河北省城市空气臭氧污染及其对植物伤害的区域差异

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.009

生态环境学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 2185-2194.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.009

河北省城市空气臭氧污染及其对植物伤害的区域差异

万五星¹(), 张帅¹^,², 李洁¹^,², 孙旭², 管祖光³, 于小红⁴, 杨永宏⁵, 王效科²^,^*()

1.河北师范大学生命科学学院,河北石家庄 050016
2.中国科学院生态环境研究中心/城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,北京 100085
3.泛测（北京）环境科技有限公司,北京 100085
4.河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区管理局,河北承德 067300
5.河北小五台山国家级自然保护区管理局,河北张家口 075700

收稿日期:2021-01-27 出版日期:2021-11-18 发布日期:2021-12-29
通讯作者: * E-mail: wangxk@rcees.ac.cn
作者简介:万五星（1972年生）,男,副教授,博士,研究方向为森林生态学、城市生态学。E-mail: wan.wx1972@126.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFE0127700);河北省自然科学基金项目(C2017205152);河北省教育厅科技项目(ZD2015091);城市与区域生态国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLURE2018-2-1)

Regional Differences of Urban Ozone Pollution and Its Damage to Plants in Hebei Province

WAN Wuxing¹(), ZHANG Shuai¹^,², LI Jie¹^,², SUN Xu², GUAN Zuguang³, YU Xiaohong⁴, YANG Yonghong⁵, WANG Xiaoke²^,^*()

1. College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology/Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
3. Pan-test (Beijing) Environmental Technology Co., LTD, Beijing 100085, China
4. Administration of Hebei Wulingshan National Natural Reserve, Chengde 067300, China
5. Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Administration, Zhangjiakou 075700, China

Received:2021-01-27 Online:2021-11-18 Published:2021-12-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来中国城市空气臭氧（O₃）浓度不断上升,严重影响了空气质量。地面O₃具有高生物毒性,不但影响人体健康,而且会对植物造成伤害,直接威胁粮食安全和生态安全。文章对国控点大气O₃监测数据进行了分析,并采用国际通用的O₃导致植物伤害的诊断标准,系统调查了河北省承德市、张家口市、保定市、石家庄市、邢台市、邯郸市等6个城市的植物叶片可见O₃伤害症状,分析评价了区域O₃污染及其造成的植物伤害症状。研究发现,在河北省6个城市的26个国家空气质量监测网络站点中,2019年植物生长季4—8月O₃暴露剂量（AOT40）介于29.50—56.30 μmol∙mol^-1∙h之间,超过欧洲基于林木规定的临界值（5 μmol∙mol^-1∙h）的5.9—11.26倍,并总体呈现出中南部城市高于北部城市的特征。在监测站点周边城市植被调查到的224种植物中,76种植物观察到了不同程度的O₃伤害症状。植物伤害症状主要包括植物叶片上表面叶脉间浅色斑点、浅色或深色斑块、褪绿和黄化。出现O₃伤害症状的植物种数及占调查物种的比例均与空气质量监测点的AOT40值存在显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。在所调查的植物中,大叶黄杨Buxus megistophyla出现的频率最高,是一种广泛种植的公园植物,其受伤害症状易于辨认,可作为河北省城市O₃污染监测指示植物。研究结论可为河北省空气O₃污染监测与防控以及植物对O₃的敏感性评价提供可靠依据。

关键词: 河北省, 环境臭氧, 受害植物, 可见伤害, 区域差异

Abstract:

