尼泊尔一次源含碳气溶胶的排放特征研究

doi:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.010

生态环境学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (8): 1449-1456.DOI: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2023.08.010

• 研究论文【环境科学】 • 上一篇下一篇

尼泊尔一次源含碳气溶胶的排放特征研究

闫菊平(), 王小萍(), 龚平, 高少鹏

中国科学院青藏高原研究所/青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室，北京 100101

收稿日期:2022-11-04 出版日期:2023-08-18 发布日期:2023-11-08
通讯作者: *王小萍。E-mail: wangxp@itpcas.ac.cn
作者简介:闫菊平（1989年生），女，博士研究生，主要从事大气环境污染研究。E-mail: yanjuping1989@163.com
基金资助:
国家第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究专项(2019QZKK0605);中国科学院A类战略先导科技专项(XDA2004050202);国家自然科学基金项目(41877490);国家自然科学基金项目(41977397)

The Emission Characteristic of Carbonaceous Aerosols from Primary Sources in Nepal

YAN Juping(), WANG Xiaoping(), GONG Ping, GAO Shaopeng

State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE)/Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China

Received:2022-11-04 Online:2023-08-18 Published:2023-11-08

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

含碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶中的污染物，包括黑碳（EC）和有机碳（OC）。根据OC的溶解性，可将其分为水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和甲醇溶解有机碳（MSOC）。尼泊尔是南亚的发展中国家，该地区的含碳气溶胶可以长距离传输进入青藏高原，进而影响喜马拉雅大气组分和气候。因此，研究尼泊尔地区的一次源含碳气溶胶对保护喜马拉雅的环境具有重要的意义。另外，准确获知含碳气溶胶化学组分的排放因子（EF），明确污染物排放因子的影响因素，可为污染物减排提供理论依据。然而，目前对于尼泊尔一次源排放的含碳气溶胶研究有限，尤其是WSOC和MSOC的排放特征报道仍为空白。基于此，在尼泊尔的首都加德满都，实地测定生物质燃烧和机动车尾气排放的含碳气溶胶排放因子，分析了排放因子的影响因素。结果表明，泥炉排放的EF_OC (53±7.8) g?kg^-1和EF_WSOC (46±9.8) g?kg^-1高于铁炉和砖炉的排放因子1－2个数量级。此外，泥炉排放的EF_EC(5.5±0.4) g?kg^-1也高于铁炉和砖炉的排放因子5倍，因此，建议将尼泊尔地区普遍使用的泥炉改造为铁炉，可以降低生物质燃烧排放的污染物。对于机动车尾气排放源而言，相比于低速（10 km?h^-1）和高速（70 km?h^-1）状态，机动车在匀速（40 km?h^-1）状态下，含碳气溶胶的排放因子最低。因此，建议尼泊尔当地增加公交车和摩托车专用道，避免交通堵塞，以达到减排的目的。该研究为当地的大气污染物减排提供了可靠的科学依据。

关键词: 含碳气溶胶, 生物质燃烧, 机动车尾气, 野外实测, 排放因子

Abstract:

Carbonaceous aerosols (CAs) are pollutants in ambient aerosols, including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). OC can be divided into water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and meth soluble organic carbon (MSOC) according to its solubility. The CAs from Nepal, a developing country in South Asia, can be transported over long distances into the Tibetan Plateau, thus affecting the Himalayan atmospheric composition and climate. It is of great significance to study the CAs from primary sources in Nepal for the protection of Himalayan environment. In addition, accurately knowing the emission factors (EFs) of the chemical components of carbon-containing aerosols and clarifying the influencing factors of pollutant emission factors can provide a theoretical basis for pollutant emission reduction. However, the current research on CAs from primary sources in Nepal is still limited, especially the emission characteristics of WSOC and MSOC. Thus, the EFs of CAs from biomass burning and vehicle emissions and corresponding influencing factors in Kathmandu (the capital of Nepal) were investigated in this study. EF_OC(53±7.8) g?kg^-1 and EF_WSOC (46±9.8) g?kg^-1 emitted by mud stove was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that emitted by iron and brick stoves. EF_EC(5.5±0.4 g?kg^-1) by mud stove was 5 times higher than that emitted by iron and brick stoves. Therefore, it is suggested that converting mud stove to iron stove can reduce pollutants emitted by biomass combustion in Nepal. As for the vehicles emission, the lowest EF value was observed at uniform speed (40 km h^-1) compared with the EFs of CAs at the low speed (10 km?h^-1) and high speed (70 km?h^-1) states. Thus, it is suggested that Nepal should add dedicated lanes for buses and motorcycles to avoid traffic jams and reduce emissions. This study provides a reliable scientific basis for the emission reduction of local air pollutants.

Key words: carbonaceous aerosols, biomass burning, vehicles emission, field measurement, emission factors

中图分类号:

闫菊平, 王小萍, 龚平, 高少鹏. 尼泊尔一次源含碳气溶胶的排放特征研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2023, 32(8): 1449-1456.

