生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 927-934.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.06.010

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析

魏代晓¹^,²(), 门亚泰³, 李尧捷³, 徐铭忆¹, 蔡文秀¹, 沈国锋³^,⁴^,^*()

1.烟台市建筑设计研究股份有限公司，山东烟台 264003
2.超低能耗绿色建筑山东省工程研究中心，山东烟台 2640031
3.北京大学城市与环境学院，北京 100871
4.北京大学碳中和研究院，北京 100871

收稿日期:2024-04-21 出版日期:2024-06-18 发布日期:2024-07-30
通讯作者: * 沈国锋。E-mail: gfshen12@pku.edu.cn
作者简介:魏代晓（1986年生），男，高级工程师，硕士，研究方向为建筑能源与室内环境。E-mail: wdx1012@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院“美丽中国”战略先导专项(XDA23010102);国家自然科学基金项目(42077328)

Environmental Health Benefits and Cost Analysis of Using Biomass Pellets for Space Heating

WEI Daixiao¹^,²(), MEN Yatai³, LI Yaojie³, XU Mingyi¹, CAI Wenxiu¹, SHEN Guofeng³^,⁴^,^*()

1. Yantai Architectural Design and Research Co., Ltd, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
2. Shandong Engineering Research Center for Ultra Low Energy Green Buildings, Yantai 264003, P. R. China
3. College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
4. Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China

Received:2024-04-21 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2024-07-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

清洁取暖是解决区域空气污染，提升居民生活质量的重要举措。充分考虑不同地区资源禀赋和社会经济发展条件差异，实施因地制宜的清洁取暖政策，发挥生物质资源碳中性优势，在适宜的地区开展生物质清洁取暖有望取得减污降碳协同增效，但目前缺乏相关实证研究。针对生物质清洁取暖，开展了实地监测与问卷调查，量化评估了其环境健康效益和经济可行性。研究表明，研究地区农村进行生物质颗粒取暖改造后，取暖能源的利用效率显著上升，冬季室内温度更适宜，而室内PM_2.5污染水平中位数为74 μg∙m⁻³，相较未改造下降了25%，而由于室内排放的细颗粒物减少，环境污染物浓度也有所降低。尽管生物质颗粒燃料的单位质量热值普遍小于散煤，燃料使用量相较改造前有所上升，但由于生物质颗粒燃料PM_2.5的排放因子显著低于散煤，且炉灶改造后燃料利用率上升，改造后取暖燃烧过程中直接排放的PM_2.5相较改造前降低了54%。除PM_2.5外，二氧化碳与其他污染物排放也下降了3%—37%。根据模拟结果，进行取暖改造后，平均每年每户家庭取暖活动可减少约3 kg的初级PM_2.5排放与37 kg的CO₂排放，有效支持了清洁取暖政策与减污降碳战略。根据经济可行性分析，改造后农户取暖成本并未增加，相较“煤改电”或“煤改气”路径，研究地区进行生物质颗粒取暖具有更高的可行性，对政府与农村居民的负担较低。综上，根据实地资源禀赋推广生物质清洁取暖可取得显著的环境效益和气候效益，且具有较高的经济可行性。

关键词: 生物质清洁取暖, 细颗粒物, 污染物排放, 环境效益, 经济可行性

Abstract:

Clean heating is a crucial pathway for addressing air pollution and enhancing residents' quality of life. It directly affects people’s lives and is a significant measure for combating climate change and achieving development goals. Considering the differences in regional resource endowments and socioeconomic conditions, implementing tailored clean heating policies that leverage the carbon-neutral advantage of biomass resources holds promise for a synergistic reduction in carbon emissions and pollution in suitable areas. However, the empirical evidence on this issue is limited. In this study, on-site monitoring and questionnaire surveys were conducted to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of clean biomass heating. The study found that in rural areas, where biomass pellet heating transformations were implemented, there were significant increases in the efficiency of heating energy utilization, leading to a comfortable warm indoor environment. The median indoor PM_2.5 pollution level was 74 μg∙m⁻³, which was 25% lower than the pre-transformation levels, resulting from reduced indoor emissions. Despite the lower heating values in biomass pellets compared to raw coals, which would cause a slight increase in the consumption of heating fuels, owing to significantly lower PM_2.5 emission factors and higher heating transfer efficiency, there was a 54% reduction in the primary PM_2.5 emissions after the intervention. In addition to PM_2.5, CO₂ and other pollutant emissions have decreased by 3%−37%. According to the simulation results, the change can reduce approximately 3 kg of primary PM_2.5 emissions and 37 kg of CO₂ emissions per household annually, effectively supporting clean heating policies and pollution reduction strategies. Economically, heating costs for post-transformation households did not increase. Compared with the “coal-to-electricity” or “coal-to-gas” options, biomass pellets for heating in the study area presented higher feasibility with lower burdens on both the government and rural residents. Ultimately, the promotion of clean biomass heating that effectively utilizes local resources leads to significant environmental advantages and climate benefits while also demonstrating greater economic feasibility.

