采伐后各演替阶段红松种群结构和动态特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.03.005

生态环境学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (3): 368-378.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2024.03.005

采伐后各演替阶段红松种群结构和动态特征

唐国强(), 陈立新, 王亚飞, 段文标^*(), 王郅臻

东北林业大学林学院，黑龙江哈尔滨 150040

收稿日期:2023-10-16 出版日期:2024-03-18 发布日期:2024-05-08
通讯作者: *段文标。E-mail: dwbiao88@163.com
作者简介:唐国强（2000年生），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为水土保持与荒漠化防治。E-mail: 1219475932@qq.com
基金资助:
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目温带典型森林生态系统土壤碳中和研究(2572021DT04)

The Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Korean Pine at Different Succession Stages after Harvesting

TANG Guoqiang(), CHEN Lixin, WANG Yafei, DUAN Wenbiao^*(), WANG Zhizhen

College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China

Received:2023-10-16 Online:2024-03-18 Published:2024-05-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究阔叶红松林皆伐后各演替阶段红松种群结构和动态特征可以更好地理解生态系统的演替规律及其维持生物多样性的作用机制，为林区可持续经营提供理论依据。以分布于小兴安岭地区凉水国家级自然保护区内原始红松林采伐后形成的4个不同演替阶段的次生林为对象，根据全体乔木和红松的种群静态生命表、存活曲线、生存函数和动态指数以及对其时间序列预测，进行种群结构和动态特征分析。1）在次生演替序列中，在先锋群落和中期群落，全体乔木和红松第Ⅰ龄级的株数均较多，分别为1486 plant∙hm⁻²和467 plant∙hm⁻²，占总株数的77.032%和94.341%。2）全体乔木在先锋群落第Ⅳ－Ⅴ龄级死亡率（q_x）最高，达到0.934;而在稳定群落第Ⅲ－Ⅳ龄级的死亡率最低，仅有0.032。红松在先锋群落第Ⅱ－Ⅲ龄级死亡率最高，达到了0.911;而在顶极群落第Ⅲ－Ⅳ龄级死亡率最低，仅有0.065%。3）红松和全体乔木的存活曲线均更接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型。4）从反映红松和全体乔木整体年龄结构动态的V_pi和V_pi_′来看，两者都有缓慢增长的趋势。红松在未来6个龄级时间内，先锋群落第Ⅷ龄级株数一直为0株;稳定群落第Ⅵ和Ⅶ龄级株数增长到11株和7株后会稳定;顶极群落第Ⅶ和Ⅷ龄级的株数有一定的起伏，峰值分别为25株和21株。小兴安岭地区凉水国家级自然保护区中的阔叶红松林是能够自我更新的生态系统，红松的种群动态表现出低龄级个体成活率较低，高龄级成活率较高的特点。建议在小兴安岭地区进行阔叶红松人工林经营时，可以在先锋群落和中期群落时期采取适宜的抚育措施，来调节种群的生长发育以及自我更新。

关键词: 小兴安岭, 红松林, 演替阶段, 种群结构, 静态生命表, 生存分析

Abstract:

