西北荒漠煤矿区降水降尘中盐基离子沉降特征及其效应研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.012

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 969-978.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.05.012

西北荒漠煤矿区降水降尘中盐基离子沉降特征及其效应研究

李春环¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 王攀⁴, 余海龙⁴, 李冰⁵, 黄菊莹¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1.西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地,宁夏银川 750021
2.西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室,宁夏银川 750021
3.宁夏大学生态环境学院,宁夏银川 750021
4.宁夏大学地理科学与规划学院,宁夏银川 750021
5.宁夏大学农学院,宁夏银川 750021

收稿日期:2021-12-15 出版日期:2022-05-18 发布日期:2022-07-12
通讯作者: * 黄菊莹（1980年生）,女,研究员,主要从事荒漠/荒漠草原应对环境变化研究。E-mail: juyinghuang@163.com
作者简介:李春环（1998年生）,男,硕士研究生,从事大气酸沉降及其生态效应研究。E-mail: lichunhuan318@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院“西部青年学者”(XAB2019AW03);国家自然科学基金项目(32160277)

Bulk Deposition of Base Cation in the Rainfall and Dustfall and Its Effects in A Northwest Desert Coal-mining Region

LI Chunhuan¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), WANG Pan⁴, YU Hailong⁴, LI Bing⁵, HUANG Juying¹^,²^,³^,^*()

1. Breeding Base for State Key Lab. of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in northwestern China, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
2. Key Lab. of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
3. School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
4. School of Geography and Planning, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
5. School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China

Received:2021-12-15 Online:2022-05-18 Published:2022-07-12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全国酸沉降速率趋于平稳而西北地区持续增加的背景下,明晰西北典型区域盐基离子沉降特征有助于合理评价区域酸沉降风险。以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为采样点,研究了电厂周围降水降尘混合沉降中盐基离子沉降特征及来源,分析了盐基离子沉降量与混合沉降酸性质和土壤性质的关系。结果表明,4种盐基离子季沉降量的变化范围均较大,Ca²⁺为主要的沉降形式;夏季盐基离子沉降量较高,气团主要来源为东南方向。春季和秋季沉降量较低,气团主要来源分别为西北和东南方向;混合沉降输入酸度低于其平均pH,且Ca²⁺中和因子最大。K⁺季沉降量与土壤K质量分数、Ca²⁺季沉降量与土壤Ca²⁺质量分数呈正相关（P<0.05）,但4种盐基离子季沉降量均与土壤pH无显著相关性（P>0.05）。该研究区降水降尘中盐基离子沉降量与中国西北地区平均值相当,但低于东部和南部等区域;盐基离子中和了降水降尘输入酸度,其中Ca²⁺占主导作用。K⁺和Ca²⁺沉降促进了土壤K⁺和Ca²⁺积累,可能是酸沉降下研究区土壤盐基营养的重要来源。中重度碱性土壤环境下,盐基离子沉降较难改变研究区土壤pH。研究结果为科学评估荒漠煤矿区酸沉降风险提供了数据支撑。

关键词: 碱性土壤, 盐基离子沉降, 降水降尘混合沉降, 中和作用, 宁东能源化工基地

Abstract:

Base cation is an essential nutrient for plant growth. Thus, the transfer of base cation in the atmosphere can neutralize acid-deposition precursors. Since the acid-deposition rate tends to be stable across the whole country but shows an increasing trend in northwest China, it is helpful to clarify the characteristics of base-cation deposition in typical northwest regions to reasonably evaluate the risk of regional acid deposition. Therefore, we took three coal-fired power plants in Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base as sampling sites to study the characteristic and sources of bulk deposition of base-cation deposition in rainfall and dustfall around the power plants. The relationships between base-cation deposition of bulk deposition acid properties and soil properties were also analyzed. Results showed that the ranges of variations of seasonal deposition of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ were all large, with Ca²⁺ being the main form. Base-cation deposition was comparatively higher in summer, and the main source of air mass was from the southeast. On the other hand, base-cation deposition was comparatively lower in spring and summer, with the main source of air mass coming from the northwest in spring and from the southeast in summer. Input acidity was lower than the average pH of the bulk deposition, and the neutralization factor of Ca²⁺ was the highest. There were significant positive correlations between K⁺ deposition and soil K⁺ mass fraction and between Ca²⁺ deposition and soil Ca²⁺ mass fraction (P<0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between the deposition of the four base cations and soil pH (P>0.05). These results indicated that the base-cation deposition in the rainfall and dustfall in the studied area aligned with the mean value across northwestern China but lower than the values in the eastern and southern regions. Base cation neutralized the input acidity of rainfall and dustfall, and Ca²⁺ played a leading role. K⁺ and Ca²⁺ deposition promoted soil K⁺ and Ca²⁺ accumulation, which may be an important source of soil basic nutrition under acid deposition in the studied area. In moderate and severe alkaline soil environments, the soil pH in the studied area was difficult to change by base-cation deposition. This study provided data support for scientifically evaluating the risk of acid deposition in the northwest desert coal-mining regions.

Key words: alkaline soil, base cation deposition, bulk deposition of rainfall and dustfall, neutralizing effect, Ningdong Energy and Chemical Industry Base

中图分类号:

李春环, 王攀, 余海龙, 李冰, 黄菊莹. 西北荒漠煤矿区降水降尘中盐基离子沉降特征及其效应研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(5): 969-978.

LI Chunhuan, WANG Pan, YU Hailong, LI Bing, HUANG Juying. Bulk Deposition of Base Cation in the Rainfall and Dustfall and Its Effects in A Northwest Desert Coal-mining Region[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(5): 969-978.

图/表 8

图1 研究区采样点位置图 MLT、YYH和LW分别代表马莲台电厂、鸳鸯湖电厂和灵武电厂

Figure 1 Location of the sampling points in the studied area MLT, YYH, and LW represent Maliantai power plant, Yuanyanghu power plant, and Lingwu power plant, respectively

表1 研究区土壤性质的变化

Table 1 Variations of soil properties in the studied area

土壤指标 Soil index	参数 Parameter	马莲台电厂 Maliantai power plant	鸳鸯湖电厂 Yuanyanghu power plant	灵武电厂 Lingwu power plant
K⁺	变化范围/(mg∙kg^-1)	1.77-7.06	1.73-16.34	2.03-32.49
	平均值/(mg∙kg^-1)	3.75	6.98	11.63
	变异系数/%	43.94	63.01	75.16
Ca²⁺	变化范围/(g∙kg^-1)	0.88-13.84	0.46-2.72	0.40-5.94
	平均值/(g∙kg^-1)	4.32	0.94	2.36
	变异系数/%	102.62	61.47	89.91
Na⁺	变化范围/(g∙kg^-1)	0.22-9.41	0.01-0.94	2.43-12.03
	平均值/(g∙kg^-1)	2.50	0.22	7.83
	变异系数/%	123.21	140.00	38.31
Mg²⁺	变化范围/(g∙kg^-1)	2.20-9.82	0.55-4.03	2.20-51.06
	平均值/(g∙kg^-1)	5.84	2.06	25.48
	变异系数/%	51.23	49.68	131.21
pH	变化范围	8.55-9.15	8.94-9.28	8.14-9.94
	平均值	8.93	9.13	8.74
	变异系数/%	2.24	1.17	5.67
电导率 Electrical conductivity	变化范围/ (μS∙cm^-1)	104.70-2380.00	51.60-123.80	540.00-3890.00
	平均值/(μS∙cm^-1)	477.94	76.16	2286.80
	变异系数/%	155.80	31.00	89.31

图2 研究区混合沉降中盐基离子季沉降量、pH和电导率的变化 AD代表3个电厂的所有数据。MLT、YYH和LW分别代表马莲台电厂（n=27）、鸳鸯湖电厂（n=36）和灵武电厂（n=45）。不同小写字母代表3个电厂间各指标的差异显著（P<0.05）

Figure 2 Variations of seasonal deposition of base cation, pH, and electrical conductivity in bulk deposition in the studied area AD represents all data of the three power plants. MLT, YYH, and LW represent Maliantai power plant (n=27), Yuanyanghu power plant (n=36), and Lingwu power plant (n=45), respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of each index among the three power plants (P<0.05).