Key words: biomass clean heating, fine particulate matter, pollutant emissions, environmental benefits, economic feasibility

中图分类号:

魏代晓, 门亚泰, 李尧捷, 徐铭忆, 蔡文秀, 沈国锋. 生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(6): 927-934.

WEI Daixiao, MEN Yatai, LI Yaojie, XU Mingyi, CAI Wenxiu, SHEN Guofeng. Environmental Health Benefits and Cost Analysis of Using Biomass Pellets for Space Heating[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(6): 927-934.

图/表 5

图1 细颗粒物的对数概率密度与累积概率密度

Figure 1 Probability density and cumulative probability density of indoor (a) and outdoor (b) PM2.5 during the study period

图2 取暖和非取暖季区域室外和居民室内PM2.5浓度水平（a）及室内PM2.5日变化趋势（b）图中同时给出了室外渗透和室内排放源对室内污染的相对贡献

Figure 2 Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 concentration during the heating and non-heating seasons (a) and diurnal changes in the indoor PM2.5 (b)

图3 取暖干预改造前后主要污染物与碳的户排放变化情况

Figure 3 Changes in emission amounts of typical Air pollutants and carbon dioxide per household before and after the clean heating intervention

表1 取暖技术路径成本比较

Table 1 Comparison of costs in different heating approaches

取暖方式	基础投资/(yuan∙m⁻²)	使用成本/(yuan∙m⁻²∙d⁻¹)
散煤取暖 (未改造)	‒	0.24
成型生物质 (购买)	27	0.25
成型生物质 (加工)	27	0.19
燃气炉取暖	95	0.5
空气源热泵取暖	125	0.52
直热式电壁挂炉	120	0.66

图4 加工厂运行不同年情况下的经济净现值（ENPV）

Figure 4 Economic Net Present Value (ENPV) of a processing plant running for different years

