重庆地区城郊人体舒适度变化特征差异及其影响因素分析

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.06.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 1089-1097.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.06.010

重庆地区城郊人体舒适度变化特征差异及其影响因素分析

郑箐舟¹(), 何军¹^,^*(), 李深智¹, 邓承之², 吴志鹏², 黄萧霖³, 吴瑕⁴

1.中国气象局气候资源经济转化重点开放实验室，重庆市气象服务中心，重庆 401147
2.中国气象局气候资源经济转化重点开放实验室，重庆市气象台，重庆 401147
3.青岛海洋气象研究院，山东青岛 266000
4.包头市气象台，内蒙古包头 014030

收稿日期:2023-01-10 出版日期:2023-06-18 发布日期:2023-09-01
通讯作者: *何军（1978年生），男，高级工程师，主要从事气象服务、气象灾害、数值预报等研究。E-mail: geyanghe@163.com
作者简介:郑箐舟（1995年生），女，中级工程师，主要从事气象服务、生态水文和气候变化等研究。E-mail: zhengqzvillage@163.com
基金资助:
重庆市气象局业务技术攻关项目(YWJSGG-202210)

Analysis on the Differences and Influencing Factors of Human Comfort between Urban and Rural Areas in Chongqing

ZHENG Qingzhou¹(), HE Jun¹^,^*(), LI Shenzhi¹, DENG Chengzhi², WU Zhipeng², HUANG Xiaolin³, WU Xia⁴

1. CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Meteorological Service Centre, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
2. CMA Key Open Laboratory of Transforming Climate Resources to Economy, Chongqing Meteorology Observatory, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
3. Qingdao Joint Institute of Marine Meteorology, Qingdao 266000, P. R. China
4. Baotou Meteorology Observatory, Baotou 014030, P. R. China

Received:2023-01-10 Online:2023-06-18 Published:2023-09-01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球变暖和快速城市化的背景下，热岛/干岛效应增强，在一定程度上影响了人居环境，城区居民面临着健康风险。要制定缓解、控制措施，必须要明确城市化的大气环境效应形成和演化规律对人居环境的影响。以快速城市化的重庆市为例，基于重庆市内15个国家气象站点1980—2020年平均气温、湿度和风速逐日观测资料，采用人体舒适度指数计算公式量化得到了各站点的人体舒适度，并利用ArcGis软件中反距离加权模型（Inverse Distance Weighted，IDW）进行空间插值，得到每个时间段人体舒适度的空间分布演化情况。另外对比分析了城郊气象站点平均气温、饱和水汽压差和相对湿度的时空变化趋势，并结合城市化进程数据，重点检测了重庆市人居热环境随城市化进程演化的趋势，评估了城市化对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明：（1）温度、饱和水汽压差的高值区与相对湿度的低值区发展方向与建成区扩张方向基本一致，形成了以中心城区为中心的高温组团；（2）城市与郊区站点平均气温和饱和水汽压差均呈上升趋势，相对湿度呈下降趋势，但城区站点变“干”变“热”趋势更加明显，热岛/干岛效应显著；（3）城区站点热不舒适日数和冷不舒适日数分别以3.5 d·(10a)^-1、-3.6 d·(10a)^-1的速率呈现出显著性趋势（P<0.05），而郊区站点年际变化较为稳定，城市化使得人体舒适度往炎热不舒适的方向发展；（4）相较于城市缓慢发展阶段，城市快速发展阶段城郊站点年热不舒适度日数之间的差异进一步增大，最大差距一年能达到30 d左右。整体上，重庆市城市发展方向与人居热环境空间演化格局存在较强的相关性。该研究旨在探明重庆市城市化引起的人体舒适度的演化规律，为缓解城市热岛/干岛效应提供直接的科学参考，力求为城市总体规划、改善城市热环境、打造“宜居宜游城市”提供定量化决策依据。

关键词: 城市化, 舒适度指数, 城市热岛, 城市干岛, 大气环境效应, 城郊差异

Abstract:

