返青期休牧措施下高寒草甸主要植物种群的生态位变化特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.08.006

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8): 1547-1555.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.08.006

返青期休牧措施下高寒草甸主要植物种群的生态位变化特征

周选博¹^,²(), 王晓丽¹^,²^,^*(), 马玉寿¹^,², 王彦龙¹^,², 罗少辉¹^,², 谢乐乐¹^,²

1.青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,青海西宁 810016
2.青海大学,青海西宁 810016

收稿日期:2022-04-14 出版日期:2022-08-18 发布日期:2022-10-10
通讯作者: * 王晓丽（1985年生）,女,副教授,博士,主要从事于高寒草地土壤生态学研究。E-mail: wxl.yu@163.com
作者简介:周选博（1994年生）,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为草地生态与环境保护。E-mail: 15500533873@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金区域联合基金项目(U21A20183);国家自然科学基金区域联合基金项目(U21A20186);国家自然科学基金项目(31700454);中国科学院-青海省人民政府-三江源国家公园联合研究专项(LHZX-2020-08)

Niche of Main Plant Populations in Alpine Meadow Under the Rest-grazing in the Green-Up Period

ZHOU Xuanbo¹^,²(), WANG Xiaoli¹^,²^,^*(), MA Yushou¹^,², WANG Yanlong¹^,², LUO Shaohui¹^,², XIE Lele¹^,²

1. Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China
2. Qinghai University, Xining 810016, P. R. China

Received:2022-04-14 Online:2022-08-18 Published:2022-10-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探讨高寒草甸物种及群落结构对休牧措施的响应,揭示高寒草甸种群生态位特征,为恢复退化高寒草甸地上植被提供有效措施。在玛沁县大武镇牧草开始返青到家畜转至夏季牧场的50 d内,将休牧时间作为一个综合环境梯度指标,进行了不同休牧时间的野外控制试验。休牧时间分别为休牧20 d（20 d）、休牧30 d（30 d）、休牧40 d（40 d）和休牧50 d（50 d）,同时将传统放牧作为对照。控制试验的第3年,在牧草生长旺季时调查植物群落特征。结果表明：在4个不同休牧时间的处理组中,莎草科和禾本科植物的重要值平均较对照分别增加了39.46%和43.71%,而它们的地上生物量平均较对照分别增加了263.60%和225.37%;阔叶型可食草的重要值平均较对照降低了49.83%;草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）、西藏棱子芹（Pleurospermum hookeri）、高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）和针茅（Stipa capillata）这4种植物的生态位宽度均大于0.990,而青海刺参（Morina kokonorica）生态位宽度较小（0.001）;在牧草生长旺季时生态位重叠值大于0.500占总数的90.02%,生态位重叠值小于0.200占总数的1.07%。综上所述,返青期休牧措施影响了高寒草甸不同经济类群的重要值和地上生物量,有利于莎草科和禾本科植物的生长发育。从生态位角度分析,休牧有利于优良牧草的生长,促进退化高寒草甸草地植被恢复。

关键词: 高寒草甸, 返青期休牧, 重要值, 生态位宽度, 生态位重叠

Abstract:

In order to investigate the effects of rest-grazing measures for species and community structure of alpine meadows, reveal the characteristics of population niche, and provide effective measures for restoring aboveground vegetation, a field control experiment with rest-grazing time as the environmental gradient has been conducted from the time when grass returned to green till the livestock moved to the summer pasture in Dawu Town of Maqin County. The rest-grazing time was 20 days (20 d), 30 days (30 d), 40 days (40 d) and 50 days (50 d) of rest-grazing in turn. At the same time, traditional grazing was used as a contrast group. In the third year of the controlled experiment, the characteristics of the plant community after the end of grazing and the peak season of forage growth were investigated. The results showed that in the four treatment groups with different rest-grazing times the important values of Cyperaceae and Gramineae increased by 39.46% and 43.71%, and the biomass of aboveground vegetation of them increased by 263.60% and 225.37%, respectively, compared with the contrast group, And the important values of broad-leaved edible grasses decreased by 49.83% on average compared with the contrast group. The niche widths of Poa pratensis, Pleurospermum hookeri, Kobresia pygmaea and Stipa capillata were greater than 0.990, while the niche width of Morina kokonorica was smaller than 0.001. When grass growth reached its maximum, the niche overlap value was greater than 0.500, accounting for 90.02% of the total, and the niche overlap value was less than 0.200 accounting for 1.07% of the total. In a word, the measures of rest-grazing during the green-up period affected the important values and aboveground biomass of different economic groups in the alpine meadow, which was beneficial for the growth and development of Cyperaceae and Gramineae. From the perspective of ecological niche, rest-grazing is beneficial for the growth of fine pastures and promotes the restoration of degraded alpine meadow.

Key words: alpine meadow, rest-grazing in the green-up period, the important value, niche breadth, niche overlap

中图分类号:

周选博, 王晓丽, 马玉寿, 王彦龙, 罗少辉, 谢乐乐. 返青期休牧措施下高寒草甸主要植物种群的生态位变化特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(8): 1547-1555.