参考文献 31

[1]	DENG M S, LI P C, MA R J, et al., 2020. Air pollutant emission factors of solid fuel stoves and estimated emission amounts in rural Beijing[J]. Environment International, 138: 105608.
[2]	DUDLEY B, 2019. BP statistical review of world energy 2016. British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy[M]. London, UK: Pureprint Group Limited.
[3]	HU W, DOWNWARD G S, REISS B, et al., 2014. Personal and indoor PM_2.5 exposure from burning solid fuels in vented and unvented stoves in a rural region of China with a high incidence of lung cancer[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(15): 8456-8464.
[4]	HU Z, 2021. De-Coalizing rural China: A critical examination of the coal to clean heating project from a policy process perspective[J]. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9: 707492.
[5]	HUANG Y, SHEN H Z, CHEN H, et al., 2014. Quantification of global primary emissions of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP from combustion and industrial process sources[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(23): 13834-13843.
[6]	LARSON E, FIORESE G, LIU G, et al., 2009. Co-production of synfuels and electricity from coal+biomass with zero net carbon emissions: An Illinois case study[J]. Energy Procedia, 1(1): 4371-4378.
[7]	LIU Y F, LI Z M, FLOESS E, et al., 2023. Field assessment of straw pellet combustion in improved heating stoves in rural Northeast China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 127: 295-307. DOI PMID
[8]	MAMUYE F, LEMMA B, WOLDEAMANUEL T, 2018. Emissions and fuel use performance of two improved stoves and determinants of their adoption in Dodola, southeastern Ethiopia[J]. Sustainable Environment Research, 28(1): 32-38.
[9]	MEN Y T, LI J P, LIU X L, et al., 2021. Contributions of internal emissions to peaks and incremental indoor PM_2.5 in rural coal use households[J]. Environmental Pollution, 288: 117753.
[10]	MEN Y T, LI Y J, LUO Z H, et al., 2023. Interpreting Highly Variable Indoor PM_2.5 in Rural North China Using Machine Learning[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(46): 18183-18192.
[11]	MENG W J, ZHONG Q R, CHEN Y L, et al., 2019. Energy and air pollution benefits of household fuel policies in northern China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(34): 16773-16780. DOI PMID
[12]	MENG W J, ZHU L, LIANG Z, et al., 2023. Significant but Inequitable Cost-Effective Benefits of a Clean Heating Campaign in Northern China[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(23): 8467-8475.
[13]	SHEN G F, 2016. Changes from traditional solid fuels to clean household energies-opportunities in emission reduction of primary PM_2.5 from residential cookstoves in China[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 86: 28-35.
[14]	SHEN G F, RU M Y, DU W, et al., 2019. Impacts of air pollutants from rural Chinese households under the rapid residential energy transition[J]. Nature Communications, 10(1): 3405.
[15]	SHEN G F, XIONG R, TIAN Y L, et al., 2022. Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China[J]. National Science Review, 9(7): nwac050.
[16]	TOKIMATSU K, YASUOKA R, NISHIO M, 2017. Global zero emissions scenarios: The role of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage by forested land use[J]. Applied Energy, 185(7): 1899-1906.
[17]	WANG J, LOU H.H, YANG F L, et al., 2016. Development and performance evaluation of a clean-burning stove[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134(Part B): 447-455.
[18]	WANG Q, FAN J, KWAN M P, et al., 2023. Examining energy inequality under the rapid residential energy transition in China through household surveys[J]. Nature Energy, 8: 251-263.
[19]	XIE L Y, CHANG Y X, LAN Y, 2019. The effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis of clean heating program in Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 11: 89-95.
[20]	XUE X J, WANG Y T, CHEN H, et al., 2022. A coal-fired power plant integrated with biomass co-firing and CO₂ capture for zero carbon emission[J]. Frontiers in Energy, 16(2): 307-320.
[21]	YUN X, MENG W J, XU H R, et al., 2021. Coal is dirty, but where it is burned especially matters[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(11): 7316-7326.
[22]	ZHANG C Q, YANG J J, 2019. Economic benefits assessments of “coal-to-electricity” project in rural residents heating based on life cycle cost[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213: 217-224.
[23]	ZHANG Y J, CAI J, WANG S X, et al., 2017. Review of receptor-based source apportionment research of fine particulate matter and its challenges in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 586: 917-929.
[24]	ZHONG Q R, SHEN H Z, YUN X, et al., 2020. Global sulfur dioxide emissions and the driving forces[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(11): 6508-6517.
[25]	中华人民共和国国家统计局, 2022. 国家数据—2022 [EB/OL]. [2022]. 中华人民共和国国家统计局, http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01.
	The National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, 2022. National Data—2022 [EB/OL] [2022] The National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01.
[26]	崔亮, 张钧瑞, 李思园, 2022. “双碳” 背景下农村居民清洁取暖减排效益研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 31(10): 2010-2018. DOI
	CUI L, ZHANG J R, LI S Y, 2022. Study on the benefits of clean heating and emission reduction of rural residents under the background of double carbon[J]. Ecology and Environmental Scienes, 31(10): 2010-2018.
[27]	贺克斌, 李雪玉, 2021. 中国散煤综合治理研究报告2021[M]. 北京: 散煤研究治理课题组.
	HE K B, LI X Y, 2021. Research report on comprehensive management of loose coal in China, 2021[M]. Beijing: Research and Governance Group for Loose Coal.
[28]	罗陨飞, 2019. 民用煤质量控制及国家标准解读[J]. 中国煤炭, 45(2): 14-18.
	LUO Y F, 2019. Interpretation of civil coal quality control and national standards[J]. China Coal, 45(2): 14-18.
[29]	陶双成, 邓顺熙, 高硕晗, 等, 2016. 北京采暖期典型区域环境空气污染特征分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 25(11): 1741-1747. DOI
	TAO S C, DENG S X, GAO S H, et al., 2016. Characteristics of air pollution in typical regions of Beijing during heating season[J]. Ecology and Environmental Scienes, 25(11): 1741-1747.
[30]	邢冉, 沈国锋, 程和发, 等, 2022. 东北地区农村生活能源结构变迁及其对区域污染物排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 31(12): 2367-2373. DOI
	XING R, SHEN G F, CHENG H F, et al., 2022. Changes of residential energy structure and regional pollutant emissions in rural areas of northeast China[J]. Ecology and Environmental Scienes, 31(12): 2367-2373.
[31]	翟成新, 2018. 阳信生物质清洁取暖作为全国样本[J]. 农业知识:致富与农资 (4): 50.
	ZHAI C X, 2018. National sample of Yangxin biomass clean heating[J]. Agricultural Knowledge (4): 50.

生物质颗粒燃料取暖的环境健康效益及经济成本分析

Environmental Health Benefits and Cost Analysis of Using Biomass Pellets for Space Heating

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 5

参考文献 31

相关文章 2

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	邢冉, 沈国锋, 程和发, 陶澍. 东北地区农村生活能源结构变迁及其对区域污染物排放的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(12): 2367-2373.
[2]	王薇, 张蕾. 基于CiteSpace的城市环境中细颗粒物研究进展的可视化分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(6): 1321-1332.