In recent years, the concentration of urban ambient ozone (O₃) in China has been continuously rising. O₃ is of high biological toxic. It can do harm to human health and plants growing. It can also directly threaten food security and cause ecological problem. In this research, the widely accepted diagnostic and evaluation standards for ozone damage were employed to investigate the ozone damage symptoms on plant leaves in 6 cities, including Chengde City, Zhangjiakou City, Baoding City, Shijiazhuang City, Xingtai City and Handan City in Hebei Province. The O₃ pollution and its distribution of plant injury symptoms in these regions were analyzed and evaluated. Basing on data from 26 national air quality monitoring network sites in these 6 typical cities in Hebei Province, ozone exposure dose (AOT40) varies from 29.50 μmol∙mol^-1∙h to 56.30 μmol∙mol^-1∙h during the plant growth season from April to August in 2019. They are 5.9?11.26 times of the European threshold for forest damage (5 μmol∙mol^-1∙h) separately. AOT40 values of southern cities among the 6 cities are higher than that of northern ones. 76 of the 224 plant species surveyed had been observed different levels of ozone injury symptoms. Symptoms can be classified as light-colored spots, light-colored or dark-colored patches, chlorosis and yellowing. There was a significant positive correlation between the number and ratio of ozone-damaged species near the monitoring stations and the AOT40 values of the monitoring sites. In this study, Buxus megistophylla was most frequently investigated and the injury symptoms of it were easy to be diagnosed. It’s a widely distributed plant and good to be used as an indicator species for ambient ozone pollution in the study region. The results can provide a reliable basis for the monitoring and control of air O₃pollution in Hebei Province and the sensitivity evaluation of plants to O₃.

Key words: Hebei Province, ambient ozone, plant damage, visible injury, regional difference

中图分类号:

Q89
X171.5

万五星, 张帅, 李洁, 孙旭, 管祖光, 于小红, 杨永宏, 王效科. 河北省城市空气臭氧污染及其对植物伤害的区域差异[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021, 30(11): 2185-2194.

WAN Wuxing, ZHANG Shuai, LI Jie, SUN Xu, GUAN Zuguang, YU Xiaohong, YANG Yonghong, WANG Xiaoke. Regional Differences of Urban Ozone Pollution and Its Damage to Plants in Hebei Province[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2021, 30(11): 2185-2194.

图/表 9

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城市 City	最大8 h质量浓度 Maximum value for 8 h			AOT40
城市 City	平均质量浓度 ρ₍_average)/(μg∙m^-3)	超标天数 Days over threshold/d	超标天数比例 Ratio for over threshold/%	剂量 Dose/(μmol∙mol^-1∙h)	超标倍数 Times for over threshold
承德 Chengde	126.73±2.18	26	16.99	29.50	5.90
张家口 Zhangjiakou	128.35±1.58	26	16.99	30.30	6.06
保定 Baoding	155.47±2.04	66	43.14	51.68	10.34
石家庄 Shijiazhuang	161.71±3.75	68	44.44	55.90	11.18
邢台 Xingtai	158.22±3.15	59	38.56	46.02	9.20
邯郸 Handan	162.33±1.60	70	45.75	56.30	11.26

城市 City	最大8 h质量浓度 Maximum value for 8 h			AOT40
城市 City	平均质量浓度 ρ₍_average)/(μg∙m^-3)	超标天数 Days over threshold/d	超标天数比例 Ratio for over threshold/%	剂量 Dose/(μmol∙mol^-1∙h)	超标倍数 Times for over threshold
承德 Chengde	126.73±2.18	26	16.99	29.50	5.90
张家口 Zhangjiakou	128.35±1.58	26	16.99	30.30	6.06
保定 Baoding	155.47±2.04	66	43.14	51.68	10.34
石家庄 Shijiazhuang	161.71±3.75	68	44.44	55.90	11.18
邢台 Xingtai	158.22±3.15	59	38.56	46.02	9.20
邯郸 Handan	162.33±1.60	70	45.75	56.30	11.26