ZHOU Xuanbo, WANG Xiaoli, MA Yushou, WANG Yanlong, LUO Shaohui, XIE Lele. Niche of Main Plant Populations in Alpine Meadow Under the Rest-grazing in the Green-Up Period[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(8): 1547-1555.

图/表 4

图1 返青期休牧对高寒草甸不同经济类群重要值的影响不同小写字母表示同一经济类群在不同休牧时间处理之间差异显著（P<0.05）,20、30、40、50 d分别代表对照、休牧20 d、休牧30 d、休牧40 d和休牧50 d;下同

Figure 1 Effects of rest-grazing in green-up period on the important values of different economic groups in alpine meadows Different small letters mean in the same economic groups significant difference among the treatment of different resting time at 0.05 level, CK, 20 d, 30 d, 40 d and 50 d represent the contrast, the grazing-rest of 20 days, the grazing-rest of 30days, the grazing-rest of 40 days and 50 days, the same as below

图2 返青期休牧对高寒草甸不同经济类群地上生物量的影响

Figure 2 Effects of rest-grazing in green-up period on the biomass of aboveground vegetation of different economic groups in alpine meadows

表1 高寒草甸主要34种植物的生态位宽度

Table 1 Niche breadths of 34 kinds major plants of alpine meadow

经济类群 Economic groups	物种名 Species	生态位宽度 Niche breadth
莎草科 Cyperaceae	矮嵩草 Kobresia humilis	0.946
	双柱头藨草 Scirpus distigmaticus	0.974
	高山嵩草 Kobresia pygmaea	0.995
禾本科 Gramineae	溚草 Koeleria cristata	0.795
	垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutants	0.989
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	0.999
	针茅 Stipa capillata	0.995
	双叉细柄茅 Ptilagrostis dichotoma	0.843
阔叶型可食草 Broad-leaved edible grasses	鹅绒萎陵菜 Potentilla anserina	0.667
	高原点地梅 Androsace integra	0.844
	火绒草 Leontopoium leontopodioides	0.746
	美丽风毛菊 Saussurea pulchra	0.945
	重齿风毛菊 Saussurea katochaete	0.929
	蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	0.972
	乳白香青 Anaphalis lactea	0.962
	兔耳草 Lagotis Gaertn	0.981
	西藏棱子芹 Pleurospermum hookeri	0.997
	细叶亚菊 Ajania tenuifolia	0.986
	雪白萎陵菜 Potentilla nivea	0.986
	多枝黄耆 Astragalus polycladus	0.427
毒害草 Poisonous weeds	肉果草 Lancea tibetic	0.928
	甘肃棘豆 Oxytropis kansuensis	0.964
	独一味 Lamiophlomis rotata	0.791
	黄帚橐吾 Ligular virgaurea	0.854
	甘肃马先蒿 Pedicularis kansuensis	0.944
	秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla	0.984
	青藏龙胆 Gentiana futtereri	0.984
	铁棒锤 Aconitum pendulum	0.832
	云生毛茛 Ranunculus longicaulis	0.854
	疏齿银莲花 Anemone obtsiloba	0.975
	高山豆 Tibetia himalaica	0.390
	青海刺参 Morina kokonorica	0.001
	鳞叶龙胆 Gentiana squarrosa	0.837
	天蓝韭 Allium cyaneum	0.967

图3 牧草生长旺季主要34种植物的生态位重叠值 1矮嵩草 Kobresia humilis;2双柱头藨草 Scirpus distigmaticus;3高山嵩草 Kobresia pygmaea;4垂穗披碱草 Elymus nutants;5溚草 Koeleria cristata;6草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis;7双叉细柄茅 Ptilagrostis dichotoma;8针茅 Stipa capillata;9鹅绒委陵菜 Potentilla anserina;10高原点地梅 Androsace integra;11火绒草 Leontopoium leontopodioides;12美丽风毛菊 Saussurea pulchra;13重齿风毛菊 Saussurea katochaete;14蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum;15乳白香青 Anaphalis lactea;16兔耳草Lagotis Gaertn;17西藏棱子芹 Pleurospermum hookeri;18细叶亚菊 Ajania tenuifolia;19雪白萎陵菜 Potentilla nivea;20多枝黄耆 Astragalus polycladus;21肉果草 Lancea tibetic;22甘肃棘豆 Oxytropis kansuensis;23独一味 Lamiophlomis rotata;24黄帚橐吾 Ligular virgaurea;25甘肃马先蒿 Pedicularis kansuensis;26秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla;27青藏龙胆 Gentiana futtereri;28铁棒锤 Aconitum pendulum;29云生毛茛 Ranunculus longicaulis;30 疏齿银莲花Anemone obtsiloba;31鳞叶龙胆 Gentiana squarrosa;32青海刺参 Morina kokonorica;33天蓝韭 Allium cyaneum;34高山豆 Tibetia himalaica

Figure 3 Values of niche overlap of 34 kinds of major plants in peak season

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返青期休牧措施下高寒草甸主要植物种群的生态位变化特征

Niche of Main Plant Populations in Alpine Meadow Under the Rest-grazing in the Green-Up Period

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