YAN Juping, WANG Xiaoping, GONG Ping, GAO Shaopeng. The Emission Characteristic of Carbonaceous Aerosols from Primary Sources in Nepal[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2023, 32(8): 1449-1456.

图/表 10

参考文献 46

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燃料类型	红松	桤木	水稻秸秆	针叶	玉米秸秆
桤木	0.025^*
水稻秸秆	0.296	0.219
针叶	0.358	0.239	0.057
玉米秸秆	0.138	0.105	0.665	0.103
森林凋落物	0.042^*	0.013^*	0.473	0.731	0.161

燃料类型	红松	桤木	水稻秸秆	针叶	玉米秸秆
桤木	0.025^*
水稻秸秆	0.296	0.219
针叶	0.358	0.239	0.057
玉米秸秆	0.138	0.105	0.665	0.103
森林凋落物	0.042^*	0.013^*	0.473	0.731	0.161

排放因子	行驶速度 v/(km∙h^-1)
	10			40			70
	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车
EF_OC	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.024^*	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.019^*	0.070	0.056	0.000^*
EF_MSOC	0.540	0.452	0.004^*	0.071	0.049^*	0.400	0.040^*	0.122	0.232
EF_WSOC	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.024^*	0.020^*	0.020 ^*	0.019^*	0.070	0.560	0.000^*
EF_EC	0.958	0.053^*	0.176	0.049^*	0.049^*	0.049^*	0.020^*	0.127	0.003^*

排放因子	行驶速度 v/(km∙h^-1)
	10			40			70
	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车	摩托车与汽车	摩托车与公交车	公交车与汽车
EF_OC	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.024^*	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.019^*	0.070	0.056	0.000^*
EF_MSOC	0.540	0.452	0.004^*	0.071	0.049^*	0.400	0.040^*	0.122	0.232
EF_WSOC	0.020^*	0.020^*	0.024^*	0.020^*	0.020 ^*	0.019^*	0.070	0.560	0.000^*
EF_EC	0.958	0.053^*	0.176	0.049^*	0.049^*	0.049^*	0.020^*	0.127	0.003^*

排放因子	摩托车			公交车			汽车
排放因子	10与40	10与70	40与70	10与40	10与70	40与70	10与40	10与70	40与70
EF_OC	0.032^*	0.051	0.200	0.049^*	0.092	0.348	0.035^*	0.050^*	0.020^*
EF_MSOC	0.032^*	0.051	0.200	0.049^*	0.092	0.348	0.035^*	0.050^*	0.020^*
EF_WSOC	0.082	0.027^*	0.217	0.062	0.079	0.365	0.185	0.095	0.030^*
EF_EC	0.276	0.464	0.068	0.158	0.036^*	0.343	0.040^*	0.259	0.203

尼泊尔一次源含碳气溶胶的排放特征研究

The Emission Characteristic of Carbonaceous Aerosols from Primary Sources in Nepal

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燃烧方式	野外实测或实验室模拟	OC和EC分析方法	OC的排放因子/(g∙kg^-1)	EC的排放因子/(g∙kg^-1)	参考文献
泥炉	野外实测	热/光透射法	53±7.8	5.5±0.4	本研究
秸秆	野外实测	热/光透射法	9.7±3.0	0.9±0.6	本研究
泥炉	野外实测	热/光反射法	2.2-3.6	0.91-1.6	Shen et al., 2013b
砖炉	野外实测		1.14±0.40	1.49±0.69	Li et al., 2009
改进后的炉灶	野外实测	热/光透射法	0.41-1.43	1.03-3.26	Li et al., 2009
砖炉/炕	野外实测		0.98±0.32	1.32±0.39	Li et al., 2009
砖炉/炕	实验室燃烧	热/光反射法	0.60±0.35	0.94±0.40	Shen et al., 2012
秸秆	野外实测	—	2.30	0.75	Akagi et al., 2011
秸秆	实验室模拟燃烧	热/光透射法	0.57±0.3	0.24±0.13	Sen et al., 2014
秸秆	实验室模拟燃烧	热/光透射法	1.6±0.73	0.37±0.14	Saud et al., 2012

机动车类型	里程总数/ km	机动车总数量	年排放量/(Gg∙a^-1)
机动车类型	里程总数/ km	机动车总数量	OC	MSOC	WSOC	EC
摩托车	3600	2530722	54±3.2	46±2.7	0.64±0.06	1.2±0.36
公交车	12775	49318	1.8±0.1	1.5±0.1	0.68±0.07	0.33±0.04
汽车	18250	237658	0.18±0.01	0.16±0.01	0.11±0.01	0.01±0.00
合计	34625	2817698	56±3.4	48±2.8	1.4±0.14	1.5±0.41

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