Studying the population structure and dynamic characteristics of Korean pine at different succession stages after clear-cutting of broad-leaved Korean pine forests can better understand the succession law of the ecosystem and the mechanism of maintaining biodiversity and provide a theoretical basis for sustainable forest management. In this study, secondary forests of four different succession stages, formed after harvesting the original Korean pine forest, were examined in the Liangshui National Nature Reserve in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains. According to the static life table, survival curve, survival analysis, and dynamic quantification of Pinus koraiensis and all other trees, and their time series forecasting, the population structure and dynamic characteristics were analyzed. 1) In the secondary succession sequence, the abundance of all trees and Pinus koraiensis in the pioneer community and the intermediate community of Ⅰ age class was 1486 plants∙hm⁻² and 467 plants∙hm⁻², accounting for 77.032% and 94.341% of the total abundance of trees, respectively. 2) The mortality rate (q_x) of all the trees in the pioneer community from classes Ⅳ to Ⅴ was the highest, reaching 0.934. In the stabilization community, the mortality rate from age classes Ⅲ to Ⅳ was the lowest, at only 0.032. The mortality rate of Pinus koraiensis was highest in age classes Ⅱ to Ⅲ in the pioneer community, reaching 0.911. In the stabilization community, the climax community from age classes Ⅲ to Ⅳ was the lowest, at only 0.065%. 3) The survival curves of the Korean pine and all other trees were closer to those of Deevey-Ⅱ. 4) From the perspective of V_pi and V_pi_′, which reflect the overall age structure dynamics of the Korean pine and all other trees, both showed a slow growth trend. In the next six age classes of Pinus koraiensis, the abundance of Ⅷ age class plants in the pioneer community was 0 in the stabilization community, and the abundance of strains in the Ⅵ and Ⅶ age classes increased to 11 and 7, respectively, and then stabilized. The abundance of Pinus koraiensis in the climax community Ⅶ and Ⅷ age classes fluctuated, with peaks at 25 and 21, respectively. The broad-leaved Korean pine forest in the Liangshui Nature Reserve in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains is a self-renewing ecosystem. The population dynamics of Pinus koraiensis showed a low survival rate in young individuals and high survival rate in older individuals. Therefore, appropriate tending measures should be taken in pioneer and intermediate communities during forest periods to regulate population growth, development, and self-renewal when managing broad-leaved Korean pine plantations in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains.

Key words: Xiaoxing’an Mountains, Korean pine forest, stage of succession, population structure, static life table, survival analysis

中图分类号:

S718.5
X173

唐国强, 陈立新, 王亚飞, 段文标, 王郅臻. 采伐后各演替阶段红松种群结构和动态特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2024, 33(3): 368-378.

TANG Guoqiang, CHEN Lixin, WANG Yafei, DUAN Wenbiao, WANG Zhizhen. The Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Korean Pine at Different Succession Stages after Harvesting[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2024, 33(3): 368-378.

图/表 9

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不同演替阶段群落	龄级	全体乔木						红松
不同演替阶段群落	龄级	A_x	a_x	lnl_x	q_x	e_x	k_x	A_x	a_x	lnl_x	q_x	e_x	k_x
先锋群落	Ⅰ	1156	1160	6.908	0.246	2.056	0.282	328	344	6.908	0.477	1.160	0.648
	Ⅱ	522	875	6.626	0.326	1.563	0.394	6	180	6.260	0.911	0.761	2.420
	Ⅲ	256	590	6.232	0.483	1.076	0.660	0	16	3.840	0.250	2.432	0.288
	Ⅳ	67	305	5.572	0.934	0.615	2.725	0	12	3.552	0.250	2.076	0.288
	Ⅴ	17	20	2.847	0.250	1.250	0.288	0	9	3.264	0.444	1.601	0.588
	Ⅵ	17	15	2.560				0	5	2.677	0.400	1.482	0.511
	Ⅶ							0	3	2.166	0.363	1.137	0.451
	Ⅷ							0	1	1.715
中期群落	Ⅰ	333	329	8.609	0.185	2.719	0.205	139	151	6.908	0.305	1.808	0.363
	Ⅱ	328	268	8.404	0.228	2.224	0.258	11	105	6.544	0.438	1.380	0.576
	Ⅲ	228	207	8.146	0.295	1.732	0.349	6	59	5.968	0.780	1.067	1.513
	Ⅳ	161	146	7.797	0.418	1.247	0.541	0	13	4.455	0.231	2.072	0.262
	Ⅴ	67	85	7.256	0.718	0.782	1.265	0	10	4.193	0.400	1.544	0.511
	Ⅵ	28	24	5.991				0	6	3.682	0.500	1.240	0.693
	Ⅶ							0	3	2.989	0.521	0.979	0.735
	Ⅷ							0	1	2.254
稳定群落	Ⅰ	283	288	8.639	0.337	2.177	0.411	22	31	6.908	0.065	4.057	0.067
	Ⅱ	128	191	8.228	0.508	2.029	0.709	0	29	6.841	0.069	3.303	0.071
	Ⅲ	89	94	7.519	0.032	2.606	0.032	17	27	6.770	0.296	2.510	0.351
	Ⅳ	89	91	7.487	0.275	1.676	0.321	11	19	6.418	0.211	2.357	0.236
	Ⅴ	33	66	7.166	0.379	1.121	0.476	11	15	6.182	0.400	1.852	0.511
	Ⅵ	39	41	6.690				6	9	5.671	0.222	1.753	0.251
	Ⅶ							0	7	5.420	0.389	1.111	0.493
	Ⅷ							6	4	4.927
顶极群落	Ⅰ	161	168	8.664	0.250	2.875	0.288	6	42	6.908	0.071	4.899	0.074
	Ⅱ	94	126	8.377	0.333	2.667	0.405	28	39	6.834	0.103	4.238	0.108
	Ⅲ	78	84	7.971	0.048	2.750	0.049	0	35	6.725	0.057	3.665	0.059
	Ⅳ	78	80	7.922	0.213	1.863	0.239	22	33	6.667	0.152	2.857	0.164
	Ⅴ	61	63	7.684	0.270	1.230	0.314	17	28	6.502	0.107	2.277	0.113
	Ⅵ	44	46	7.369				33	25	6.389	0.440	1.491	0.580
	Ⅶ							17	14	5.809	0.231	1.269	0.262
	Ⅷ							17	10	5.547

