冻融作用下藏北高原牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解及养分变化特征

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.09.007

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (9): 1606-1614.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.09.007

冻融作用下藏北高原牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解及养分变化特征

熊朝阳¹(), 张青松¹, 李佳秀¹, 杜子银¹^,²^,^*()

1.西华师范大学地理科学学院，四川南充 637009
2.中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所/中国科学院申扎高寒草原与湿地生态系统观测试验站，四川成都 610299

收稿日期:2023-05-12 出版日期:2023-09-18 发布日期:2023-12-11
通讯作者: ^*杜子银。E-mail: duzy@cwnu.edu.cn
作者简介:熊朝阳（1999年生），男，硕士研究生，主要从事高寒草地生态环境研究。E-mail: 2397886596@qq.com
基金资助:
中国科学院战略先导专项(XDA20020401);四川省自然科学基金项目(2023NSFSC0205);国家自然科学基金项目(41807109);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0404);西华师范大学科研创新团队项目(KCXTD2023-6)

Degradation and Nutrient Change Characteristics of Yak and Tibetan Sheep Dung under the Effects of Freezing and Thawing in Alpine Grassland of Northern Tibetan Plateau

XIONG Zhaoyang¹(), ZHANG Qingsong¹, LI Jiaxiu¹, DU Ziyin¹^,²^,^*()

1. School of Geographical Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, P. R. China
2. Xainza Alpine Steppe and Wetland Ecosystem Observation Station, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China

Received:2023-05-12 Online:2023-09-18 Published:2023-12-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冻融是影响高寒草地土壤理化和生物学特性的重要因素，冻融期放牧牲畜粪便沉积及其降解特性也可能受到冻融作用复杂且不容忽视的重要影响，而目前关于冻融对高寒草地牲畜粪便降解及养分变化的影响效应和作用机制尚不清楚。选取季节性冻融藏北高原牦牛和藏绵羊粪便开展30 d室内冻融模拟试验，分别在冻融0、5、15和30 d后采集两种粪便样品进行理化和养分指标测定，探究不同冻融时间对牛羊粪便降解及其主要养分变化的影响。结果表明，1）冻融试验期内牛粪含水量与干物质量在前15 d冻融循环中均显著降低（P<0.05），羊粪含水量在前5 d冻融中下降了82.6%；反复冻融易破坏粪便降解初期的物理结构，加速粪便含水量及牛粪干物质量的损耗。2）牛粪铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量在冻融后第5 d达到最大值（415 mg·kg⁻¹），且牛羊粪硝态氮（NO₃⁻-N）含量在0－15 d冻融过程中显著降低（P<0.05），冻融初期有机氮矿化增加和反硝化速率增强可能是导致NH₄⁺-N含量短暂增加和NO₃⁻-N含量持续下降的主要原因。3）牛粪有效磷（AP）含量在15－30 d冻融中显著降低21.2%（P<0.05），而羊粪AP在整个试验期呈现反复增加-降低的波动变化特性，表明斑块状牛粪AP受后期冻融的影响较大，而颗粒状羊粪AP受冻融作用的影响更为复杂多变。综上，反复冻融通过不同程度改变牛羊粪便斑块结构、理化和微生物特性，使得氮磷迁移转化及活性氮磷养分含量呈现较大的差异性变化特征。研究结论可为优化季节性冻融期草地牲畜粪便管理模式和促进草地生态系统健康发展等提供理论参考。

关键词: 冻融作用, 牲畜粪便, 矿化氮, 有效磷, 养分变化, 藏北高原

Abstract:

The freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) is an important factor that affects the physicochemical and biological properties of alpine grassland soils. The deposition and degradation of grazing livestock dung during freeze-thaw period may also be affected by the complex and significant effects of FTCs. However, the effects and mechanisms of FTCs on dung degradation and nutrient changes in alpine grassland remain unclear. In this study, a 30-day indoor freeze-thaw simulation experiment was conducted by using yak and Tibetan sheep dung collected from the seasonal freeze-thaw alpine grassland in the northern Tibetan plateau. Dung samples were collected to analyze the physicochemical properties and nutrient concentration after 0, 5, 15, and 30 days of FTCs, respectively, so as to investigate the detailed influences of repeated FTCs on dung degradation and major nutrient dynamics. The results showed that 1) the moisture content and dry matter content of yak dung significantly decreased during the first 15 days of FTCs (P<0.05), and the moisture content of sheep dung decreased by 82.6% in the first 5 days of FTCs. This decrease could be attributed to the repeated FTCs of fresh dung that easily damage the physical structure of dung pats at the initial stage and therefore accelerate the loss of moisture content and dry matter content. 2) The concentration of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) of yak dung reached its maximum after 5 days FTCs (415 mg·kg⁻¹), while the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) concentration of yak and sheep dung significantly decreased across the first 15 days FTCs (P<0.05). The increased organic nitrogen mineralization and enhanced denitrification rate at the early stage of FTCs may be the primary reasons for the brief increase in NH₄⁺-N concentration and sustained decrease in NO₃⁻-N concentration. 3) The concentration of AP in yak dung significantly decreased by 21.2% (P<0.05) from 15 to 30 days of FTCs, while the concentration of AP in Tibetan sheep dung fluctuated throughout the entire experimental period, indicating that yak dung pat AP was variously influenced by later-stage FTCs, whereas particulate sheep dung AP was subject to more complex and variable influences from FTCs across the whole experiment. In summary, repeated FTCs tend to induce changes in the block structure, physicochemical properties, and microbial characteristics of yak and sheep dung to various degrees, thereby resulted in significant variation in the nitrogen and phosphorus migration, transformation, and active nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient concentrations. The conclusions of this study can provide theoretical references for optimizing the management of livestock dung in grassland during the seasonal freeze-thaw period and promoting the healthy development of grassland ecosystems.

Key words: freeze-thaw action, livestock dung, mineralized nitrogen, available phosphorus, nutrient changes, northern Tibetan Plateau

中图分类号:

熊朝阳, 张青松, 李佳秀, 杜子银. 冻融作用下藏北高原牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解及养分变化特征[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(9): 1606-1614.

XIONG Zhaoyang, ZHANG Qingsong, LI Jiaxiu, DU Ziyin. Degradation and Nutrient Change Characteristics of Yak and Tibetan Sheep Dung under the Effects of Freezing and Thawing in Alpine Grassland of Northern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(9): 1606-1614.

图/表 6

表1 新鲜牦牛和藏绵羊粪便初始理化指标

Table 1 Initial physicochemical indexes of fresh yak and Tibetan sheep dung

类型	含水量/%	pH	w_(OC)/(g·kg⁻¹)	w_(TN)/(g·kg⁻¹)	w_(TP)/(g·kg⁻¹)	w_(NH4+-N)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	w_(NO3⁻_N)/(mg·kg⁻¹)	w_(AP)/(mg·kg⁻¹)
YD	70.2	7.64	294	13.6	1.87	315	26.3	248
TSD	52.1	7.66	261	22.5	3.51	967	4.97	326

图1 不同冻融时间下牦牛和藏绵羊粪便含水量与干物质量变化相同处理的不同小写字母表示在不同冻融时间之间具有显著性差异（P<0.05）；相同冻融时间的不同大写字母表示两种处理之间具有显著性差异（P<0.05），下同

Figure 1 Changes in moisture content and dry matter content of yak and Tibetan sheep dung during different freeze-thaw periods

图2 不同冻融时间下牲畜粪便矿化氮含量变化 NH4+-N：铵态氮；NO3−-N：硝态氮；(NH4+-N+NO3−-N)：矿化氮总量

Figure 2 Changes of mineralized nitrogen concentration in livestock dung during different freeze-thaw periods

图3 不同冻融时间牲畜粪便有效磷含量变化

Figure 3 Changes of AP concentration in livestock dung during different freeze-thaw periods

图4 不同冻融时间牲畜粪便pH及全量养分变化

Figure 4 Changes of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations and pH value of livestock dung at different freezing and thawing periods

表2 冻融试验期内牦牛和藏绵羊粪便全量养分相较于初始值的变化率

Table 2 Rate of change in total dung nutrients of yak and Tibetan sheep during freeze-thaw time compared to initial data

粪便类型	测定指标	变化率/%
粪便类型	测定指标	0 d	5 d	15 d	30 d
YD	OC	0	11.2	5.53	−2.99
	TN	0	−1.20	−1.83	5.93
	TP	0	0.347	0.945	6.70
TSD	OC	0	5.13	2.48	−2.24
	TN	0	0.855	−1.63	−3.34
	TP	0	−8.39	−10.6	−11.6

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冻融作用下藏北高原牦牛和藏绵羊粪便降解及养分变化特征

Degradation and Nutrient Change Characteristics of Yak and Tibetan Sheep Dung under the Effects of Freezing and Thawing in Alpine Grassland of Northern Tibetan Plateau

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