物种 Species	学名 Systematic Name	叶片伤害特征 Foliar injury symptoms	生活型 Life form
白腊	Fraxinus chinensis	细密的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
构树	Broussonetia papyrifera	细密的浅棕色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
旱柳	Salix matsudana	细腻的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
臭椿	Ailanthus altissima	细密的浅棕色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
栾树	Koelreuteria paniculata	叶脉间黄化 Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
白皮松	Pinus bungeana	淡黄色斑点、棕色斑点 Yellow or brown flecks	乔木 Arbor
刺槐	Robinia pseudoacacia	细密的浅棕色斑点,黄化 Light stipples,Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
毛白杨	Populus tomentosa	棕色到深色斑点 Dark mottling	乔木 Arbor
榆树	Ulmus pumila	棕色到深色斑点 Dark mottling	乔木 Arbor
桑树	Morus alba	深褐色斑点 Dark brown stipples	乔木 Arbor
国槐	Styphnolobium japonicum	细腻均匀的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
杜仲	Eucommia ulmoides	均匀的褪绿斑点 Light chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
胡桃	Juglans regia	深色到棕色斑点,黄化 Dark stipples, Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
桤木	Alnus cremastogyne	叶脉间出现棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
蒙古栎	Quercus mongolica	黄色至棕色斑点 Yellow or brown stipples	乔木 Arbor
苦楝	Melia azedarace	棕色至褐色均匀斑点 Stiplels	乔木 Arbor
鹅掌楸	Liriodendron chinense	棕色、黑色斑点,褪绿斑 Dark flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
七叶树	Aesculus chinensis	褪绿,褐斑 Necrosis and chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
元宝枫	Acer truncatum	褪绿和紫红色斑点 Chlorosis or Reddening	乔木 Arbor
梨树	Pyrus	黑色斑点,褪绿斑点 Black flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
紫叶李	Prunus Cerasifera	棕色斑点,褪绿斑点 Dark flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
桃树	Prunus persica	小深色斑点 Dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
日本晚樱	Cerasus serrulata	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	乔木 Arbor
蒙桑	Morus mongolica	褪绿,黑褐色斑点 Chlorosis or dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
毛梾	Swida walteri	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
水杉	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
五针松	Pinus parviflora	均匀浅黄色斑点 Yellow stipples	乔木 Arbor
油松	Pinus tabuliformis	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
雪松	Cedrus deodara	均匀浅色斑点 White stipples	乔木 Arbor
梧桐	Firmiana platanifolia	褪绿和深棕色斑点 Chlorosis or dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
梓树	Catalpa ovata	褪绿和褐色斑点 Chlorosis or stipples	乔木 Arbor
黄金树	Catalpa speciosa	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
棕榈	Trachycarpus fortunei	黄色斑块 Yellow necrosis	乔木 Arbor
玉兰	Magnolia denudata	浅棕色斑块 Yellow necrosis	乔木 Arbor
鸡爪槭	Acer palmatum	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
白杜卫矛	Euonymus bungeanus	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
丁香	Syringa oblata	褐色斑点 Brown stipples	灌木 Shrub
木槿	Hibiscus syriacus	浅棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
五叶地锦	Parthenocissus quinquefolia	叶面上部的暗红色斑点 Red stipples	灌木 Shrub
接骨木	Sambucus williamsii	深褐色斑点,白色斑点 Brown or white stipples	灌木 Shrub
紫荆	Cercis chinensis	黄化,深褐色斑点 Brown stipples or yellowing	灌木 Shrub
紫藤	Wisteria sinensis	浅色斑点、斑块 Stipples or necrosis	灌木 Shrub
大叶黄杨	Buxus megistophylla	白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
连翘	Forsythia suspensa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
迎春	Jasminum nudiflorum	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
紫薇	Lagerstroemia indica	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
重瓣棣棠花	Kerria japonica	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
木瓜	Chaenomeles sinensis	白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
贴梗海棠	Chaenomeles speciosa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
月季	Rosa chinensis	均匀的深褐色斑点 Dark stipples	灌木 Shrub
蔷薇	Rosa multiflora	叶片黄化,棕色斑点 Stipples or yellowing	灌木 Shrub
玫瑰	Rosa rugosa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
榆叶梅	Amygdalus triloba	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
珍珠梅	Sorbaria sorbifolia	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
金银忍冬	Lonicera maackii	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
锦带花	Weigela florida	褐色和红色斑点 Brown to red mottling	灌木 Shrub
红瑞木	Swida alba	褐色和红色斑点 Brown to red mottling	灌木 Shrub
物种 Species	学名 Systematic Name	叶片伤害特征 Foliar injury symptoms	生活型 Life form
牡丹	Paeonia suffruticosa	深褐色斑点 Dark stipples	灌木 Shrub
泡桐	Paulowinia fortunei	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	灌木 Shrub
鸡树条荚蒾	Viburnum sargenti	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	灌木 Shrub
太平花	Philadelphus pekinensis	褪绿、大面积棕色 Dark chlorosis	灌木 Shrub
圆叶牵牛	Pharbitis purpurea	深紫色的斑点 Dark purple mottling	草本 Herb
苘麻	Abutilon theophrasti	棕色的斑点 Stipples	草本 Herb
裂叶牵牛	Pharbitis hederacea	深紫色的斑点 Dark purple mottling	草本 Herb
菜豆	Phaseolus vulgaris	紫色斑点和黄化 Purple mottling or yellowing	草本 Herb
慈竹	Neosinocalamus affinis	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
淡竹	Phyllostachys glauca	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
早园竹	Phyllostachys propinqua	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
刚竹	Phyllostachys sulphurea	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
凤尾竹	Bambusa multiplex	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
宽叶箬竹	Indocalamus latifolius	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
芙蓉葵	Hibiscus moscheutos	黄色、棕色到黑色斑点 Light to dark stipples	草本 Herb
鬼针草	Bidens pilosa	褐色至黑色斑点 Brown to black mottling	草本 Herb
萝藦	Metaplexis japonica	叶脉间褪绿 Chlorosis	草本 Herb

