+人工湿地和化粪池技术的污水处理设施的出水水质超标率较高。2)农村生活污水处理设施出水的水质情况在不同地区和处理技术间存在显著差异,而处理技术的选择则需要综合考虑多方因素。3)整体综合性评价结果显示,经济较发达的农村地区得分最高的处理技术为缺氧好氧/厌氧缺氧好氧工艺(AO/AAO);经济欠发达地区得分最高的处理技术为厌氧池+人工湿地。建议广东省农村地区优化污水处理工艺,灵活调整运行策略,增强处理设施中微生物群落稳定性;加大粤西地区的污水治理投入;提高处理设施的设计、管理和维护水平,并根据地区特点选择合适的处理技术。

关键词: 农村生活污水治理, 水质评价, 差异性分析, 运行效果评价

Abstract:

The treatment of rural domestic sewage is crucial for improving the living environment and implementing rural revitalization strategies. Analyzing the effluent quality of rural sewage treatment facilities is essential for understanding the current situation and enhancing the treatment efficiency. In this study, effluent water quality data were collected from rural sewage treatment facilities in Guangdong Province from 2021 to 2023. It employed a single-factor water quality evaluation, two-way ANOVA, and an analytic hierarchy process to comprehensively analyze and evaluate treatment effectiveness and impacts across different regions and treatment technologies in Guangdong Province. The aim of this study was to provide scientific support for the treatment of rural domestic sewage and protection of the ecological environment. The results indicate that 1) the main pollutants in rural domestic sewage in Guangdong Province are ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and total phosphorus. Pollution in the rural areas of western and northern Guangdong is generally more severe than that in the Pearl River Delta and eastern Guangdong, with the highest average concentration of water quality indicators in western Guangdong. Eastern Guangdong has the highest average exceedance multiples for major pollutants, with ammonia nitrogen being the most excessive. In terms of treatment technology, facilities using anaerobic ponds, constructed wetlands, and septic tank technology have higher effluent quality exceedance rates. 2) There are significant differences in effluent water quality among different regions and treatment technologies, and the choice of treatment technology must consider multiple factors comprehensively. 3) Overall, the comprehensive evaluation results show that the highest-scoring treatment technology in economically developed rural areas is the anoxic-oxic/anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process (AO/AAO); in less economically developed areas, the highest-scoring technologies are anaerobic ponds and constructed wetlands. Based on these findings, it is recommended that rural areas in Guangdong Province optimize sewage treatment processes; flexibly adjust operational strategies; enhance the stability of microbial communities in treatment facilities; increase investment in sewage treatment in western Guangdong; improve the design, management, and maintenance of treatment facilities; and select appropriate treatment technologies according to regional characteristics.

Key words: the treatment of rural domestic sewage, water quality assessment, comparative analysis, operational effectiveness evaluation

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