Urbanization processes and global warming profoundly affect urban micro-climate such as the urban heat/dry island (UHI/UDI) effects. Changes in these processes can have serious consequences, including increased risk of human health and well-being. To develope mitigation and control measures, there is a need to evaluate the impacts of urban micro-climate behavior on the thermal comfort of residents. A case study was conducted in Chongqing province that has experienced dramatic urbanization. The human comfort index of each station was quantified based on the daily observations of average temperature, relative humidity and wind speed from 15 national meteorological stations in Chongqing during 1980-2020. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) model within ArcGis was used for spatial interpolation to obtain the spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of the human comfort index. We examined long-term climate data during this period, including mean temperatures, vapor pressure deficit and relative humidity, from urban-rural weather observation stations, combined with the data of urbanization process, to explore how urbanization-associated ecological processes changed human thermal comfort. Our results showed that the development directions of high-value areas for air temperature and vapor pressure deficit and low-value areas for relative humidity were generally consistent with the expansion direction of the built-up area. Mean temperature and vapor pressure deficit presented an upward trend, and relative humidity exhibited a downward trend throughout the whole study region in general. However, a much larger change magnitude of meteorological factors was observed at urban stations relative to rural stations, leading to intensified UHI and UDI effects in urban cores. Annual thermal uncomfortable days and cold uncomfortable days showed a significant trend with a rate of 3.5 d·(10a)^-1, -3.6 d·(10a)^-1 (P<0.05) at urban stations, suggesting that urbanization increases heat-related discomfort. The difference in the number of annual thermal discomfort days between the urban and rural stations was greater at the stage of rapid urban development than at the slow urban development stage. In addition, a significant relationship was found between urban expansion and human thermal comfort. The present study delineated the variation pattern of urbanization-associated atmospheric environment effect in detail; it contributes to the amelioration of heat effects and is critical for urban landscape design and the improvement of human living environment.

Key words: urbanization, human comfort index, urban heat island (UHI), urban dry island (UDI), atmospheric environmental effects, difference between urban and rural areas

中图分类号:

郑箐舟, 何军, 李深智, 邓承之, 吴志鹏, 黄萧霖, 吴瑕. 重庆地区城郊人体舒适度变化特征差异及其影响因素分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(6): 1089-1097.

ZHENG Qingzhou, HE Jun, LI Shenzhi, DENG Chengzhi, WU Zhipeng, HUANG Xiaolin, WU Xia. Analysis on the Differences and Influencing Factors of Human Comfort between Urban and Rural Areas in Chongqing[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(6): 1089-1097.

图/表 11

图1 重庆市地理位置图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站审图号GS（2019）1822号标准地图制作，底图边界无修改

Figure 1 Location of Chongqing

表1 15个气象站点的基本信息

Table 1 The basic information of meteorological stations used in this study

站名	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	城区站/郊区站
城口	31.95	108.67	郊区
大足	29.71	105.69	郊区
丰都	29.88	107.70	郊区
涪陵	29.75	107.42	郊区
梁平	30.68	107.82	郊区
彭水	29.25	108.17	郊区
江津	29.32	106.25	郊区
合川	29.98	106.28	郊区
綦江	28.77	106.67	郊区
黔江	29.52	108.78	郊区
酉阳	28.80	108.77	郊区
长寿	29.85	107.07	郊区
沙坪坝	29.50	106.55	城区
万州	30.80	108.42	城区
永川	29.37	105.90	城区

表2 人体舒适度等级划分

Table 2 The grading standards of human comfort conditions

级别	人体舒适度指数	舒适度等级	人的感觉
4	≥86	热不舒适	人体感觉很热，极不适应
3	80—85	热不舒适	人体感觉炎热，很不舒适
2	76—79	热不舒适	人体感觉偏热，不舒适
1	71—75	舒适	人体感觉偏暖，较为舒适
0	59—70	舒适	人体感觉最为舒适，最可接受
-1	51—58	舒适	人体感觉略偏凉，较为舒适
-2	39—50	冷不舒适	人体感觉较冷，不舒适
-3	26—38	冷不舒适	人体感觉很冷，很不舒适
-4	≤25	冷不舒适	人体感觉寒冷，极不舒适

图2 重庆市1980—2020年各年代平均温度分布演化图

Figure 2 Spatio-temporal evolution process of mean air temperature in the Chongqing for the period of 1980-2020

图3 重庆市1980—2020年各年代饱和水汽压差分布演化图

Figure 3 Spatio-temporal evolution process of mean vapor pressure deficit in the Chongqing for the period of 1980-2020

图4 重庆市1980—2020年各年代相对湿度分布演化图

Figure 4 Spatio-temporal evolution process of mean relative humidity in the Chongqing for the period of 1980-2020

图5 重庆市1980—2020年城郊站点各关键气象因子及其差值的年际变化

Figure 5 Annual variations in key climate variables and their differences at urban and rural meteorological observation stations during 1980-2020 in Chongqing

图6 重庆市1980—2020年各年代人体舒适度分布演化图

Figure 6 Spatio-temporal evolution process of human comfort index in the Chongqing for the period of 1980-2020

图7 重庆市1980—2020年舒适度指数年际变化

Figure 7 Annual variations in the human comfort index during 1980-2020 in Chongqing

图8 重庆市1980—2020年舒适度各等级时间年际变化图

Figure 8 Changes in the number of days with human comfort conditions in each grade during 1980-2020 in Chongqing

图9 人体舒适度各等级分布

Figure 9 Proportion of human comfort conditions in each grade

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重庆地区城郊人体舒适度变化特征差异及其影响因素分析

Analysis on the Differences and Influencing Factors of Human Comfort between Urban and Rural Areas in Chongqing

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