物种 Species	学名 Systematic Name	叶片伤害特征 Foliar injury symptoms	生活型 Life form
白腊	Fraxinus chinensis	细密的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
构树	Broussonetia papyrifera	细密的浅棕色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
旱柳	Salix matsudana	细腻的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
臭椿	Ailanthus altissima	细密的浅棕色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
栾树	Koelreuteria paniculata	叶脉间黄化 Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
白皮松	Pinus bungeana	淡黄色斑点、棕色斑点 Yellow or brown flecks	乔木 Arbor
刺槐	Robinia pseudoacacia	细密的浅棕色斑点,黄化 Light stipples,Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
毛白杨	Populus tomentosa	棕色到深色斑点 Dark mottling	乔木 Arbor
榆树	Ulmus pumila	棕色到深色斑点 Dark mottling	乔木 Arbor
桑树	Morus alba	深褐色斑点 Dark brown stipples	乔木 Arbor
国槐	Styphnolobium japonicum	细腻均匀的浅褐色斑点 Light stipples	乔木 Arbor
杜仲	Eucommia ulmoides	均匀的褪绿斑点 Light chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
胡桃	Juglans regia	深色到棕色斑点,黄化 Dark stipples, Yellowing	乔木 Arbor
桤木	Alnus cremastogyne	叶脉间出现棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
蒙古栎	Quercus mongolica	黄色至棕色斑点 Yellow or brown stipples	乔木 Arbor
苦楝	Melia azedarace	棕色至褐色均匀斑点 Stiplels	乔木 Arbor
鹅掌楸	Liriodendron chinense	棕色、黑色斑点,褪绿斑 Dark flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
七叶树	Aesculus chinensis	褪绿,褐斑 Necrosis and chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
元宝枫	Acer truncatum	褪绿和紫红色斑点 Chlorosis or Reddening	乔木 Arbor
梨树	Pyrus	黑色斑点,褪绿斑点 Black flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
紫叶李	Prunus Cerasifera	棕色斑点,褪绿斑点 Dark flecks, chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
桃树	Prunus persica	小深色斑点 Dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
日本晚樱	Cerasus serrulata	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	乔木 Arbor
蒙桑	Morus mongolica	褪绿,黑褐色斑点 Chlorosis or dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
毛梾	Swida walteri	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
水杉	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
五针松	Pinus parviflora	均匀浅黄色斑点 Yellow stipples	乔木 Arbor
油松	Pinus tabuliformis	褪绿斑点 Chlorosis	乔木 Arbor
雪松	Cedrus deodara	均匀浅色斑点 White stipples	乔木 Arbor
梧桐	Firmiana platanifolia	褪绿和深棕色斑点 Chlorosis or dark stipples	乔木 Arbor
梓树	Catalpa ovata	褪绿和褐色斑点 Chlorosis or stipples	乔木 Arbor
黄金树	Catalpa speciosa	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
棕榈	Trachycarpus fortunei	黄色斑块 Yellow necrosis	乔木 Arbor
玉兰	Magnolia denudata	浅棕色斑块 Yellow necrosis	乔木 Arbor
鸡爪槭	Acer palmatum	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	乔木 Arbor
白杜卫矛	Euonymus bungeanus	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
丁香	Syringa oblata	褐色斑点 Brown stipples	灌木 Shrub
木槿	Hibiscus syriacus	浅棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
五叶地锦	Parthenocissus quinquefolia	叶面上部的暗红色斑点 Red stipples	灌木 Shrub
