广东省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.02.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 297-306.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.02.010

广东省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力

黄巧义¹(), 于俊红¹, 黄建凤¹, 黄旭¹, 李苹¹, 付弘婷¹, 唐拴虎¹, 刘一锋²^,^*(), 徐培智¹^,^*()

1.广东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部南方植物营养与肥料重点实验室/广东省养分资源循环利用与耕地保育重点实验室,广东广州 510640
2.广东省农业环境与耕地质量保护中心,广东广州 510500

收稿日期:2021-07-06 出版日期:2022-02-18 发布日期:2022-04-14
通讯作者: 刘一锋（1985年生）,男,高级农艺师,主要从事耕地土壤质量保护提升研究。E-mail: 109279800@qq.com
*徐培智（1963年生）,男,研究员,主要从事科学施肥和废弃物处理研究。E-mail: pzxu007@163.com;
作者简介:黄巧义（1985年生）,男,副研究员,博士,主要耕地质量提升与植物营养方面的研究。E-mail: huangqiaoyi@gdaas.cn
基金资助:
农业部公益性行业（农业）科研专项(201503123);广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2020A1515011089);广东省农业农村厅“农作物秸秆综合利用产业支撑研究与指导项目”和“秸秆综合利用新技术研究与推广”

Nutrient Resources of Main Crop Straw and Its Potential of Substituting for Chemical Fertilizer in Guangdong Province

HUANG Qiaoyi¹(), YU Junhong¹, HUANG Jianfeng¹, HUANG Xu¹, LI Ping¹, FU Hongting¹, TANG Shuanhu¹, LIU Yifeng²^,^*(), XU Peizhi¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
2. The Protection Center of Agricultural Environment and Cultivated Land Quality of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510500, P. R. China

Received:2021-07-06 Online:2022-02-18 Published:2022-04-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合理利用秸秆养分资源可替代部分化肥使用,是种植业减肥增效并促进农业绿色发展的重要途径之一,探明广东省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量及其替代化肥潜力,对于全省化肥减施增效、农业绿色生产具有重要意义。该研究以广东省主要农作物水稻（Oryza sativa L.）、玉米（Zea mays L.）、薯类（Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill）、甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum L.）、花生（Arachis hypogaea Linn.）和大豆（Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.）为研究对象,通过查阅广东省统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对2019年广东省主要农作物秸秆数量、养分资源量及区域分布情况进行估算,并根据不同作物推荐养分用量计算各地区的养分需求量,分析秸秆养分资源替代化肥的潜力。结果表明,2019年广东省主要农作物秸秆资源量为1951.00 ×10⁴ t,其中粤西秸秆资源量最大,其次是粤北,珠三角地区最少。全省秸秆的氮（N）、磷（P₂O₅）、钾（K₂O）养分资源总量分别达到19.26×10⁴、4.51×10⁴、33.51×10⁴ t,其中水稻的秸秆养分资源量最大,占全省农作物秸秆养分资源总量的63%;其次是甘蔗秸秆养分资源,占18%;第三大秸秆养分资源是花生,占10%。湛江市的秸秆养分资源最大,占全省秸秆养分资源总量的25%,其中甘蔗和水稻秸秆的贡献率最大;其次为茂名市和肇庆市,占11%和8%,以水稻秸秆养分资源为主。广东省2019年主要农作物播种面积为265.91×10⁴ hm²,理论上养分需求量为46.18×10⁴ t N、15.78×10⁴ t P₂O₅、40.41×10⁴ t K₂O,秸秆养分资源替代化肥的潜力为N 22%、P₂O₅ 19%、K₂O 70%。不同种植制度下秸秆替代化肥的潜力不同,其中,水稻和甘蔗秸秆替代钾肥潜力最大,大豆秸秆替代氮肥潜力最大,而薯类秸秆替代化肥潜力最低。不同地区的秸秆养分资源替代化肥潜力不同,其中湛江市和广州市秸秆替代氮肥的潜力最高,分别达30%和29%;珠海市和梅州市秸秆替代磷肥的潜力较高,分别达26%和24%;梅州市秸秆替代钾肥的潜力最高,达78%以上。

关键词: 秸秆产量, 秸秆养分资源, 化肥替代, 区域分布, 广东省

Abstract:

This paper examined the straw yield of crops and their potential as nutrient resources in Guangdong Province, aiming to provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of straw nutrient resources, reduction of chemical fertilizer imports, and the development of green agriculture. Rice, maize, potato, sugarcane, peanut, and soybean, which are the main crops in Guangdong Province, were selected as research objects. Based on agricultural statistics and published literature, the straw yield of crops, straw nutrient resources, and their regional distribution in Guangdong Province in 2019 were estimated. According to the recommended nutrient consumption of different crops, the nutrient requirements of different regions were calculated, and the potential of straw nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizer was analyzed. The results showed that the main crop straw resources in Guangdong Province were 1951.00×10⁴ t, of which the resources of straw in western Guangdong were the largest, followed by Northern Guangdong, while the Pearl River Delta had the least. The total amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅) and potassium (K₂O) nutrient resources of straw in the province reached 19.26×10⁴, 4.51×10⁴, and 33.51×10⁴ t, respectively. The largest straw nutrient resource came from rice, accounting for 63% of the total nutrient resources, followed by sugarcane straw (18%) and peanut (10%). The largest straw nutrient resource were in Zhanjiang City, accounting for 25% of the province's total nutrient resources, of which sugarcane and rice straw contributed the most. The second and third largest, mainly came from rice straw, were in Maoming City and Zhaoqing City, which accounted for 11% and 8%, respectively. In 2019, the main crops sown area in Guangdong was 265.91×10⁴ hm². Theoretically, the nutrient requirements of this area were as follows: 46.18×10⁴ t N, 15.78×10⁴ t P₂O₅, 40.41×10⁴ t K₂O. The potential of straw nutrient resources to replace chemical fertilizer was N 22%, P₂O₅ 19% and K₂O 70%. The potential of straw to replace chemical fertilizers varied in different cropping systems, among which, rice and sugarcane had the greatest potential to replace potassium fertilizer with straw; green beans had the greatest potential to replace nitrogen fertilizer with straw; and potato straw had the lowest potential to replace chemical fertilizers. In addition, the potential of straw to replace chemical fertilizers varied among different cities. Zhanjiang and Guangzhou had the highest potential to replace nitrogen fertilizer with straw (30% and 29%); Zhuhai City and Meizhou City had the highest potential to replace phosphate fertilizer with straw (26% and 24%); and Meizhou had the highest potential to replace potassium fertilizer with straw (78%).

Key words: straw yield, straw nutrient resources, chemical fertilizers substitution, regional distribution, Guangdong Province

中图分类号:

S141
X171.1

黄巧义, 于俊红, 黄建凤, 黄旭, 李苹, 付弘婷, 唐拴虎, 刘一锋, 徐培智. 广东省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(2): 297-306.

HUANG Qiaoyi, YU Junhong, HUANG Jianfeng, HUANG Xu, LI Ping, FU Hongting, TANG Shuanhu, LIU Yifeng, XU Peizhi. Nutrient Resources of Main Crop Straw and Its Potential of Substituting for Chemical Fertilizer in Guangdong Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2022, 31(2): 297-306.

图/表 8

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作物 Crop	草/谷比 Straw/grain	秸秆养分质量分数 w_{(nutrient in straw)}/%			养分当季释放率 Rate of in-season nutrient release from straw/%
作物 Crop	草/谷比 Straw/grain	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
水稻 Rice	1.06	0.83	0.27	2.06	47.19	66.69	84.91
玉米 Maize	1.32	0.87	0.31	1.345	54.04	73.03	84.43
薯类 Potato	0.58	1.97	0.43	1.93	74.38	81.00	76.90
甘蔗 Sugarcane	0.34	1.00	0.13	1.02	56.21	49.39	86.74
花生 Peanut	1.65	1.64	0.15	1.56	51.61	66.50	85.82
大豆 Soybean	1.60	1.63	0.39	1.27	52.06	54.41	84.30

作物 Crop	草/谷比 Straw/grain	秸秆养分质量分数 w_{(nutrient in straw)}/%			养分当季释放率 Rate of in-season nutrient release from straw/%
作物 Crop	草/谷比 Straw/grain	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
水稻 Rice	1.06	0.83	0.27	2.06	47.19	66.69	84.91
玉米 Maize	1.32	0.87	0.31	1.345	54.04	73.03	84.43
薯类 Potato	0.58	1.97	0.43	1.93	74.38	81.00	76.90
甘蔗 Sugarcane	0.34	1.00	0.13	1.02	56.21	49.39	86.74
花生 Peanut	1.65	1.64	0.15	1.56	51.61	66.50	85.82
大豆 Soybean	1.60	1.63	0.39	1.27	52.06	54.41	84.30

作物Crop	播种面积 Sown area/ (10⁴ hm²)	总产量 Total yields/ (10⁴t)	理论秸秆资源量 Theoretical straw resources/(10⁴ t)
水稻 Rice	179.37	1075.05	1139.55
玉米 Maize	12.01	55.59	73.38
薯类 Potato	20.25	97.41	56.50
甘蔗 Sugarcane	16.97	1434.65	487.78
花生 Peanut	34.05	108.69	179.33
大豆 Soybean	3.26	9.04	14.46
合计 Total	265.91	2780.42	1951.00

作物Crop	播种面积 Sown area/ (10⁴ hm²)	总产量 Total yields/ (10⁴t)	理论秸秆资源量 Theoretical straw resources/(10⁴ t)
水稻 Rice	179.37	1075.05	1139.55
玉米 Maize	12.01	55.59	73.38
薯类 Potato	20.25	97.41	56.50
甘蔗 Sugarcane	16.97	1434.65	487.78
花生 Peanut	34.05	108.69	179.33
大豆 Soybean	3.26	9.04	14.46
合计 Total	265.91	2780.42	1951.00