不同演替阶段群落	龄级	全体乔木						红松
不同演替阶段群落	龄级	A_x	a_x	lnl_x	q_x	e_x	k_x	A_x	a_x	lnl_x	q_x	e_x	k_x
先锋群落	Ⅰ	1156	1160	6.908	0.246	2.056	0.282	328	344	6.908	0.477	1.160	0.648
	Ⅱ	522	875	6.626	0.326	1.563	0.394	6	180	6.260	0.911	0.761	2.420
	Ⅲ	256	590	6.232	0.483	1.076	0.660	0	16	3.840	0.250	2.432	0.288
	Ⅳ	67	305	5.572	0.934	0.615	2.725	0	12	3.552	0.250	2.076	0.288
	Ⅴ	17	20	2.847	0.250	1.250	0.288	0	9	3.264	0.444	1.601	0.588
	Ⅵ	17	15	2.560				0	5	2.677	0.400	1.482	0.511
	Ⅶ							0	3	2.166	0.363	1.137	0.451
	Ⅷ							0	1	1.715
中期群落	Ⅰ	333	329	8.609	0.185	2.719	0.205	139	151	6.908	0.305	1.808	0.363
	Ⅱ	328	268	8.404	0.228	2.224	0.258	11	105	6.544	0.438	1.380	0.576
	Ⅲ	228	207	8.146	0.295	1.732	0.349	6	59	5.968	0.780	1.067	1.513
	Ⅳ	161	146	7.797	0.418	1.247	0.541	0	13	4.455	0.231	2.072	0.262
	Ⅴ	67	85	7.256	0.718	0.782	1.265	0	10	4.193	0.400	1.544	0.511
	Ⅵ	28	24	5.991				0	6	3.682	0.500	1.240	0.693
	Ⅶ							0	3	2.989	0.521	0.979	0.735
	Ⅷ							0	1	2.254
稳定群落	Ⅰ	283	288	8.639	0.337	2.177	0.411	22	31	6.908	0.065	4.057	0.067
	Ⅱ	128	191	8.228	0.508	2.029	0.709	0	29	6.841	0.069	3.303	0.071
	Ⅲ	89	94	7.519	0.032	2.606	0.032	17	27	6.770	0.296	2.510	0.351
	Ⅳ	89	91	7.487	0.275	1.676	0.321	11	19	6.418	0.211	2.357	0.236
	Ⅴ	33	66	7.166	0.379	1.121	0.476	11	15	6.182	0.400	1.852	0.511
	Ⅵ	39	41	6.690				6	9	5.671	0.222	1.753	0.251
	Ⅶ							0	7	5.420	0.389	1.111	0.493
	Ⅷ							6	4	4.927
顶极群落	Ⅰ	161	168	8.664	0.250	2.875	0.288	6	42	6.908	0.071	4.899	0.074
	Ⅱ	94	126	8.377	0.333	2.667	0.405	28	39	6.834	0.103	4.238	0.108
	Ⅲ	78	84	7.971	0.048	2.750	0.049	0	35	6.725	0.057	3.665	0.059
	Ⅳ	78	80	7.922	0.213	1.863	0.239	22	33	6.667	0.152	2.857	0.164
	Ⅴ	61	63	7.684	0.270	1.230	0.314	17	28	6.502	0.107	2.277	0.113
	Ⅵ	44	46	7.369				33	25	6.389	0.440	1.491	0.580
	Ⅶ							17	14	5.809	0.231	1.269	0.262
	Ⅷ							17	10	5.547