接骨木	Sambucus williamsii	深褐色斑点,白色斑点 Brown or white stipples	灌木 Shrub
紫荆	Cercis chinensis	黄化,深褐色斑点 Brown stipples or yellowing	灌木 Shrub
紫藤	Wisteria sinensis	浅色斑点、斑块 Stipples or necrosis	灌木 Shrub
大叶黄杨	Buxus megistophylla	白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
连翘	Forsythia suspensa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
迎春	Jasminum nudiflorum	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
紫薇	Lagerstroemia indica	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
重瓣棣棠花	Kerria japonica	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
木瓜	Chaenomeles sinensis	白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
贴梗海棠	Chaenomeles speciosa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
月季	Rosa chinensis	均匀的深褐色斑点 Dark stipples	灌木 Shrub
蔷薇	Rosa multiflora	叶片黄化,棕色斑点 Stipples or yellowing	灌木 Shrub
玫瑰	Rosa rugosa	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
榆叶梅	Amygdalus triloba	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
珍珠梅	Sorbaria sorbifolia	棕色斑点 Stipples	灌木 Shrub
金银忍冬	Lonicera maackii	均匀细密的白色斑点 White stipples	灌木 Shrub
锦带花	Weigela florida	褐色和红色斑点 Brown to red mottling	灌木 Shrub
红瑞木	Swida alba	褐色和红色斑点 Brown to red mottling	灌木 Shrub
物种 Species	学名 Systematic Name	叶片伤害特征 Foliar injury symptoms	生活型 Life form
牡丹	Paeonia suffruticosa	深褐色斑点 Dark stipples	灌木 Shrub
泡桐	Paulowinia fortunei	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	灌木 Shrub
鸡树条荚蒾	Viburnum sargenti	棕色斑块 Brown necrosis	灌木 Shrub
太平花	Philadelphus pekinensis	褪绿、大面积棕色 Dark chlorosis	灌木 Shrub
圆叶牵牛	Pharbitis purpurea	深紫色的斑点 Dark purple mottling	草本 Herb
苘麻	Abutilon theophrasti	棕色的斑点 Stipples	草本 Herb
裂叶牵牛	Pharbitis hederacea	深紫色的斑点 Dark purple mottling	草本 Herb
菜豆	Phaseolus vulgaris	紫色斑点和黄化 Purple mottling or yellowing	草本 Herb
慈竹	Neosinocalamus affinis	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
淡竹	Phyllostachys glauca	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
早园竹	Phyllostachys propinqua	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
刚竹	Phyllostachys sulphurea	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
凤尾竹	Bambusa multiplex	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
宽叶箬竹	Indocalamus latifolius	均匀的白色斑点 White stipples	草本 Herb
芙蓉葵	Hibiscus moscheutos	黄色、棕色到黑色斑点 Light to dark stipples	草本 Herb
鬼针草	Bidens pilosa	褐色至黑色斑点 Brown to black mottling	草本 Herb
萝藦	Metaplexis japonica	叶脉间褪绿 Chlorosis	草本 Herb

城市 City	平均调查物种数（种） Average species investigated	平均伤害物种数（种） Average species injured	伤害物种比例 Ratio/%
承德 Chengde	25.50	2.00	7.83
张家口 Zhangjiakou	28.75	2.25	7.68
保定 Baoding	31.00	11.00	37.45
石家庄 Shijiazhuang	37.75	8.25	21.24
邢台 Xingtai	41.33	7.00	14.81
邯郸 Handan	33.66	9.70	30.43
平均 Average	33.00	6.70	19.91

河北省城市空气臭氧污染及其对植物伤害的区域差异

Regional Differences of Urban Ozone Pollution and Its Damage to Plants in Hebei Province

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