区域 Region	城市 City	秸秆 Straw		秸秆养分量 Straw nutrient/(10⁴ t)
区域 Region	城市 City	产量 Yield/(10⁴t)	占比 Percentage/%	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
珠三角地区 Pearl river delta	广州	38.47	1.97	0.39	0.07	0.53
	深圳	0.99	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.02
	佛山	5.00	0.26	0.05	0.01	0.09
	东莞	0.70	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01
	中山	2.32	0.12	0.03	0.01	0.04
	珠海	2.91	0.15	0.03	0.01	0.06
	江门	113.86	5.84	1.04	0.29	2.18
	肇庆	139.23	7.14	1.33	0.37	2.71
	惠州	73.45	3.76	0.73	0.19	1.36
粤东地区 Eastern Guangdong	汕头	44.46	2.28	0.46	0.13	0.88
	潮州	28.95	1.48	0.27	0.08	0.57
	揭阳	81.15	4.16	0.91	0.24	1.58
	汕尾	48.340	2.48	0.47	0.13	0.95
粤西 Western Guangdong	湛江	584.92	29.98	5.91	1.00	7.65
	茂名	198.16	10.16	1.95	0.49	3.69
	阳江	75.16	3.85	0.72	0.20	1.45
	云浮	75.50	3.87	0.72	0.20	1.47
粤北 Northern Guangdong	韶关	109.04	5.59	1.12	0.26	1.99
	清远	105.18	5.39	1.08	0.25	1.87
	河源	99.61	5.11	0.95	0.25	1.93
	梅州	123.61	6.34	1.11	0.33	2.46

广东省主要农作物秸秆养分资源量及替代化肥潜力

Nutrient Resources of Main Crop Straw and Its Potential of Substituting for Chemical Fertilizer in Guangdong Province

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作物 Crop	N		P₂O₅		K₂O
作物 Crop	资源量 Amount/(10⁴ t)	占比 Percentage/%	资源量 Amount/(10⁴ t)	占比 Percentage/%	资源量 Amount/(10⁴ t)	占比 Percentage/%
水稻 Rice	9.46	49.10	3.08	68.27	23.47	70.06
玉米 Maize	0.64	3.31	0.23	5.05	0.99	2.95
薯类 Potato	1.11	5.78	0.24	5.39	1.09	3.25
甘蔗 Sugarcane	4.88	25.32	0.63	14.07	4.98	14.85
花生 Peanut	2.94	15.27	0.27	5.97	2.80	8.35
大豆 Soybean	0.24	1.22	0.06	1.25	0.18	0.55
合计 Total	19.26	100.00	4.51	100.00	33.51	100.00

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[2]	刘香华, 王秀明, 刘谞承, 张音波, 刘飘. 基于外溢生态系统服务价值的广东省生态补偿机制研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(5): 1024-1031.
[3]	陈瑶瑶, 廖彤, 汪宇, 沈劲, 翟宇虹, 叶斯琪, 陈多宏, 陈靖扬. 2016—2020年广东省臭氧污染特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022, 31(12): 2374-2381.

作物 Crop	推荐施肥量 Optimum nutrient rate/(kg∙hm^-2)			秸秆有效养分量 Available nutrients from straw/(kg∙hm^-2)			秸秆还田率 Ratio of straw to farmland/ %
作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	秸秆还田率 Ratio of straw to farmland/ %
水稻 Rice	150.00	37.5.00	120.00	24.88	11.44	111.13	80.57
玉米 Maize	300.00	90.00	210.00	28.71	13.83	69.35	49.83
薯类 Potato	225.00	120.00	330.00	40.88	9.72	41.41	54.97
甘蔗 Sugarcane	400.00	120.00	270.00	161.59	18.46	254.34	64.74
花生 Peanut	120.00	96.00	144.00	44.58	5.25	70.51	61.42
大豆 Soybean	75.50	74.00	59.90	37.68	9.42	47.54	59.54

作物 Crop	推荐施肥量 Optimum nutrient rate/(kg∙hm^-2)			秸秆有效养分量 Available nutrients from straw/(kg∙hm^-2)			秸秆还田率 Ratio of straw to farmland/ %
作物 Crop	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	秸秆还田率 Ratio of straw to farmland/ %
水稻 Rice	150.00	37.5.00	120.00	24.88	11.44	111.13	80.57
玉米 Maize	300.00	90.00	210.00	28.71	13.83	69.35	49.83
薯类 Potato	225.00	120.00	330.00	40.88	9.72	41.41	54.97
甘蔗 Sugarcane	400.00	120.00	270.00	161.59	18.46	254.34	64.74
花生 Peanut	120.00	96.00	144.00	44.58	5.25	70.51	61.42
大豆 Soybean	75.50	74.00	59.90	37.68	9.42	47.54	59.54