图3 研究区混合沉降中盐基离子季沉降量、pH和电导率的季节差异 MLT、YYH和LW分别代表马莲台电厂（n=9）、鸳鸯湖电厂（n=12）和灵武电厂（n=15）。不同小写字母代表同一电厂各指标在不同季节间差异显著（P<0.05）

Figure 3 Differences of seasonal deposition of base cation, pH, and electrical conductivity in the bulk deposition among the three seasons in the studied area MLT, YYH, and LW represent Maliantai power plant (n=9), Yuanyanghu power plant (n=12), and Lingwu power plant (n=15), respectively. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences of each index among different seasons in the same power plant (P<0.05)

图4 研究区春（A）、夏（B）、秋季（C）气团后向轨迹聚类结果

Figure 4 Clustering results of backward trajectories of air masses in spring (A), summer (B), and autumn (C) in the studied area

表2 研究区混合沉降输入酸度和中和因子

Table 2 Input acidity and neutralization factors of bulk deposition in the studied area

混合沉降指标 Bulk deposition index	研究区 The studied area	马莲台电厂 Maliantai power plant	鸳鸯湖电厂 Yuanyanghu power plant	灵武电厂 Lingwu power plant
平均pH Mean pH	5.93	5.42	6.42	5.84
输入酸度 Input acidity (A_P_i)/ (mol∙L^-1)	5.28	5.26	5.33	5.26
K⁺中和因子 Neutralization factor of K⁺/(eq∙L^-1)	0.34	0.22	0.38	0.43
Ca²⁺中和因子 Neutralization factor of Ca²⁺/(eq∙L^-1)	2.12	2.51	2.21	1.63
Na⁺中和因子 Neutralization factor of Na⁺/(eq∙L^-1)	1.69	1.56	1.93	1.58
Mg²⁺中和因子 Neutralization factor of Mg²⁺/(eq∙L^-1)	0.56	0.57	0.61	0.51

图5 研究区混合沉降中盐基离子季沉降量与pH和电导率（EC）的关系

Figure 5 Relationships of seasonal deposition of base cation with pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in bulk deposition in the studied area

图6 研究区混合沉降性质与土壤性质的相关性 DK+、DCa2+、DNa+、DMg2+、DpH和DEC分别代表混合沉降K+季沉降量、Ca2+季沉降量、Na+季沉降量、Mg2+季沉降量、pH和电导率。SK+、SCa2+、SNa+、SMg2+、SpH、SEC分别代表土壤K+质量分数、Ca2+质量分数、Na+质量分数、Mg2+质量分数、pH和电导率。红圈和蓝圈分别代表正相关和负相关。*代表P<0.05

Figure 6 Correlations between bulk deposition properties and soil properties in the studied area DK+, DCa2+, DNa+, DMg2+, DpH, and DEC represent K+ deposition, Ca2+ deposition, Na+ deposition, Mg2+ deposition, pH, electrical conductivity of bulk deposition, respectively. SK+, SCa2+, SNa+, SMg2+, SpH, and SEC represent soil K+ mass fraction, Ca2+ mass fraction, Na+ mass fraction, Mg2+ mass fraction, pH, and electrical conductivity, respectively. red and blue circles represent positive and negative correlations, respectively. * represents P<0.05

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西北荒漠煤矿区降水降尘中盐基离子沉降特征及其效应研究

Bulk Deposition of Base Cation in the Rainfall and Dustfall and Its Effects in A Northwest Desert Coal-mining Region

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