种群	不同演替阶段群落	拟合结果	R²	F	存活曲线类型
全体乔木	先锋群落	y=10.181e^−0.217^x	0.832	19.868	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.6202x^−0.542	0.649	7.422
	中期群落	y=9.6205e^−0.066^x	0.841	20.924	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=9.1469x^−0.163	0.655	7.516
	稳定群落	y=8.9994e^−0.049^x	0.962	99.577	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.8033x^−0.135	0.931	53.282
	顶极群落	y=8.893e^−0.031^x	0.974	151.752	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.7671x^−0.085	0.937	58.708
红松	先锋群落	y=8.1806e^−0.193^x	0.966	171.839	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.1749x^−0.655	0.917	66.012
	中期群落	y=8.827e^−0.158^x	0.967	176.271	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.4995x^−0.508	0.824	28.013
	稳定群落	y=7.6004e^−0.049^x	0.933	85.034	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=7.4528x^−0.151	0.736	16.809
	顶极群落	y=7.3338e^−0.03^x	0.857	36.067	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=7.2279x^−0.091	0.649	11.110

种群	不同演替阶段群落	拟合结果	R²	F	存活曲线类型
全体乔木	先锋群落	y=10.181e^−0.217^x	0.832	19.868	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.6202x^−0.542	0.649	7.422
	中期群落	y=9.6205e^−0.066^x	0.841	20.924	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=9.1469x^−0.163	0.655	7.516
	稳定群落	y=8.9994e^−0.049^x	0.962	99.577	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.8033x^−0.135	0.931	53.282
	顶极群落	y=8.893e^−0.031^x	0.974	151.752	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.7671x^−0.085	0.937	58.708
红松	先锋群落	y=8.1806e^−0.193^x	0.966	171.839	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.1749x^−0.655	0.917	66.012
	中期群落	y=8.827e^−0.158^x	0.967	176.271	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=8.4995x^−0.508	0.824	28.013
	稳定群落	y=7.6004e^−0.049^x	0.933	85.034	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=7.4528x^−0.151	0.736	16.809
	顶极群落	y=7.3338e^−0.03^x	0.857	36.067	Deevey-Ⅱ
		y=7.2279x^−0.091	0.649	11.110

指数级	全体乔木				指数级	红松
指数级	先锋群落	中期群落	稳定群落	顶极群落	指数级	先锋群落	中期群落	稳定群落	顶极群落
V₁	0.246	0.185	0.337	0.250	V₁	0.477	0.305	0.065	0.071
V₂	0.326	0.228	0.508	0.333	V₂	0.911	0.438	0.069	0.103
V₃	0.483	0.295	0.032	0.048	V₃	0.250	0.780	0.296	0.057
V₄	0.934	0.418	0.275	0.213	V₄	0.250	0.231	0.211	0.152
V₅	0.250	0.718	0.379	0.270	V₅	0.444	0.400	0.400	0.107
					V₆	0.400	0.500	0.222	0.440
					V₇	0.667	0.667	0.429	0.286
V_pi	0.388	0.295	0.338	0.234	V_pi	0.603	0.432	0.197	0.148
V_pi'	0.004	0.002	0.001	0.001	V_pi'	0.075	0.054	0.006	0.002
P_max	0.011	0.007	0.004	0.004	P_max	0.125	0.125	0.031	0.013

采伐后各演替阶段红松种群结构和动态特征

The Population Structure and Dynamic Characteristics of Korean Pine at Different Succession Stages after Harvesting

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